Magíster en artes, mención musicología / Esta investigación es el resultado de una larga afición por las campanas, que se remonta a mi niñez. No sabría decir cuando, ni cómo, ni a través de qué campana(s) comenzó, pero en algún momento del año 1988 o 1989 empecé a tener conciencia de su existencia en un sentido maravilloso. Me fascinó la idea de que esos objetos tan pesados y oxidados también sonaran. Así, comencé a internarme en ese mundo y a familiarizarme con sus particularidades; sus rasgos físicos, sus formas de toque, las torres donde se albergaban, y el efecto que su sonido provocaba en mí mismo y en los demás. Por esos años aún era muy dificultoso acceder a los campanarios, y recuerdo haber mirado durante largos minutos las torres, tratando de reconocer entre las celosías de las ventanas la forma de alguna campana, imaginando su forma y su sonido, o bien esperando -como quien asiste a un concierto- a que eventualmente sonara algún toque.

This article examines the soundscape, both commemorative and disruptive, experienced in the city of Lima during the War of Independence, focusing on the sounds produced by church bells and cannons. Even though, in Lima, patriots and royalists never fought a pitched battle, the war resoundingly marked the city’s aural environment. Disruptive noise emitted by church bells and cannons  during the war greatly exceeded in intensity and duration the commemorative sounds sponsored by the independent government, and even had the power to change it dramatically. / Este artículo presenta la sonoridad conmemorativa y disruptiva experimentada en la ciudad de Lima durante la guerra de la independencia, haciendo énfasis en los sonidos desplegados por campanas y cañones. A pesar de que, en Lima, ni patriotas ni realistas se llegaron a enfrentar en una batalla a campo abierto, laguerra marcó de modo contundente el ambiente sonoro en la ciudad. La sonoridaddisruptiva emitida por campanas y cañones en el transcurso de la guerra superó ampliamente en intensidad y duración a la sonoridad conmemorativa auspiciada por el gobierno independiente, e incluso tuvo el poder de modificarla dramáticamente.

The purpose of this document is to further the current research and encourage interest in the music of the Mexican composer Ernesto García de León. This paper will advance the current research with an in-depth analysis of the first movement of Sonata No. I, Op.13, Las Campanas (The Bells) for solo guitar. The analysis will focus on the pervasive presence of the melodic and harmonic intervals of perfect fourths, perfect fifths, and tritones as constructive devises throughout the sonata. This will provide interested performers a technical understanding of the composition. In addition to the compositional aspects, the analysis will be extended to consider the programmatic elements described by García de León. Select alternative fingerings will also be given to provide the interpreter options for difficult passages.

The research presented in this doctoral thesis focuses on damage assessment in slender structures and on the methodology of reinforcement by means of composite materials. In particular, the dynamic behaviour of masonry belfries and industrial chimneys, as well as concrete buildings constructed in the coastal area of the Spanish east coast in the mid-20th century, has been analysed. These analyses have been carried out based on the study of several specific structures. In relation to the former, research has been carried out on the bell tower of Fiesole Cathedral, Italy. The main objective of the research is to evaluate the problems of dynamic interaction between the inertial forces associated with the swing of the bells and the main structure of the bell tower. In relation to the second structural typology, a study has been carried out to evaluate the origin of the current state of cracking of the industrial masonry chimneys, as well as to evaluate the damage associated with the problems of collapse that they present at the top of the chimneys. This study has focused on two industrial chimneys located in the municipality of Manises, Valencia, and Agost, Alicante. Finally, in relation to the third structural typology analysed, a third study was carried out on the Torre Adoc 10, located in the coastal area of the city of Alicante. The main objective of this research is to analyze the combined effect of corrosion and seismic action after forty years of corrosion processes on the structure, evaluating the distribution of the damage pattern by analyzing the capacity and demand curves. Finally, an analysis related to the seismic vulnerability of industrial masonry chimneys has been carried out, focusing on the chimney of Agost, Alicante. On the basis of this analysis the pattern of damage to the structure has been defined, and a system of reinforcement using composite materials capable of preventing the structural collapse of the stack has been proposed and sized. The content of this doctoral thesis has been structured in three phases according to the development of the work carried out. In this sense, the first phase is called "Phase of structural characterization", the second phase, "Phase of definition of the numerical model" and finally the third phase, "Phase of definition and analysis of variables". During the development of the first phase, the geometric characterisation of the structures is carried out, as well as the characterisation of the materials by means of laboratory tests or on the basis of the available literature. The results obtained from the process of characterisation of the materials allow the mechanical characteristics of the mortars and brick units to be known, but in addition, analysis at a microstructural level of the samples allows the presence of contaminating agents and expansive salts to be determined, which allows the problem of the damage analysed to be put into context later with the numerical models. Finally, the dynamic characterisation of the structures is carried out with the aim of finding out the modal parameters that allow the subsequent calibration of the numerical models. In the second phase, the numerical models are generated defining the behaviour of the materials in the linear and non-linear range. In addition, the models are calibrated from the experimental data obtained in the previous phase, or by means of experimental data from the consulted bibliography. During this phase the results of the calibration have been analysed using genetic algorithms of the Fiesole bell tower, and the influence of the lateral confinement of the tower on the modal response of the structure has been determined. Finally, during the third phase, the variables associated with the damage assessment of the modelled structures are analysed. In this sense, the first variable analyzed focuses on the effect of the swing of the bells. This study analyses the effect of the velocity, the angle of oscillation and the position of the bells along the height of the tower, in order to determine the range of operation of the bells to avoid damage to the structure. In addition, the influence of the harmonics of the inertial force of the bells on the determination of the real response of the structure is evaluated and compared with the simplified solution proposed by DIN 4178. The second variable focuses on the study of the origin of the current state of damage present in masonry industrial chimneys. This study is analysed from two points of view. On the one hand, the effect of the thermal action during the normal operation of the chimney is evaluated, and on the other hand, the effect of the increase in volume of the metallic elements due to corrosion, arranged on the inside of the chimney, is assessed. Finally, the third variable is related to the analysis of the seismic vulnerability of the Agost masonry industrial chimney, and the reinforced concrete building, Torre Adoc 10. This study analyses the seismic demand through the use of elastic response spectra, and compares the capacity of the structure through a sectional analysis, and through a non-linear pushover analysis. From the results, the damage pattern in both structures is analyzed, and the influence of corrosion in the case of the reinforced concrete building is evaluated. Finally, the results of the analysis of the seismic vulnerability in the industrial chimney allow us to propose a reinforcement system using composite materials capable of preventing the collapse of the structure.

The topic of Prehispanic llama caravan trade has been widely examined in the archaeology of Northern Chile and Norwestern Argentina. Comparatively speaking, in Peru the topic has been previously explored only minimally. Recently, research based on bone isotope analyses from sites in the North Coast of Peru is adding to our knowledge of Prehispanic camelid herd management systems. The present article aims at advancing yet a different case of camelidherd exploitation, this time from the South Coast of Peru. This interpretation stems from the first evidence of ceramic bells from Huayuri, a Late Prehispanic Nasca settlement (1100-1532 AD) with a clear Late Horizon occupation (1470 – 1532 AD), and is complemented with information of other examples from the region not formally reported before. After presenting the context of the findings, I propose these ceramic bells were llama bells. As suggested by ethnographiesof llama (Lama glama) herders, the presence of these bells in the domestic area of the site strongly suggests a direct involvement of some of Huayuri’s domestic units in the organization of the caravans. At a more general level, descriptions from colonial documentation and the regional distributions of additional bells, support the idea a northsouth axis of circulation crossing the deserts of Ica and Nasca, from Tacaraca in Ica to Arequipa to the south of Nasca. / En los Andes, el tema del tráfico caravanero prehispánico ha sido ampliamente estudiado especialmente en el norte de Chile y en el noroeste argentino. En el Perú, en cambio, las investigaciones arqueológicas tradicionalmente llegaron sólo a esbozar aspectos muy generales de los modos de explotación de los rebaños de camélidos. Recientemente, varios investigadores han aportado nuevas propuestas sobre el modo de tenencia de camélidos durante la época prehispánica en la Costa Norte, los que se basan en buena cuenta en estudios isotópicos de colecciones óseas. Este artículo pretende aportar al tema añadiendo detalles sobre otro caso prehispánico diferente de tenencia de camélidos, esta vez de la Costa Sur peruana. El punto de partida de esta reconstrucción son las primeras evidencias arqueológicas de campanas cerámicas de la cuenca norte del río Grande de Nasca, la que se complementa con información de ejemplares adicionales provenientes de otros sitios de la región. Este grupo inicial de campanas proviene del sitio arqueológico Ciudad Perdida de Huayuri, en la quebrada de Santa Cruz, y se asocia particularmente al Horizonte Tardío (1470-1532 AD). Luego de un análisis del contexto en las que se encontró, sostengo que las campanas cerámicas se usaron como campanas de llamas (Lama glama) o cencerros, y a la luz de información etnográfica, su presencia en Huayuri sugiere la participación de las unidades domésticas en la organización del tráfico caravanero. A un nivel interpretativo más general, y a la luz de documentos coloniales tempranos y de la distribución espacial de los ejemplares adicionales, se sugiere la existencia de un eje de circulación norte-sur a lo largo de la costa atravesando el desierto de Nasca e Ica, quizá extendiéndose desde Ica al norte hasta Arequipa al sur.