Gasto Energético de Repouso (GER) varia ao longo do tempo e apresenta efeitos práticos nas comparações interpessoais. O método tradicional para estimar GER não leva em conta as diferentes atividades metabólicas de órgãos, tecido ósseo (TO), tecido adiposo (TA), tecido músculo esquelético (TME) e cérebro. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o GER de adultos jovens brasileiros de forma multicompartimentada (DXA) referenciada por calorimetria indireta (CI). Uma amostra de 155 jovens universitários de ambos os sexos (18 a 30 anos) foi submetida a medidas antropométricas, estimativa de GER por CI e varredura de corpo total por DXA (nível molecular). Após a transformação dos componentes (DXA) para o nível órgão tecidular, foi determinado o GER de cada componente. A concordância (Bland-Altman) entre GER medido (CI) e predito (DXA) foi realizada para validação do modelo testado. Como a validação falhou um novo modelo foi desenvolvido (Regressão Linear - ENTER) e validado (PRESS) tendo como variável dependente as cinco variáveis geradas após a relativização do GER dado pela CI para o modelo testado mais a variável sexo. As análises foram realizadas com o pacote estatístico SPSS v. 20.0 (Chicago, IL); MedCalc® 2015 (v. 15.2); e Minitab® (v. 17.3.1), com nível de significância em ? = 0,05. Os resultados evidenciaram maiores valores de massa isenta de tecido adiposo (MITA), área craniana e tecido residual (TR) para os homens e menores valores de massa gorda (MG) e tecido adiposo (TA) do que as mulheres. Maiores gastos (p<0,001) foram encontrados nos homens para todos os componentes em relação às mulheres, exceto no gasto do TA (p<0,001). Nas comparações entre medido e predito diferenças (p<0,001) foram encontradas para a amostra total, homens e mulheres. Dessa forma, equações específicas para cada componente foram propostas e validadas pela soma dos quadrados dos resíduos, nos coeficientes (R2PRESS = 0,95; 0,73; 0,80; 0,16; 0,84) e na confiabilidade de erro reduzido (SPRESS = 14,2; 1,8; 46,3; 48,1; 87,2) para o gasto do TA, TO, TME, cérebro e TR. Em conclusão, essa abordagem traz implicações importantes para a avaliação e interpretação do metabolismo energético multicompartimental, considerando as diferenças interpessoais na produção de calor. É uma estratégia aplicável no contexto da saúde ou esporte, para prescrição de exercícios ou manipulação de dietas, pois retrata a magnitude de GER de cada componente corporal / Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) varies over time and has practical consequences for interpersonal comparisons. The traditional method to estimate REE does not take into account the metabolic activities of organs, bone tissue (BT), adipose tissue (AT), muscle tissue (MT) and brain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the REE of Brazilian young adults from a multicompartmental way (DXA) referenced by indirect calorimetry (IC). A sample of 155 university students of both sexes (18-30 years) was submitted to anthropometric measurements, to estimate REE by IC and total body scan (DXA) of the molecular level. After transformation of DXA components to the organ-tissue level, the REE was determined for each component. The agreement (Bland-Altman) between measured REE (CI) and predicted (DXA) was carried out to validate the tested model. How validation failed, a new model was developed (Linear Regression - ENTER) and validated (PRESS) having as dependent variable the five variables generated after the relativization of the GER given by the IC for the model tested plus the sex variable. The analyzes were performed with the statistical package SPSS v. 20.0 (Chicago, IL); MedCalc® 2015 (v.15.2); and Minitab® (see 17.3.1), with significance level at ? = 0.05. The results showed higher values of adipose tissue free mass (ATFM), head area and residual tissue (RT) for men and lower values of fat mass (MG) and adipose tissue (AT) in relation to women. Higher expenditure (p <0.001) were found in men for all components compared to women, except for AT (p <0.001). In the comparisons between measured and predicted differences (p <0.001) were found for the total sample, men and women. In this way, specific equations for each component were proposed and validated by the sum of the squares of the residues, in the coefficients (R2PRESS = 0.95, 0.73, 0.80, 0.16, 0.84) and the reduced error reliability (SPRESS = 14.2, 1.8, 46.3, 48.1, 87.2) for the expenditure of AT, BT, MT, brain and RT. In conclusion, this approach has important implications for the evaluation and interpretation of multicompartmental energy metabolism considering the interpersonal differences in the production of heat. It is a strategy applicable in the context of health or sports, for prescription of exercises or manipulation of diets, as it portrays the magnitude of GER of each body component

Plusieurs études ont montré que certaines kinases situées dans le foie, « mammalian target of rapamycin » (mTOR), « adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase » (AMPK) et « general control non-depressible kinase 2 » (GCN2) répondent à la disponibilité en acides aminés.L’objectif de nos études a été de préciser le rôle de deux de ces voies, l’AMPK et GCN2, dans les adaptations du métabolisme énergétique et de la synthèse protéique en réponse aux variations en protéines du régime. Pour cela, des souris de type sauvage et des souris KO n’exprimant plus la voie AMPK ou GCN2 dans le foie ont été nourries pendant trois semaines avec un régime faible, normal ou fort en protéines. Les analyses ont montré que les souris KO-AMPK foie spécifique et nourries sous régime normoprotéique adaptent leur métabolisme hépatique notamment en sécrétant le facteur fibroblastique FGF21 ce qui leur permet de compenser l’absence d’AMPK et de présenter des profils d’oxydation normaux.Au contraire, les souris KO-AMPK foie spécifique nourries avec des régimes faibles ou forts en protéines présentent des altérations des profils d’oxydation des lipides et des glucides liées à une absence de modification du métabolisme hépatique.La délétion de GCN2 dans le foie, quant à elle, n’a d’effet que sous régime faible en protéines : les souris KO-GCN2 foie spécifique présentent une plus faible oxydation lipidique et une plus forte oxydation glucidique que les souris sauvages en période postprandiale dû à l’absence d’induction de la sécrétion de FGF21.Concernant le métabolisme des protéines, les kinases GCN2 et AMPK ne semblent pas impliquées dans l’intensité du flux de synthèse protéique dans le foie et en périphérie dans le muscle en période postprandiale.En conclusion, ces travaux montrent que les délétions de l’AMPK et de GCN2 hépatiques affectent le métabolisme énergétique mais pas le métabolisme protéique et que les conséquences dépendent de la composition du régime. / Several studies have reported that some kinases located in the liver respond to the availability of amino acids. These kinases are mammalian target of rapamycin '(mTOR), "adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase" (AMPK) and "general control non-depressible kinase 2" (GCN2).The aim of our study was to clarify the role of two of these signaling pathways, AMPK and GCN2 in the adaptations of energy and protein metabolism in response to the modulation of dietary protein content. Wild-type and liver AMPK-deficient or liver GCN2-deficient mice were fed either a low, a normal or high protein diet during three weeks. Analyzes showed that liver AMPK-deficient mice fed under a normo-protein diet exhibit an adapatation of liver metabolism and secret FGF21 which enables them to have normal postprandial oxidation profiles.In contrast, liver AMPK-deficient mice fed a low or a high protein diet exhibit an alteration in postprandial oxidation profiles. The deletion of GCN2 in the liver only has an effect under low protein diet as liver GCN2 deficient mice have a lower lipid oxidation and a higher carbohydrate oxidation linked to the absence of FGF21 secretion. Concerning protein metabolism, AMPK and GCN2 do not seem to be involved in protein synthesis rate in the posrprandial period in the liver and periphery in the postprandial muscle. In conclusion, these studies show that hepatic AMPK and GCN2 deletions affect energy metabolism, but not protein metabolism and that the consequences depend on diet composition.

Substantial evidence exists regarding how skeletal muscles use energy and how this affects muscular performance. What remains unclear is how characteristics of muscle energetics affect whole-body energetics during daily living, and what effects this may have on mobility. The goal of this study was to determine the associations between muscle and whole-body energetics including the relationships between: 1) muscle PCr depletion (∆PCr) in response to light intensity isotonic contractions and the oxygen deficit at the onset of a 30-min treadmill walk (30MTW), and, 2) muscle oxidative capacity and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC; 30MTW), respiratory exchange ratio (RER; 30MTW), and peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) from a graded treadmill test. Eight healthy young (28.4 ± 3.5 years) male participants were studied. Muscle energetics were measured via 31-Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS). Muscle ∆PCr was determined as the change in PCr during 2-min of isotonic knee extensor contractions. Muscle oxidative capacity was determined as the rate constant (kPCr) of a PCr recovery following 24-s of maximal isokinetic knee extensor contractions. Whole-body energetic responses to the 30MTW were measured via indirect calorimetry. Oxygen deficit and EPOC were determined as the time constants of the change in oxygen consumption at the onset and offset of the 30MTW, respectively. Respiratory exchange ratio was determined as the mean RER during minutes 7-30 (RER L23), 25-30 (RER L5), and 29-30 (RER L1). Peak oxygen consumption was the highest 30-s average of oxygen consumption during a graded treadmill test, normalized to total mass and lean mass measured by dual-X-ray absorptiometry. Spearman rank correlation coefficients (rs) were calculated to evaluate the associations between independent variables (muscle ∆PCr and oxidative capacity) and dependent variables (oxygen deficit, EPOC, RER, and VO2 peak). Muscle ∆PCr had a positive association (rs = 0.46, p = 0.30) with oxygen deficit. Muscle oxidative capacity had a negative association with EPOC (rs = -0.64, p = 0.14), RER L23 (rs = -0.64, p = 0.14), L5 (rs = -0.68, p = 0.11), and L1 (rs = -0.74, p = 0.07). Muscle oxidative capacity had a positive association with VO2 peak per lean mass (rs = 0.64, p = 0.10), but not VO2 peak per total mass (rs = 0.14, p = 0.75). These results provide promising preliminary evidence that muscle energetics are associated with whole-body energetic response to daily-living type exercise.

The presented diploma thesis deals with the study of interactions between humic acids as the main component of soil organic matter with a model organic pollutant presented by cationic surfactant Septonex (which was expected to interact positively with humic acids due to its charge) through unconventional combination of dialysis and diffusion techniques realized in diffusion cells together with isothermal titration calorimetry capable of elucidating the nature of ongoing reactions from a thermodynamic point of view. The experiments were performed with a humic acid isolated by standard isolation procedure from Leonardite (1S104H) purchased from the International Society for Humic Substances, with humic acids isolated from lignite as well as modal chernozem. The aim of the submited diploma thesis is to assess the influence of carboxyl functional groups in the structure of humic acids to interactions with Septonex. For this reason, said samples of humic acids have been modified by selective methylation of their carboxyl functional groups, which can no longer participate in interactions with ionic substances. Results from diffusion cells and isothermal titration calorimetry confirmed the assumption that Septonex interacted with all types of unmodified humic acids more than with their methylated derivatives. Despite the available literature, it was surprising that the differences in the interaction of humic acids with Septonex were not diametrically different when comparing unmodified humic acids with their methylated derivatives. The extent of these interactions was assessed through the apparent equilibrium constant Kapp determined in the diffusion (dialysis) experiments and from the course of enthalpy curves from isothermal titration calorimetry. After the experiments and their evaluation, it can be concluded that humic acids and Septonex in their interactions, due to their structures, probably apply not only electrostatic interactions, especially through available carboxyl functional groups of humic acids and positively charged hydrophilic parts of Septonex molecules, but also a significant role have a hydrophobic effect, hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces.

Early detection of pathogenic bacteria in food, drinking water and medicine products is one of the essential tasks of routine microbiological analysis. Through analytics, outbreaks can be discovered and consequently, countermeasures can be initiated to minimize health and economic damage. Cultivation of pathogens from contaminated specimens is routinely performed in microbiological laboratories worldwide. The procedure is easy to perform, requires little equipment and provides simple quantitative data in colony-forming units (CFUs) per sample volume. Only the time between preparation and confirmation of a positive (contaminated) sample usually extends over several days. The desired goal should be a technique that can retain the simplicity of cultivation while providing real-time information about the sample under investigation for early detection of potential contamination. Therefore, in the framework of this thesis, systematic heat flow measurements were performed on two model strains, Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 20205 and Pseudomonas putida mt-2 KT2440. The influence of cultivation techniques (in liquid, on solid and membrane filter placed onto solid medium) in static ampoule systems on calorimetric detection was investigated. In particular, the effect of contamination level (initial bacterial cell number), substrate amount (nutrients and oxygen), and detection limits were systematically evaluated. In addition, microcalorimetric measurements of Legionella pneumophila ATCC 33152, a waterborne pathogen, were conducted for the first time. Heat flow profiles demonstrated that high contamination levels (> 1000 CFU) were detected within 24 h. Compared to detection times of up to 10 days by ISO 11731:2017, calorimetric detection can serve as an early warning system. With this knowledge, a uniquely manufactured micro(bio-)calorimetric test system was designed to meet the requirements for detecting bacterial contaminations. In particular, the sample vessel geometry and the operating temperature perfectly matched the microbiological analysis. Within this development work, numerical models were established to investigate the temperature distribution of selected compounds as well as the complete calorimetric system. Based on these models, modifications to the test system were numerically simulated in advance to improve the instrument's performance stepwise. This thesis presents the methodological principles and a calorimetric test system designed as an early warning and detection tool for microbiological samples.

The diploma thesis deals with the preparation, crosslinking and characterization of collagen films from various animal sources. Collagen from pig, Tilapia, horse, cow and crocodile was used to prepare collagen films. Chemical crosslinking agents EDC/NHS and Lyofix were used to crosslink the prepared films. In the experimental part, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method was optimized to determine the denaturation temperature of individual collagen films before and after crosslinking. In addition, the ability of films to swell and degrade has been analyzed. The presence of characteristic groups present in the collagen structure was verified using infrared spectroscopy. The sample morphology was analyzed using Scanning Electron Cryomicroscopy (Cryo-SEM). The results show that EDC/NHS is a better collagen crosslinking agent compared to Lyofix. The best source for the preparation of thermally stable films is piggy collagen, whose denaturation temperature after crosslinking with EDC/NHS was about 69 °C and could represent more than adequate substitution for cow collagen, which is currently most used in the field of tissue engineering and food industry.

Presented master's thesis focuses on the study of hydration of selected biocolloid substances, specifically humic substances (humic acids and fulvic acids), hyaluronic acid with three different molecular weight, chitosan and dextran. Interaction of biocolloids with water was studied by different methods. The effect of solubility, structure, functional groups in molecule on sorption and hydration ability of these biocolloids was investigated. In the case of hyaluronan the influence of molecular weight was also study. Differential scanning calorimetry DSC and perfusion calorimetry give results of heat of hydration, enthalpies and temperature of crystallization and melting. Thermogravimetric analysis TGA was used to determine the original moisture content of the samples.

The main object of the diploma thesis is study of interaction beetween humic acids and selected metal ions using calorimetric titration. The research about reactivity of humic substances is done comparing the different models used to describe the variety of properties of humic substances. In experimental part the methods of FT-IR spektrometry, potenciometric and conductometric titration are used to recieve the total acidity and carboxylic acidity of lignite humic acid. The optimalization of isothermic titration calorimetry is done to be used within study of reactivity of humic acids, revealing the best correlation with sols of studied humic acid. The basic organic compounds were used including benzoic acid, ftalic acid, salycilic acid, pyrocatechol and phenol as models of bonding groups in humic acids. The reaction enthalpy was calculated from the titration of models and results were compared with semiempiric quantum chemistry calculations following INDO method.

This master’s thesis is focused on the effect of mixing water pH value on hydration and mechanical properties of cement composites based on portland cement. Source material was CEM I 42,5 R. Hydration process was analyzed by isoperibolic calorimetry, X-ray diffraction analysis and differential thermal analysis. Compressive and flexural strength was examined as mechanical properties. The samples microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Influence of mixing water pH value on flexural and compressive strength, retardation of hydration and ratio of individual phases was shown.

Tato práce se zabývá problematikou battery packů. V první části popisuje návrh battery packu z hlediska volby baterií, jejich tvaru, velikosti, typu a konfigurace zapojení. Dále uvádí vliv těchto charakteristik na výkonnost battery packu a jeho spolehlivost. Zabývá se problematikou termálního managementu battery packů a jeho vlivu na životní cyklus baterií. V druhé části se zabývá praktickým návrhem konceptu battery packu pro Lithium-polymerové baterie. Kalorimetricky je zde zjištěno množství produkovaného tepla při vybíjení, které je poté využito v CFD simulaci chlazení článku.