L'architecte Alfred-Nicolas Normand est un oublié de l'histoire. Après quatre années d'études aux Beaux-Arts, il obtient le Grand Prix de Rome en 1846. Pensionnaire à la Villa Médicis durant les cinq années suivantes, il se confronte aux canons de l'Antiquité. Il réalise cinq Envois d'une grande qualité, parmi lesquels une étude de la maison du faune à Pompéi, et la restauration du Forum romain en un travail mêlant art, érudition et archéologie. Il sillonne l'Italie et la Grèce, constituant un portefeuille de modèles qui nourrira sa pratique architecturale. S'y ajoute un beau corpus de calotypes influencé par les modalités du dessin. De retour en France, Normand réalise un hötel pompéien pour le prince Jérôme Napoléon. Il y voit l'occasion d'appliquer les leçons reçues de Rome, élaborant une juste synthèse entre archéologie, modèles canoniques et vie moderne. Puis il se verra confié la réedification de la Colonne Vendôme, effaçant ainsi le traumatisme mal assumé de la Commune. Sa carrière se diversifie, entre architecture privée et construction édilitaire : chäteaux, hötels particulier, halle métallique, maison centrale de Rennes. Il représente ces générations brillantes mais sans relief qui répondent aux exigences institutionnellles; Alfred Normand, en tant que banal modèle de l'excellence, incarne une histoire des strates, une figure du transitoire / The architect Alfred-Nicolas Normand is forgotten by the history. After four year at the Beaux-Arts, he obtains the Grand Prix de Rome in 1846. He is student at the villa Medici for the five next years. He makes five Envois in high quality. One of them is the house of the Faun in Pompeii. He realizes a great Restoration of the Roman Forum. His works proposes a synthesis of art, erudition and archaeology. During his pension he is travelling acrosss Italy and is given a recent authorization to reach Greece. the boarding school is opportunity for Normand to find out and to experience all the forms of his art which are well abovethe competences taught by the Institute. He will feed upon all these influences his architectural skills. In 1851, he discovers the calotype process, and after that he is taking photographs of the monuments in their context. The observer would remark a relative ressemblance between his practice as drawer and as a photographer. As he wants the process to be clearly documentary, the shooting process is drastically influenced by the drawing codes and method standards. Back in France he realizes a antique style Villa for the Prince Jérôme Napoléon. Normand finds here the opportunity to apply the lessons learned from Roma : monumentality and sense of decor. He does a good mix between archaeology, canonical models and modern lifestyle. A few years after, he is been given the maintenance of the Colonne Vendôme. As this monument has been thrown down during the Commune events, the State puts him in charge of its restoration in order to erase this painful episode from the popular memory. Throughout his career he will be required to build private prestigious residences (castles and private mansions) for which he will request a varied vocabulary : medieval, neo-Renaissance or XVIIIth century. He also achivied numbers of tombs and honorific monuments. Thereafter he turns to work on the penal institution architecture. He is appointed to be responsible for the conception of the Maison Centrale of Rennes, a prison for a thousand women serving a long sentence. He turns the panoptical system into a wide central courtyard to which converge all the windows of the prison building. Alfred Normand, as recognized as he could be in his time, is one of the history's forgotten people. He is a good representative of these generations : brilliant, but whitout relief, that could fit perfectly the institutional needs. He personifies the inertia of a professional corps facing the modern societies' individualistic conception

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:26:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Eduardo Rodrigues Ruiz.pdf: 17241835 bytes, checksum: 3ae3cf02e74bd112c2c13464d3b713ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-23 / The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the question of the photographic ambiguity in the 19th century from the theoretical assumption that photography was considered, in its origins, a kind of pencil of nature . This concept was developed by the English researcher and photographer William Henry Fox Talbot, in the work The Pencil of Nature, published between 1844 and 1846. Our discussion is based on the assumption that The Pencil of Nature already presented ambiguities and ambivalences typical of the photographic practice in the 19th century and, to an extent, until today, as regards the technical, scientific, commercial and artistic appeal of an industrial society. We draw examples from the photographic production at the time, using concepts developed by philosophers and theorists of photography such as Martin Heidegger, Walter Benjamin, Roland Barthes, Susan Sontag, Philippe Dubois, André Rouillé and Boris Kossoy, related to some basic notions about the photographic language: the question of technology and photographic verisimilitude, the shift in the perception of reality through photography and the presence of death in the photographic image / O objetivo deste trabalho é refletir a respeito da questão da ambiguidade fotográfica no século XIX a partir do pressuposto teórico de que a fotografia era considerada, em seus primórdios, uma espécie de lápis da natureza . Este conceito foi concebido pelo pesquisador e fotógrafo inglês William Henry Fox Talbot, na obra ThePencilofNature, publicada entre os anos de 1844 e 1846. O fio condutor de nossa discussão parte da hipótese de que ThePencilofNature já apresentava uma série de ambiguidades e ambivalências características da prática fotográfica do século XIX e, em parte, até os dias de hoje, em relação ao apelo técnico-científico, comercial e artístico de uma sociedade industrial. Para tal reflexão, utilizaremos alguns exemplos da produção fotográfica da época, fazendo uso de alguns conceitos de filósofos e de pensadores da fotografia tais como Martin Heidegger, Walter Benjamin, Roland Barthes, Susan Sontag, Philippe Dubois, André Rouillé e Boris Kossoy, relacionados a alguns preceitos básicos sobre a linguagem fotográfica: a questão da técnica e da verossimilhança fotográficas, a transformação da percepção do real por meio da fotografia e a presença da morte no registro fotográfico