Campylobacter jejuni bacterial pathogen is among the primary causes of food-borne acute gastroenteritis in North America and the world. It has also been linked to severe post-infection sequelae such as Guillain-Barré syndrome. Previous studies identified C. jejuni surface capsular polysaccharide (CPS) as a target for creation of a carbohydrate based vaccine in which the CPS is conjugated to a carrier protein. In this thesis, following sample purification, aspects of C. jejuni HS:5 CPS structure were characterized using numerous analytical techniques such as NMR and GC-MS. CPS is comprised of α-DD-Heptoses linked at C2 to the anomeric carbons of glucose. The α-Glucose molecules are linked though C4 to the α-DD-Heptose anomeric carbon. The α-DD-Heptose structure also has an occasional ring structured amino acid modification. Following characterization the CPS was oxidized and developed into a prototype glycoconjugate vaccine using TEMPO oxidation and EDC-CRM197 coupling methods. / The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Auburn University, 2005. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references (ℓ. 105-133)

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Victoria University of Wellington, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Zugl.: Berlin, Freie Universiẗat, Diss., 2009.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Aberdeen University, 2008. / Title from web page (viewed on June 26, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

QUETZ, Josiane da Silva. Estudo sobre Campylobacter jejuni e Campylobacter coli em crianças da área urbana de Fortaleza, Ceará/Brasil : identificação genética, inflamação intestinal e impacto no estado nutricional. 2009. 142 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Farmacologia) - Universidade Federal do Ceará. Faculdade de Medicina, Fortaleza, 2009. / Submitted by denise santos (denise.santos@ufc.br) on 2012-04-12T12:44:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_jsquetz.pdf: 1671276 bytes, checksum: 7b86044a2d433a11e1abdc0273d371d4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eliene Nascimento(elienegvn@hotmail.com) on 2012-04-13T16:16:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_jsquetz.pdf: 1671276 bytes, checksum: 7b86044a2d433a11e1abdc0273d371d4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-04-13T16:16:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_jsquetz.pdf: 1671276 bytes, checksum: 7b86044a2d433a11e1abdc0273d371d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are important etiologic agents of worldwide diarrheal disease. Campylobacter sp. infection is usually identified by a 72 hour microbiological culture that identifies the genus of the responsible organism. Our main goal was to investigate the prevalence of C. jejuni and C. coli in children, aged 2-36 months, from urban Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, in an observational epidemiological case-control study using, as a tool of detection, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Our other goals were to investigate the nutritional impact of infection (cases) or colonization (controls) for Campylobacter sp., to determine the presence of three virulence genes of C. jejuni cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), and to evaluate the occurrence of inflammation in intestinal infections caused by Campylobacter sp. The study population consisted of 83 cases and 83 controls, where the cases consisted of children with a history of diarrhea in the 14 days prior to selection for the study. We assessed socioeconomic parameters through an epidemiological questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements were collected to determine z-score parameters for assessing the nutritional status of the children. Detection of Campylobacter from frozen samples was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and PCR. Also, using PCR technology, we investigated the presence of C. jejuni genes cdtA, cdtB and cdtC. Intestinal inflammation was assessed by semi-quantitative ELISA detection of fecal lactoferrin (LFF). PCR technology detected C. jejuni in 9.6% of the cases (8/83) and 7.2% of the controls (6/83), while C. coli was detected in 6.0% of the cases (5/83) and 1.2% of the controls (1/83). CDT genes were found in 50% of hipO+ samples (7/14). There was a significant difference (p <0.05) in the weight for age z-scores (WAZ) and the weight for height z-scores (WHZ) between case and control carriers of C. jejuni, where case carriers showed lower average WAZ and WHZ than control carriers. Moreover, in the case group, carriers of C. jejuni showed a lower WHZ average than that of non-carrier cases of C. jejuni. More than 80.0% of the children studied had intestinal inflammation characterized by high levels of LFF regardless of the presence of diarrhea and Campylobacter sp. In conclusion, our findings corroborate data in the scientific literature related to the prevalence of C. jejuni and C. coli in pediatric populations, the existence of asymptomatic carriers and an association between the detection of the microorganism and malnutrition. In addition, our data suggest a genetic variability among the strains of C. jejuni detected in the study population, related to presence o absence of CDT genes. / Campylobacter jejuni e Campylobacter coli são importantes agentes etiológicos de doença diarréica na população mundial. A infecção por Campylobacter sp. é usualmente identificada por cultivo microbiológico que leva aproximadamente 72 horas para identificação do gênero. Nosso objetivo principal foi pesquisar a prevalência de C. jejuni e C. coli em população infantil, com idade entre 2-36 meses, da área urbana de Fortaleza/CE, Brasil, em estudo do tipo epidemiológico observacional caso-controle, utilizando, como ferramenta de detecção, a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Outros objetivos consistiram em: investigar o impacto nutricional da infecção (casos) ou da colonização (controles) por Campylobacter sp.; determinar a presença de três genes de virulência para a toxina citoletal distensora (CDT) de C. jejuni e avaliar a ocorrência de inflamação intestinal nas infecções causadas por Campylobacter sp. A população estudada consistiu de 83 casos e 83 controles, sendo os casos, crianças com histórico de diarréia nos 14 dias pregressos à seleção para o estudo. Foram avaliados parâmetros sócio-econômicos através de questionário epidemiológico. Medidas antropométricas foram coletadas para determinação de escores-z no intuito de avaliar o perfil nutricional das crianças. A detecção de Campylobacter nas amostras congeladas foi realizada por ensaio imuno-enzimático (ELISA) e PCR. Pela PCR também investigamos a presença dos genes cdtA, cdtB e cdtC da CDT de C. jejuni. A avaliação da inflamação intestinal foi realizada pela pesquisa de lactoferrina fecal (LFF), através de ELISA semiquantitativa. Foi detectado, por PCR, C. jejuni em 9,6% dos casos (8/83) e 7,2% dos controles (6/83). C. coli foi detectado em 6,0% dos casos (5/83) e 1,2% dos controles (1/83). Os genes cdtA, cdtB e cdtC foram encontrados em 50% das amostras hipO+ (7/14). Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) dos escores WAZ e WHZ entre casos e controles portadores de C. jejuni, sendo que casos portadores apresentaram média inferior de WAZ e WHZ, quando comparados com os controles portadores. No grupo Casos, os portadores de C. jejuni apresentavam valor médio de WHZ inferior ao valor médio apresentado pelos casos não-portadores. Mais de 80,0% das crianças estudadas apresentaram inflamação intestinal caracterizada por elevados níveis de LFF, independente da presença de diarréia e Campylobacter sp. Em conclusão, nossos achados corroboram dados da literatura científica relacionados à prevalência de C. jejuni e C. coli na população infantil, existência de portadores assintomáticos e associação entre a detecção do microorganismo e desnutrição. Além disso, nossos dados apontam para ocorrência de variabilidade genética dentre as cepas de C. jejuni detectadas na população estudada em relação à presença ou ausência dos genes de CDT.

Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of food poisoning and according to the World Health Organisation accounts for majority of the 4.5 billion cases of global food poisoning each year. Genome sequencing by Parkhill et al. (2000) identified a gene, cj1411c, which is thought to encode a lone cytochrome P450, CYP172A1. In this thesis the role of CYP172A1 was studied using in vivo and in vitro techniques. The genomic location of cj1411c is adjacent to the capsular biosynthetic genes. The capsular and P450 genes are conserved in some species of Campylobacter and Helicobacter, as well as in Comamonas testosteroni. Importantly, this work has demonstrated that the P450 gene is expressed in two well characterised laboratory C. jejuni strains, 11168H and 81-176. Protein production was disrupted using insertional knockout mutagenesis, which allowed for investigations into the role of the enzyme in the host. Alterations to the observed autoagglutination rate and growth characteristics indicated that CYP172A1 has a role in modifying the bacterial surface. The insertional knockout mutant also resulted in cells which were more susceptible to detergent-like compounds (e.g. polymyxin B and sodium deoxycholate). In a previous report, it was suggested that the loss of the P450 function resulted in bacteria which were “shorter and fatter”, compared to wild type cells, but this thesis could find no evidence of such a phenomenon. CYP172A1 was successfully purified using recombinant expression in E. coli to enable biochemical and biophysical characterisation in vitro. CYP172A1 contains a typical P450 cysteine thiolate coordination to the heme iron, and exists in a low spin ferric heme state under neutral buffer conditions. The P450 was found to self aggregate, and despite rigorous investigations the cause of this aggregation was not fully established. Despite this issue, CYP172A1 was shown to bind to a wide range of P450 inhibitor-type compounds, with econazole displaying the tightest binding affinity (Kd = 100 nM). Identification of substrate-like compounds was achieved using high throughput compound screening, and a number of organic compounds were identified and shown to bind CYP172A1, inducing heme iron absorbance changes typical of either P450 inhibitors or substrates. Optical titrations for these molecules indicated that their CYP172A1 Kd values were in the low micromolar range. The catalytic capability of CYP172A1 was successfully demonstrated by providing the P450 with non native redox partners to oxidise one of such substrate-like compound (213071), resulting in the sulfoxidation of this compound.

Campylobacter is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Campylobacter in newly constructed broiler houses and compare three microaerophilic gas delivery methods used to culture Campylobacter in the laboratory. Of 2,300 litter, 900 fecal, and 45 water samples, only 5, 6 and 1 of the samples, respectively, were confirmed positive. style='mso-spacerun:yes'> Results indicated litter moisture content was different across day, location and house. An interaction was detected for litter pH between day, location and flock. Temperatures averaged 26.8°C inside and 27.6°C outside. style='mso-spacerun:yes'> No difference in colony counts were detected among the gas delivery methods. In conclusion, the newly constructed houses showed no significant prevalence of Campylobacter. style='mso-spacerun:yes'> High litter pH, low temperatures, and other onarm management strategies may have suppressed Campylobacter’s ability to colonize the litter. When selecting a gas delivery method price and space should be considered.

No description available.

More than 150 different RNA modifications have been detected in all kingdoms of life and 60 are known to decorate bacterial RNA. Among them, pseudouridine is universally conserved and one of the most abundant modifications present in bacterial stable RNAs such as tRNAs and rRNAs. In bacteria, the nucleotide is posttranscriptionally generated by dedicated enzymes called pseudouridine synthases (PUSs). With the advent of sophisticated deep-sequencing technologies, this modification has been identified in different types of RNA classes (tRNAs, rRNAs, mRNAs, snRNAs, and lncRNAs) in diverse eukaryotic organisms. However, these techniques have never been applied to bacteria, generating a knowledge gap about the location of the modified nucleotide in prokaryotic RNAs. Mutations or deletions of specific eukaryotic PUS enzymes are linked to human diseases and therefore their absence is deleterious for the correct function of the cell. However, deletion of tRNA or rRNA PUS enzymes in the bacterial model organism E. coli have not revealed any such drastic phenotypes, suggesting a different role and function of the modification itself and of the enzymes in different kingdoms of life. Since the roles of tRNA PUS enzymes in bacteria is still poorly understood, a functional characterization of these proteins is pursued in the Epsilonproteobacteria Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori. While C. jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis in humans, infection with H. pylori is associated with the development of gastric cancer. In particular, phenotypes were explored for the tRNA PUS enzymes TruA, TruB, and TruD in C. jejuni as well as TruA and TruD in H. pylori. Upon deletion of truD, a severe growth defect is observed for C. jejuni but not for H. pylori, highlighting a potential difference in function of the enzyme in the two related bacterial pathogens. Moreover, a genome-wide approach called Pseudo-seq is established and applied for RNA of these two pathogens, which allows, for the first time, the global identification of pseudouridine modifications at single-nucleotide resolution in the bacterial transcriptome. Applying Pseudo-seq in RNAs of wildtype and diverse PUS enzyme deletion mutants enabled the identification of the distinct RNA substrates of tRNA PUS enyzmes in C. jejuni and H. pylori. Hereby, the tRNA-Glu was determined to be the major tRNA substrate of TruD in C. jejuni. Interestingly, the tRNA-Glu is expressed as a single copy in the C. jejuni genome. To link the growth defect observed for a C. jejuni ∆truD mutant strain to the pseudouridine modification of the tRNA-Glu, a catalytically inactive TruD complementation was generated. This strain is unable to restore the tRNA-Glu modification but surprisingly, was able to complement the growth defect. The same observation was made for a cross-complementation with a copy of H. pylori TruD. This indicates that there is a potential additional function of the TruD PUS enzyme in C. jejuni that is independent of the pseudouridine modification. Using a combination of deep-sequencing technologies (RIP-seq, RNA-seq, Ribo-seq, and CLIP-seq), the dual function of TruD is investigated. Overall, this study provides the first in-depth investigation into pseudouridylation of bacteria in general and the bacterial pathogens C. jejuni and H. pylori in particular. The work presented in this thesis reveals not only a global map of pseudouridine in tRNAs and rRNAs of the two bacteria but it also explores the function of the responsible tRNA PUS enzymes. In addition, this study provides evidence for a dual function of the C. jejuni PUS enzyme TruD that goes beyond its RNA modifying function. Future research could focus on unravelling the function of TruD and its potential interaction partners and thus reveal new mechanisms of regulation of a protein previously only described as an RNA modification enzyme. / Mehr als 150 verschiedene RNA-Modifikationen sind bislang in den unterschiedlichsten Organismen nachgewiesen worden, wovon 60 dieser Modifikationen in bakterieller RNA vorkommen. In Bakterien ist Pseudouridin eine der häufigsten Modifikationen, die in stabilen RNAs wie tRNAs und rRNAs zu finden sind. Hierbei wird das modifizierte Nukleotid auf posttranskriptioneller Ebene von speziellen Enzymen, den sogenannten Pseudouridin-Synthasen (PUS), generiert. Die Entwicklung und der Einsatz fortschrittlicher Deep-Sequencing Technologien ermöglichte es, Pseudouridin in unterschiedlichen RNA Klassen (tRNAs, rRNAs, mRNAs, snRNAs und lncRNAs) in verschiedenen eukaryotischen Organismen zu identifizieren. Diese Verfahren wurden jedoch noch nie auf Bakterien angewandt. Mutationen oder Deletionen spezifischer PUS Enzyme wurden im Menschen bereits mit der Entstehung von Krankheiten in Verbindung gebracht. Diese Enzyme sind daher für die korrekte Funktionsweise einer eukaryotischen Zelle unabdinglich. Nichtsdestotrotz führte die Deletion von tRNA oder rRNA PUS Enzymen im bakteriellen Modellorganismus Escherichia coli zu keinen solch drastischen Phänotypen. Dies wiederum deutet auf eine unterschiedliche Rolle und Funktion der Modifikation und der verantwortlichen Enzyme in verschiedenen Organismen hin. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden tRNA PUS Enzyme der Epsilonproteobakterien Campylobacter jejuni und Helicobacter pylori funktionell charakterisiert. Der Lebensmittelkeim C. jejuni ist derzeit die häufigste Ursache für bakteriell verursachte Gastroenteritis im Menschen. Dahingegen wird eine H. pylori Infektion mit der Entwicklung von Magenkrebs in Verbindung gebracht. Insbesondere wurden die Funktionen der tRNA PUS Enzyme TruA, TruB und TruD in C. jejuni sowie TruA und TruD in H. pylori untersucht. Während die Deletion von TruD keine phänotypischen Auswirkungen in H. pylori hat, führt diese in C. jejuni zu einem Wachstumsdefekt. Dies weist auf eine möglicherweise unterschiedliche Funktion des Enzyms in den beiden verwandten bakteriellen Krankheitserregern hin. Zusätzlich beschreibt diese Arbeit die Etablierung und Anwendung von Pseudo-seq in C. jejuni und H. pylori, einem genomweiten Ansatz mittels dessen zum ersten Mal die globale Identifizierung von Pseudouridin Modifikationen auf Einzel-Nukleotid-Ebene im bakteriellen Transkriptom ermöglicht wird. Durch Pseudo-seq Analysen von wildtypischer RNA und RNA isoliert aus unterschiedlichen PUS Enzym Deletionen, konnten die RNA Substrate dieser Enzyme in C. jejuni und H. pylori ermittelt werden. Für TruD stellte sich dabei die tRNA-Glu als Hauptsubstrat heraus. Interessanterweise ist diese im Genom von C. jejuni nur als einzelne Kopie vorhanden. Da eine TruD Deletionsmutante in C. jejuni einen Wachstumsdefekt aufweist, wurde dieser Phänotyp in Zusammenhang mit dem Auftreten der Pseudouridin Modifikation an der tRNA-Glu untersucht. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein TruD Komplementationsstamm generiert, der jedoch katalytisch inaktiv ist und somit nicht in der Lage ist die Modifikation der tRNA-Glu wiederherzustellen. Überraschenderweise komplementierte dieser Stamm dennoch den Wachstumsdefekt. Eine ähnliche Beobachtung wurde bei einer Kreuzkomplementation mit einer Kopie von H. pylori TruD gemacht. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass das TruD PUS Enzym in C. jejuni möglicherweise eine zusätzliche Funktion unabhängig von der Pseudouridin Modifikation hat. Diese potentiell duale Funktion von TruD wird in dieser Arbeit durch die Anwendung einer Kombination von Deep-Sequencing Technologien (RIP-seq, RNA-seq, Ribo-seq und CLIP-seq) untersucht. Insgesamt stellt diese Studie die erste eingehende Untersuchung von Pseudouridin Modifikationen in Bakterien im Allgemeinen, und in den Krankheitserregern C. jejuni und H. pylori im Speziellen, dar. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgelegten Ergebnisse beschreiben nicht nur eine globale Kartierung von Pseudouridin Modifikationen in bakteriellen tRNAs und rRNAs sondern erforschen auch die Funktionen der für die Modifikation verantwortlichen tRNA PUS Enzyme. Darüber hinaus liefert diese Arbeit Hinweise auf eine duale Funktion des C. jejuni PUS Enzyms TruD, die über die Funktion als RNA-modifizierendes Enzym hinausgeht. Zukünftige Untersuchungen könnten sich dementsprechend darauf konzentrieren, die Funktion von TruD und seinen potenziellen Interaktionspartnern zu entschlüsseln. Dies könnte neue Erkenntnisse über Mechanismen der Regulierung eines Enzyms/Proteins liefern, das bislang nur als RNA modifizierendes Enzym beschrieben war.