The effect of temperature on soil behaviour has been the subject of many studies in recent years due to an increasing number of projects related to the application of high temperature to soil. One example is the construction of facilities for the disposal of hot high level nuclear waste canisters (150-200C) several hundred meters underground in the clay formations. Despite this, the effects and mechanism by which temperature affects the soil properties and behaviour are not fully known. A limited amount of reliable experimental data, technological difficulties and experimental methods employed by different researchers could have contributed to the uncertainties surrounding the soil behaviour at elevated temperature. Also several thermo-mechanical models have been developed for soil behaviour, but their validity needs to be examined by reliable experimental data. In this research, efforts have been made to improve the experimental techniques. Direct displacement measuring devices have been successfully used for the first time to measure axial and lateral displacements of clay samples during tests at various temperatures. The thermo mechanical behaviour of two reconstituted clays has been investigated by performing triaxial and permeability tests at elevated temperature. Undrained and drained triaxial tests were carried out on normally consolidated and over consolidated samples of M44 clay and Kaolin C1C under different effective stresses, and at temperatures between 22C and 100C. Permeability tests were carried out on samples of M44 clay at temperatures between 22C and 50C. The effects of temperature on permeability, volume change, pore pressure development, shear strength and stiffness, stress strain response and critical state parameters for different consolidation histories have been investigated by comparing the results at various temperatures. The results are also compared with the predictions of two models. It has been found that at elevated temperature the shear strength, friction angle and initial small strain stiffness reduce whereas permeability increases. The slope of the swelling line in the v-p� plane has been found to reduce with temperature. The slope of the isotropic normal consolidation line (INCL) and critical state line (CSL) in the v-p� plane have been observed to be independent of temperature, but both the INCL and the CSL shift downwards to lower locations as temperature increases. The deformations during drained cooling and re heating cycles have been found to be elastic and to simply reflect the expansivity of the soils solid particles. The thermal volume changes during undrained heating have been observed to be direct results of the thermal expansion of water and clay particles. The internal displacement measuring devices have been found to produce reliable data for the variation of strains at elevated temperature.

No description available.

There is a growing need to better understand the relationship between time, strain rate, and temperature on the load-deformation behaviour of clay soils in engineering applications. These applications may include: infrastructure constructed in northern regions where climate change is a growing concern; disposal of nuclear waste; and, industrial structures, such as furnaces, foundries, and refrigeration plants. Temperature variations may induce changes in internal pressure in the soil, swelling and shrinkage, and affect the mechanical properties of the soil. This thesis presents thermal numerical modeling for two instrumented field sites in northern Manitoba. Thermal conductivity testing on samples from these sites and field data are used to calibrate these thermal numerical models. Various boundary conditions are examined. The capabilities of the models are evaluated to determine if the models adequately simulate and predict changes in temperature in geotechnical structures. A discussion is presented on the strengths and weaknesses in the models and the predictive capabilities of the models. The thesis then shifts into understanding the concepts of thermoplasticity and viscoplasticity and the mathematics relating these concepts. Mathematical models that describe these concepts are examined and compared with traditional soil mechanics approaches. The concepts of thermoplasticity and viscoplasticity are combined in an encompassing elastic thermo-viscoplastic (ETVP) model using a semi-empirical framework. A sensitivity analysis is used to evaluate quantitatively the response of the model. The model is then validated qualitatively against published laboratory data. Applications of the ETVP model are discussed.

No description available.

The effect of temperature on soil behaviour has been the subject of many studies in recent years due to an increasing number of projects related to the application of high temperature to soil. One example is the construction of facilities for the disposal of hot high level nuclear waste canisters (150-200C) several hundred meters underground in the clay formations. Despite this, the effects and mechanism by which temperature affects the soil properties and behaviour are not fully known. A limited amount of reliable experimental data, technological difficulties and experimental methods employed by different researchers could have contributed to the uncertainties surrounding the soil behaviour at elevated temperature. Also several thermo-mechanical models have been developed for soil behaviour, but their validity needs to be examined by reliable experimental data. In this research, efforts have been made to improve the experimental techniques. Direct displacement measuring devices have been successfully used for the first time to measure axial and lateral displacements of clay samples during tests at various temperatures. The thermo mechanical behaviour of two reconstituted clays has been investigated by performing triaxial and permeability tests at elevated temperature. Undrained and drained triaxial tests were carried out on normally consolidated and over consolidated samples of M44 clay and Kaolin C1C under different effective stresses, and at temperatures between 22C and 100C. Permeability tests were carried out on samples of M44 clay at temperatures between 22C and 50C. The effects of temperature on permeability, volume change, pore pressure development, shear strength and stiffness, stress strain response and critical state parameters for different consolidation histories have been investigated by comparing the results at various temperatures. The results are also compared with the predictions of two models. It has been found that at elevated temperature the shear strength, friction angle and initial small strain stiffness reduce whereas permeability increases. The slope of the swelling line in the v-p� plane has been found to reduce with temperature. The slope of the isotropic normal consolidation line (INCL) and critical state line (CSL) in the v-p� plane have been observed to be independent of temperature, but both the INCL and the CSL shift downwards to lower locations as temperature increases. The deformations during drained cooling and re heating cycles have been found to be elastic and to simply reflect the expansivity of the soils solid particles. The thermal volume changes during undrained heating have been observed to be direct results of the thermal expansion of water and clay particles. The internal displacement measuring devices have been found to produce reliable data for the variation of strains at elevated temperature.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2015. / Submitted by Albânia Cézar de Melo (albania@bce.unb.br) on 2016-02-16T11:31:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_RaydelLorenzoReinaldo.pdf: 4159588 bytes, checksum: 193a1e581d0d4b6fe1e9cc2032438a08 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2016-02-18T19:42:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_RaydelLorenzoReinaldo.pdf: 4159588 bytes, checksum: 193a1e581d0d4b6fe1e9cc2032438a08 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-18T19:42:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_RaydelLorenzoReinaldo.pdf: 4159588 bytes, checksum: 193a1e581d0d4b6fe1e9cc2032438a08 (MD5) / A capacidade de carga de uma fundação sobre estacas é governada pelas propriedades iniciais e o estado do solo ao redor da estaca depois da instalação desta. As estacas de deslocamento, durante sua instalação, modificam as tensões e a densidade do solo e, portanto o seu estado. No entanto, esta mudança das propriedades e do estado do solo ainda não é bem conhecida. Neste trabalho utilizou-se o método numérico chamado Método do Ponto Material para simular o processo de instalação de estacas. Para isto foi primeiramente estudado e validado o código NairnMPM que se baseia nesse método numérico. Algumas implementações precisaram ser realizadas no código para simular materiais com comportamento mais parecido com o solo. Foram implementados e validados os modelos constitutivos Cam Clay modificado e Subloading Cam Clay. Para a validação do código numérico e dos modelos implementados no caso da cravação de estacas foram realizados várias simulações. Na primeira delas, o processo de cravação de uma estaca em condições não drenadas foi simulado e comparado com o método de trajetória de deformações superficiais (SSPM), posteriormente foi realizada a simulação de um ensaio a escala reduzida da cravação de uma estaca em areia seca. Além destes, foi realizada a simulação de um ensaio em centrífuga da cravação de uma estaca em areia seca. De forma geral, as validações realizadas mostram a capacidade da ferramenta numérica de simular o processo de cravação da estaca e as variações de tensões que surgem no contorno desta. No final, foi realizada uma análise paramétrica do processo de cravação de estacas e obtiveram-se conclusões sobre os fatores que mais influenciam neste processo. Por fim, conclui-se que as análises do processo de instalação de estacas podem levar a projetos otimizados, uma vez que estas análises conseguem capturar fenômenos que não são observados quando as análises partem da estaca já introduzida no solo. / The bearing capacity of a deep foundation is controlled by the initial properties of the soil and the state of the soil after the installation of the pile. During its installation, displacement piles modified the stresses and the density of the soil. As a consequence, the state of the soil is modified as well. However, the way in which the properties and the state of the soil are modified is still not well known. This problem involves complex boundary conditions avoiding the development of analytical solutions. Numerical methods are a useful alternative to face this problem. In this work, the Material Point Method was the numerical method used for the simulations of the pile installation. Simulations were made using the NairnMPM code, which is based on the Material Point Method. The code was firstly validated using benchmarks available on literature. In order to simulate the behavior of soil, the Modified Cam Clay model and the Subloading Cam Clay model were implemented and validated. To validate the numerical code and the implemented constitutive models for the case of pile installation, some simulations were done. In the first one, a pile drive in undrained conditions was simulated and compared to the Shallow Strain Path Method. After that, a small scale pile drive test in dry sand was simulated. In addition, a pile drive centrifuge test in dry sand was simulated. In general, the validations show the capacity of the numerical tool to simulate the pile drive process and the stress variations that arise in the pile boundary. A parametric analysis of the pile drive was done and some conclusions about the factors affecting this processes were obtained. Finally, it was concluded that the analysis of the pile installation may lead to optimizing projects since this analysis captures features that cannot be observed when the analysis began with the pile introduced in the soil.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2007. / Submitted by Debora Freitas de Sousa (deborahera@gmail.com) on 2009-08-18T17:43:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_AdrianoFrutuosoSilva.pdf: 3627822 bytes, checksum: f2a5d7ae41f28d53c14218be8867eab4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tania Milca Carvalho Malheiros(tania@bce.unb.br) on 2009-08-19T11:50:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_AdrianoFrutuosoSilva.pdf: 3627822 bytes, checksum: f2a5d7ae41f28d53c14218be8867eab4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2009-08-19T11:50:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_AdrianoFrutuosoSilva.pdf: 3627822 bytes, checksum: f2a5d7ae41f28d53c14218be8867eab4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-16 / As barragens de enrocamento com face de concreto (BEFC) têm sido construídas com freqüência crescente em todo mundo. Apesar disso, os critérios de projeto são ainda predominantemente empíricos baseados na experiência prática obtida de obras já construídas. A utilização da análise numérica ainda não é uma ferramenta usual para o desenvolvimento e dimensionamento desse tipo de barragem. Visando reduzir o empirismo dos projetos, a presente pesquisa propõe uma metodologia para análise do comportamento de BEFC e dimensionamento estrutural da laje, baseada nos seguintes aspectos: análise numérica tridimensional de todas as fases de projeto da barragem (construção, enchimento e rebaixamento); comportamento conjunto do maciço e face de concreto; elemento de interface para representar o contato entre essas estruturas; simulação separada da laje com elementos de placas sobre base elástica, usando coeficientes de recalque calibrados a partir das análises numéricas para fase de enchimento. Para validação dessa metodologia foi feita uma análise da barragem Barra Grande. Nessas análises, o enrocamento foi modelado com modelo elastoplástico Cam-Clay modificado, a laje com o modelo elástico linear e a interface foi representada por um modelo elástico-perfeitamente plástico com critério de ruptura de Drucker-Prager. Os resultados permitiram observar a influência do processo construtivo, das condições de contorno impostas na interface maciço-ombreira e da mudança de inclinação do talude da ombreira no comportamento da barragem e da laje, resultando em um dimensionamento da laje mais otimizado em termo de taxa de armadura. Portanto, este trabalho apresenta-se como mais um avanço no sentido de propiciar projetos de BEFC mais elaborados, baseados em fundamentos técnicos racionais. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Concrete Face Rockfill Dams (CFRD) have been constructed with increasing frequency all around the world. However, design criteria still are mostly empirical and based on practical experience obtained during the construction of this type of dam. The use of numerical analyses is not yet a usual tool in the development and design of CFRD. Aiming to reduce the design empiricism, this research proposes a methodology to analyze the CFRD behavior and to design the structural concrete face, based on the following aspects: three-dimensional numerical analysis of all design phases (construction, reservoir filling and rapid drawdown); associated analysis of the concrete face and the rockfill dam mass; interface element to represent the contact between these structures; separated analysis of concrete face with plate elements over an elastic bases, using settlement coefficients calibrated from the numerical analysis during reservoir filling phase. The methodology was validated using Barra Grande Dam as a case study. In these analyses, the rockfill was simulated with the Modified Cam- Clay elastoplastic model, the concrete face with a linear elastic model and the interface represented by an elastic-perfectly plastic model with the Drucker-Prager failure criterion. The results highlight the influence of the construction process, imposed boundary conditions on the shoulders interface and the changes in shoulder slope on the whole dam behavior, resulting in an optimized concrete face design regarding the rate of steel reinforcement. Therefore, this research represents a contribution to CFRD design, based on a rational technical framework.

[pt] O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a implementação e avaliação de um modelo constitutivo para solos reforçados com fibra (compósito). A principal característica do modelo constitutivo implementado é que cada material (matriz de solo e fibra) segue sua própria lei constitutiva e ao mesmo tempo interagem entre si. Utilizando um algoritmo explícito, são implementados os modelos Cam Clay Modificado e Lade-Kim para a matriz de solo, cuja verificação é feita mediante o programa PLAXIS 2D e curvas tensão-deformação obtidas da literatura, respectivamente. Posteriormente, é adicionado o comportamento da fibra no desenvolvimento das tensões no compósito e verificado mediante a comparação das curvas tensão-deformação com as apresentadas por Diambra et al. (2013). As linguagens de programação utilizadas neste trabalho foram duas, a primeira é a utilizada no programa MATLAB, onde os códigos dos modelos são verificados e validados em relação à um conjunto de ensaios triaxiais de areia reforçada com fibra. Posteriormente foi usada a linguagem de programação FORTRAN para incluir o modelo constitutivo para solo reforçado com fibras no programa de elementos finitos ABAQUS, através da sub-rotina UMAT. Porém, para a implementação na sub-rotina UMAT os códigos dos modelos implementados no MATLAB sofrem algumas modificações com a finalidade de que o ABAQUS consiga compilar e representar adequadamento o comportamento do modelo constitutivo, mediante a correta utilização de vetores e propriedades desta. Finalmente, são modelados ensaios triaxiais drenados para verificar que a implementação mediante a sub-rotina UMAT é satisfatória. / [en] The present work aims to implement and evaluate a constitutive model for fiber-reinforced soils (composite). The main characteristic of the constitutive model implemented is that each material (soil and fiber matrix) follows its own constitutive law and at the same time interact with each other. Using an explicit algorithm, the Cam Clay Modified and Lade-Kim models are implemented for the soil matrix, verified by the PLAXIS 2D software and stress-strain curves obtained from the literature, respectively. Later, it is included the behavior of the fiber in the development of the stresses in the composite and verified by the comparison of the stress-strain curves with those presented by Diambra et al. (2013). The programming languages used in this work were two, the first one is the one used in the MATLAB program, where the codes of the models are verified and validated in relation to a set of triaxial tests of fiber-reinforced sands. Later the programming language was converted into FORTRAN to include the constitutive model for fiber reinforced soil in the ABAQUS finite element software, through the UMAT subroutine. However, for the implementation in the UMAT subroutine the codes of the models implemented in MATLAB undergo some modifications in order that ABAQUS can compile and represent adequately the behavior of the constitutive model through the correct use of vectors and its properties. Finally, drained triaxial tests are modeled to verify that the implementation through the UMAT subroutine is satisfactory.

Structures like transmission towers, tele-communication masts, dry-docks, tall chimneys, tunnels and burried pipelines under water etc are subjected to considerable uplift forces. The net effect of external loading on the foundations of these structures results in forces that try to pull the foundations out of the ground. Anchors are usually provided to resist such uplift forces. Earlier theoretical research of anchor behavior has focused on elastic response and ultimate pullout capacity. Many investigators have proposed techniques for determining the collapse load of anchors. Essentially the approaches involve the use of limit equilibrium concepts, with some assumptions regarding the shape of the failure surface and/or the influence of the soil above the anchor. The possible effect of dilatency and initial stress state are not considered in these methods. A number of investigators have used the results of small size model anchors to understand the behavior and extrapolated the results for predicting the behavior of large sized anchors. This has lead to unsatisfactory results. It has been clearly shown by Dickin (1989) that the failure displacements and load displacement curve patterns are very different for small and large sized anchors, i.e. they are not just proportional to the size of the anchor. Critical pullout load and the load displacement behavior are required for the complete analysis of anchor foundations. Though, many theories have been proposed to predict the uplift capacity within the limits of accuracy required at engineering level, at present no simple rational method is available for computing deformations. In the present investigation attempts have been made to analyze the load deformation behavior of large size strip anchors in sands, clays and layered soils using two-dimensional explicit finite difference program FLAG (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua), well suited for geomaterials, by assuming soil to be a Mohr-Coulomb material in the case of sands and modified Cam-clay material in the case of clays. It is now well understood that the shearing resistance of a granular soil mass is derived from two factors frictional resistance and the dilatency of the soil. So the peak friction angle can be divided in to two components critical friction angle Фcv and dilation angle Ψ. Critical friction angle is the true friction angle as a result of frictional resistance at interparticle level when the soil is shearing at constant volume. If Фcv for a given soil remains constant, the value of Ψ has to increase with the increase in initial density of soil packing. The dilatency of a soil mass gradually decreases with continued shearing from its initial high value to zero after very large shear strains, when the soil finally reaches a constant, steady volume at critical states. Correspondingly the observed friction angle Ф reduces from its peak value to Фcv at a very large strain. In earlier days, clays used to be characterized by the strength parameters c and Ф. often, under undrained conditions, Ф would be even considered zero. But in the recent developments, it is understood that all the strength of clays is frictional. There is nothing like cohesion. The part of shear strength, which appears to be independent of normal stress, is shown to be the effect of over-consolidation and the resulting dilation. Thus although Cam-clay model uses zero cohesion for all clays, it reflects this component of strength through over-consolidation and in a more realistic way. Hence, it is appropriate to consider the pre-consolidation pressure as parameter in the analysis. More specifically, the various aspects covered in this investigation are as follows. Chapter 1 provides the general introduction. In chapter 2, the existing literature for the analysis of anchors for both experimental and analytical investigations on the pullout capacity of anchors in homogeneous and layered soils and the load deformation behavior of anchors under pullout are briefly reviewed. Chapter 3 deals with the features and the implementation of the two-dimensional explicit finite difference program, Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC) and the constitutive modeling of soils. It discusses the background and implementation of Strain softening / hardening model. This model is based on the Mohr- Coulomb model with non-associated shear and associated tension flow rules. In this model the cohesion, friction, dilation and tensile strength may harden or soften after the onset of the plastic yield. Further the critical state concepts and implementation of the modified Cam-clay model have been discussed. Cam-clay model originally developed for clays reflects the hydrostatic pressure or density dependent hardening material response. Chapter 4 focuses on the analysis of load deformation behavior of large size anchors in granular soils. Two-dimensional explicit finite difference program (FLAC) is used for the simulations and the soil is modeled as a Mohr-Coulomb strain softening/hardening material In this chapter a series of simulations have been carried out on large size anchor plates, with parametric variation. By analyzing these results, a generalized load deformation relationship for different sizes of anchors and different types of soil have been proposed. The results are presented in the form of influence/design charts which can be used in hand calculations to obtain an estimate of anchor capacity and deformation for a wide range of soil types and size of anchors. Chapter 5 deals with the analysis of the drained and undrained behavior of large size horizontal strip anchors in clays using modified Cam-clay model. Earlier investigators have studied the undrained behavior of anchor plates in clays, but no studies are reported in literature for the drained behavior of anchors in clays. Further it is not clear whether, drained or undrained condition will be critical for an anchor. In this chapter the drained and undrained behavior of large size anchor plates in both normally consolidated and over-consolidated states have been made. It has been found that the undrained pullout capacity of an anchor in a soil of normally consolidated state will always be more than the drained capacity. This is contrast to the usual understanding that undrained behavior is more critical than the drained behavior. In Chapter 6 an attempt has been made to analyze the behavior of large size anchors in two layered sands and in conditions where backfill material has a higher or lower strength than the native soil, for different shape of excavations. Soil is assumed to be a Mohr-coulomb strain softening/hardening material. In Chapter 7 the entire investigation covered in earlier chapters has been synthesized and some specific conclusions have been highlighted.

No description available.