As Christianity spread throughout the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages, many believers attributed miraculous tales to the Virgin Mary and saints. In Camino de Santiago folklore, the Virgin Mary and Saint James intercede on behalf of pilgrims who cannot resolve a crisis without divine assistance. The Codex Calixtinus, a twelfth-century manuscript, contains such a story that occurs in Toulouse called "The Hanged Pilgrim." In this miracle, an innkeeper frames a pilgrim for theft and the local magistrate sentences the accused to hang as a consequence. However, the Virgin Mary and Saint James spare the pilgrim's life because of his devotion and the magistrate orders the pilgrim's release. Over centuries, pilgrims alter the original story as they retell it on the Camino trail. I argue that not only does this miracle of intercession change geographic location from France to the Iberian Peninsula, but that it also transforms from the Virgin Mary and Saint James saving an innocent pilgrim to female victims interceding on behalf of their betrayer and rapist. This analysis traces the displacement of "The Hanged Pilgrim" from a miracle in folklore and poetry to secular metaphoric reconciliation in a Spanish Golden Age play.

Yes / Santiago de Compostela is, together with Rome and Jerusalem, one of the three main pilgrimage and religious centres for Catholicism. The belief that the remains of St James the Great, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ, is buried there has stimulated, since their reported discovery in the 9th century AD, a significant flow of people from across the European continent and beyond. Little is known about the practical experiences of people living within the city during its rise to prominence, however. Here, for the first time, we combine multi-isotope analysis (δ13C, δ15N, δ18Oap, δ13Cap, and 87Sr/86Sr) and radiocarbon dating (14C) of human remains discovered at the crypt of the Cathedral of Santiago to directly study changes in diet and mobility during the first three centuries of Santiago’s emergence as an urban centre (9th-12th centuries AD). Together with assessment of the existing archaeological data, our radiocarbon chronology broadly confirms historical tradition regarding the first occupation of the site. Isotopic analyses reveal that the foundation of the religious site attracted migrants from the wider region of the northwest corner of the Iberian Peninsula, and possibly from further afield. Stable isotope analysis of collagen, together with information on tomb typology and location, indicates that the inhabitants of the city experienced increasing socioeconomic diversity as it became wealthier as the hub of a wide network of pilgrimage. Our research represents the potential of multidisciplinary analyses to reveal insights into the origins and impacts of the emergence of early pilgrimage centres on the diets and status of communities within Christian medieval Europe and beyond. / This project has been supported by a grant from the ‘la Caixa’ Banking Foundation (ID 100010434; Code: LCF/BQ/ES16/11570006). Patxi Pérez-Ramallo and Patrick Roberts would also like to thank the Max Planck Society for funding for this project. Patxi Pérez-Ramallo, Hannah Koon and Julia Beaumont would like to thank the University of Bradford for funding a support the first osteological and stable isotope analysis conducted in 2015. Two of the isotopic analyses and 14C dates have been carried out with funding from the Xunta de Galicia to the CulXeo Group (ED431B 2018/47) and to the research network ‘Cultural Heritage, archaeological and technical services’ (R2016/023). Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

This disertation thesis investigates a latin guide for pilgrims to Santiago de Compostela The Guide was written in the first half of 12th century and is a part of the fifth book Liber Sancti Iacobi, also noun as Codex Calixtinus. The Guide is considered as the first middle-age itinerary containig information about pilgrimage to Santigo de Compostela. The autorship of the guide is credited to French pilgrim Aymericus Picaud. The text is divided into eleven chapters and brings information about a four main piglrim roads from France to Santiago. It informs how long and how difficult they are and where are the main hospices for pilgrims located. It includes not only these practictical information but also informs about important places for pilgrims and most known churches, which visitor schould visit. The large part of the Guide describes in detail Santiago de Compostela and St. James cathedrale. The aim of this study is to make a translation of the guide with interpretative commentary, where will be explained in particul special parts of the text, especially topography, pilgrimage churches and historical context. In this thesis the lexicology will be discused and described. The introductury study consists of the three parts and it is a vital part of the translation. In the first part of the...

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The Way to Saint James is presented from two points of view. First, its character and its position in the pilgrimage - tourism continuum are subjects of the research. The position's analysis is based on dataset created by the Office for pilgrims in Santiago de Compostela about the pilgrims' motivation. The pilgrimage's position in the pilgrimage - tourism continuum has been getting closer to the limit between the spiritual and the profane during last years but it has not been reached yet. Then, the influence of the pilgrimage in a regional development is analyzed. The existence of the diffusion effect is examined in a study of model localities. The towns of Palas de Rei and Taboada, both in the Lugo region, have been chosen to examine the existence of this influence. The towns of Puente la Reina/Gares in the Navarra region, Nájera in the La Rioja region, Sahagún in the León region and Palas de Rein in the Lugo region have been chosen to examine the diffusion effect. The existence of the regional development is confirmed by increasing number of hotels and restaurants but not in the socioeconomic development. The diffusion effect is not confirmed. KEY WORDS: geography of religion, religious tourism, Spain, Way to Saint James (Camino de Santiago), pilgrimage - tourism continuum, diffusion efect

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