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Renata Rakštelytė Marinuotų paukštienos pusgaminių užkrėstumas kampilobakterijomis ir jų rūšinė įvairovė Baigiamasis magistro darbas Darbo vadovas: prof. dr. Mindaugas Malakauskas Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universitetas Veterinarijos akademija Veterinarijos fakultetas Maisto saugos ir kokybės katedra Darbo apimtis 36 puslapiai, 4 lentelės, 9 paveikslai. Darbo tikslas buvo įvertinti Lietuvoje parduodamų marinuotų paukštienos pusgaminių užkrėstumą dažniausiai žmonių susirgimus sukeliančiomis kampilobakterijų rūšimis. Tyrimų metu buvo ištirti 67 marinuotos paukštienos pusgaminiai. Trijų skirtingų paukštienos gamybos įmonių pusgaminiai tyrimui buvo perkami mažmeninės prekybos įmonėse be išankstinio įspėjimo. Kampilobakterijos buvo išskiriamos tiesiogiai sėjant ant mCCDA agaro ir atlikus pagausinimą Bolton sultinyje. Kampilobakterijos buvo identifikuojamos iki rūšies naudojant šiek tiek pakeistą Wang ir kt. (2002) aprašytą PGR metodą ir pradmenis. Tyrimai parodė, kad 22 mėginiai (32,8%)iš 67 tirtų marinuotų paukštienos pusgaminių, buvo užkrėsti kampilobakterijomis. Dažniausiai marinuoti paukštienos pusgaminiai buvo užkrėsti C. jejuni rūšies bakterijomis (16 mėginių), tuo tarpu C.coli bakterijos buvo aptiktos tik 2 mėginiuose, o vienas mėginys buvo užkrėstas nenustatytos rūšies kampilobakterijomis. Dar dviejuose mėginiuose rastos tiek C.jejuni, tiek ir Campylobacter spp. bakterijos ir viename - C.coli ir nenustatytos rūšies kampilobakterijos. Tyrimų laikotarpiu iš viso buvo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Renata Rakštelytė CONTAMINATION OF MARINATED POULTRY MEAT WITH CAMPYLOBACTER SPP. AND THEIR SPECIES DIVERSITY Master thesis Thesis supervisor: prof. dr. Mindaugas Malakauskas Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Lithuanian Veterinary Academy Faculty of Veterinary medicine Departament of Food Safety and Quality Kaunas, 2014 m. The coverage of the work: 36 pages, 4 tables, 9 pictures. The aim of the study was to evaluate contamination of marinated poultry products with Campylobacter spp. sold at the retail level sale in Lithuania. It total 67 ready-to-cook marinated poultry products were examined. Detection of Campylobacter was carried out using direct plating on mCCDA agar and after enrichment in Bolton broth with further planting on mCCDA. Campylobacter species were identified by PCR method described by Wang et al. (2002 ) with minor changes. Only specific primers for identification of Campylobacter spp., C. jejuni and C. coli were used. The study showed that out of the 67 tested marinated poultry products 22 (32.8 %) were contaminated with Campylobacter spp. Most often marinated poultry preparations were contaminated with C. jejuni (16 samples), while C.coli species were isolated only from 2 samples. Other Campylobacter species then C. jejuni or C. coliwas found in one sample, C.jejuni and Campylobacter spp.bacteria were found in two samples and C.coli and unidentified Campylobacter species in one sample, respectively. Eleven C.jejuni strains isolated from marinated... [to full text]

Orientador: Angela Cleusa de Fatima Banzatto de Carvalho / Banca: Eliana Scarcelli Pinheiro / Banca: Vera Cecilia Annes Ferreira / Banca: Adolorata Aparecida Bianco Carvalho / Banca: Luís Antonio Mathias / Resumo: Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram verificar a ocorrência de Campylobacter jejuní, Campylobacter calí, Salmonella spp., Salmonella Enteritidis e Salmonella Typhimurium em abatedouros de aves e avaliar a resistência das amostras de Salmonella spp. isoladas frente a antimicrobianos de uso comum. Foram colhidas amostras de fezes; penas; água de escaldamento, evisceração e resfriamento; e amostras de carcaça não eviscerada, eviscerada e resfriada em seis abatedouros de aves. Campylobacter jejuni foi detectada em 14 amostras (5%), a maior porcentagem foi em amostras de fezes oito amostras (22%), e C. calí em foi isolada em uma amostra de pena (0,35%). Salmonella spp. foi detectada em 18% (52/288) dos isolados, enquanto os sorotipos S. Enteritidis em 5,6% (16/288) e S. Typhimurium em 2,4% (7/288). Os testes de resistência aos antimicrobianos apontaram 25 amostras resistentes ao aztreonam e à ampicilina (86,2%), 21 à tetraciclina (72,4%) e 16 à amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico e sulfazotrim (55,2%). Nenhum dos isolados testados apresentou 100% de resistência ou sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos utilizados. Os resultados indicam que há uma necessidade de melhorar a qualidade higiênico-sanitária em linhas de abate de aves e o cuidado com o uso indiscriminado de antibióticos na avicultura, oferecendo aos consumidores produtos livres de agentes zoonóticos. / Abstract: The present study was carried out to report the occurrence of Campylobacter jejuní, Campylobacter calí, Salmonella spp., Salmonella Enteritidis e Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken abattoirs and to evaluate the resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated to antibiotics of common use. Samples of feces; feathers; scald, evisceration, and chiller water; and non-eviscerated, eviscerated, and chilted carcasses were coUeded from six chicken abattoirs. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated in 14 samples (5%), isolation was greater in feces, eight samples (22%), one feather sample was positive for the species C. calí (0.35%). Salmonella spp. was detected in 18% (52/288) of the isolates, whereas serotypes S. Enteritidis were identified in 5.6% (16/288) and S. Typhimurium and 2.4% (7/288). Antibiotic tests indicate 25 resistant samples to aztreonam and to ampicilin (86.2%), 21 to tetracycline (72.4%) and 16 to amoxicilin/clavulanic acid and to sulfazotrim (55.2%). None sample tested were 100% resistant or sensitive to ali the antibiotics tested. The results exhibit the need to improve hygiene and sanitary standards in poultry sfaughter fines, and care with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in avicultura, offering to the consumers products free of zoonotic agents. / Doutor

One of the most overlooked areas in forensic entomology is urban, which applies to insects and their arthropod relatives that have interactions with humans, their associated structures, and companion animals. American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (L.), are common pests of urban environments. Analyzing spatial distribution of P. americana populations in an artificial, outdoor environment provided insight of gene flow among populations collected in central Texas. This information provides for a better understanding of how and if populations were segregated, or if there was a single unified population. Populations can be genetically differentiated through determining variation of specific gene regions within populations. This study revealed a ubiquitous distribution of cockroach populations, and their ability to indiscriminately inhabit areas within an urban environment. Overall, cockroaches were identified from a large interbreeding population with no discernable relationship between genetic variation of P. americana and spatial distribution. Identifying cockroach populations is relative to understanding the ability of surrogate species indirectly affecting man by their ability to transfer disease-causing organisms including bacteria. This may have potentially deleterious health consequences on animal and/or human populations. There are several pathogens associated with cockroaches which are overlooked during diagnosis of sudden ailments with symptoms being similar to food-borne illnesses, including abdominal cramping, diarrhea, nausea, and fever. Analyzing spatial distributions of Escherichia coli and Campylobacter spp. in relationship to collected cockroaches allowed for prevalence of bacteria species to be identified among populations. The prevalence of bacteria isolated from total populations collected indicated a high prevalence (92.3%) of bacteria carried by the exoskeleton of P. americana. Gram-negative bacteria acquisition and dissemination of organisms such as E. coli was prevalent on campus. Screening for E. coli 1057:H7 and Campylobacter spp. resulted in no positive colony growth. The lack of Campylobacter spp. growth from cuticular surfaces may have resulted from undesirable conditions required to sustain colony growth. Data from this study corroborates the potential ability of cockroaches to mechanically transmit pathogens.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-05-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:43:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cortez_all_dr_jabo.pdf: 430590 bytes, checksum: 666a520b7c02417cfef371371e073100 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram verificar a ocorrência de Campylobacter jejuní, Campylobacter calí, Salmonella spp., Salmonella Enteritidis e Salmonella Typhimurium em abatedouros de aves e avaliar a resistência das amostras de Salmonella spp. isoladas frente a antimicrobianos de uso comum. Foram colhidas amostras de fezes; penas; água de escaldamento, evisceração e resfriamento; e amostras de carcaça não eviscerada, eviscerada e resfriada em seis abatedouros de aves. Campylobacter jejuni foi detectada em 14 amostras (5%), a maior porcentagem foi em amostras de fezes oito amostras (22%), e C. calí em foi isolada em uma amostra de pena (0,35%). Salmonella spp. foi detectada em 18% (52/288) dos isolados, enquanto os sorotipos S. Enteritidis em 5,6% (16/288) e S. Typhimurium em 2,4% (7/288). Os testes de resistência aos antimicrobianos apontaram 25 amostras resistentes ao aztreonam e à ampicilina (86,2%), 21 à tetraciclina (72,4%) e 16 à amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico e sulfazotrim (55,2%). Nenhum dos isolados testados apresentou 100% de resistência ou sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos utilizados. Os resultados indicam que há uma necessidade de melhorar a qualidade higiênico-sanitária em linhas de abate de aves e o cuidado com o uso indiscriminado de antibióticos na avicultura, oferecendo aos consumidores produtos livres de agentes zoonóticos. / The present study was carried out to report the occurrence of Campylobacter jejuní, Campylobacter calí, Salmonella spp., Salmonella Enteritidis e Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken abattoirs and to evaluate the resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated to antibiotics of common use. Samples of feces; feathers; scald, evisceration, and chiller water; and non-eviscerated, eviscerated, and chilted carcasses were coUeded from six chicken abattoirs. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated in 14 samples (5%), isolation was greater in feces, eight samples (22%), one feather sample was positive for the species C. calí (0.35%). Salmonella spp. was detected in 18% (52/288) of the isolates, whereas serotypes S. Enteritidis were identified in 5.6% (16/288) and S. Typhimurium and 2.4% (7/288). Antibiotic tests indicate 25 resistant samples to aztreonam and to ampicilin (86.2%), 21 to tetracycline (72.4%) and 16 to amoxicilin/clavulanic acid and to sulfazotrim (55.2%). None sample tested were 100% resistant or sensitive to ali the antibiotics tested. The results exhibit the need to improve hygiene and sanitary standards in poultry sfaughter fines, and care with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in avicultura, offering to the consumers products free of zoonotic agents.

Campylobacter spp. infections are an increasing global concern responsible for a significant burden of disease every year. Wildlife and domestic animals are considered important reservoirs, but little is known about host-factors driving pathogen infection dynamics in wild mammal populations. In countries like Botswana, there is significant spatial overlap between humans and wildlife with a large proportion of the population vulnerable to Campylobacter infection, making Botswana an ideal location to study these interactions. This thesis reviews mammalian wildlife species that have been identified as carriers of Campylobacter spp., identifies life-history traits (urban association, trophic level, and sociality) that may be driving Campylobacter infection, and utilizes banded mongoose (Mungos mungo) (n=201) as a study species to illuminate potential Campylobacter spp. transmission at the human-wildlife interface in northern Botswana. Results of the latter study suggest that human-landscapes are critical to C. jejuni infection in banded mongooses, as mongooses utilizing man-made structures as dens had significantly higher levels of C. jejuni than mongooses using natural dens (p=0.019). A similar association was found across all wild mammals with significantly greater number of urban dwelling species positive for C. jejuni than urban avoiders (p = 0.04). Omnivorous and social mammals were significantly associated with C. coli presence (p=0.04 and p<0.00 respectively), but not with C. jejuni indicating there may be important differences in transmission dynamics between Campylobacter species. These results suggest that landscape features and life-history traits can have important influences on Campylobacter species exposure and transmission dynamics in wildlife. / Master of Science / Campylobacter infections are increasing worldwide but we still know little about the true burden of disease in the developing world, and even less about the role of wildlife and environmental reservoirs in human exposure and disease. I reviewed life-history traits (urban association, animal rank on the food chain, and sociality) that might be driving Campylobacter spp. infection in wildlife and investigated interactions between an urbanizing wildlife species, banded mongoose (Mungos mungo), humans, and the environment. Banded mongooses live in close association with humans and infections with C. jejuni were greater among mongooses utilizing man-made structures compared to those using natural dens. Across all wild mammal species tested for Campylobacter spp., mammals associated with urban living were significantly more likely to be positive for C. jejuni than mammals that avoid urban areas. Lowerranking mammals on the food chain and social mammals were associated with presence of C. coli, suggesting life-history rates are playing a role in wild mammal exposures to the pathogen and that these exposures are different for C. coli than C. jejuni. These data suggest that wildlife life-history traits and utilization of human landscapes are important for pathogen presence. In turn, pathogen circulation and transmission in urbanizing wildlife reservoirs may increase human vulnerability to disease, particularly in impoverished populations, where greater environmental exposures are expected. Improvement of waste management and hygiene practices may help reduce transmission between wildlife and humans.

As Enfermidades Transmitidas por Alimentos representam um crescente e relevante problema de saúde pública. Além do prejuízo social, a contaminação de alimentos com microrganismos patogênicos gera um enorme prejuízo econômico. Técnicas de Análise de Risco permitem mensurar de forma mais adequada o impacto dos microrganismos contaminantes de alimentos na saúde da população. Uma Análise de Riscos, associada a uma combinação patógeno-alimento, envolve três passos: avaliação do risco, gestão do risco e comunicação do risco. Uma das etapas da avaliação do risco é a avaliação da exposição, baseada em dados sobre freqüência e nível de contaminação dos alimentos pelo patógeno avaliado no alimento em questão, o nível atingido pelo patógeno no momento do consumo e os padrões de consumo. Os produtos cárneos são os principais alimentos responsáveis pela veiculação de patógenos ao homem e os microrganismos de maior relevância nestes produtos são Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. e Escherichia coli produtora de toxina de Shiga. O objetivo do presente estudo foi levantar informações qualitativas e quantitativas desses quatro patógenos em produtos cárneos (salsicha bovina, lingüiça suína, carne bovina moída e coxa de frango) comercializados no município de São Paulo, de forma a contribuir com dados para futuras avaliações de risco em relação a estes microrganismos nestes produtos. Das 552 amostras de produtos cárneos analisadas, L. monocytogenes foi o patógeno isolado com maior freqüência, sendo detectado em 48,7% das amostras, seguido por Campylobacter spp. em 6,0% e Salmonella spp. em 5,8%. E. coli produtora de toxina de Shiga não foi detectada em nenhuma das amostras estudadas. Listeria monocytogenes foi detectada em todos os tipos de produtos cárneos estudados, com freqüências mais elevadas nas amostras de carne bovina moída (59,4%), seguido de coxa de frango (58,0%), lingüiça suína (39,8%) e salsicha bovina (37,7%). Na maioria das amostras (94,4%), as contagens de L. monocytogenes foram inferiores a 102 UFC/g. As cepas de L. monocytogenes apresentaram ampla distribuição, sendo detectados os quatro grupos de sorotipos: 28,7% pertenceram ao Grupo 1 (sorotipos 1/2a e 3a), 21,0% ao Grupo 2 (sorotipos 1/2c e 3c), 17,0% ao Grupo 3 (sorotipos 1/2b, 3b e 7) e 13,8% ao Grupo 4 (sorotipos 4b, 4d e 4e). Salmonella spp. foi detectada em 32 amostras, sendo 20 (14,5%) de lingüiça e 12 (10,6%) de coxa de frango. As contagens foram baixas, variando de 3,0 a 9,3x10 NMP/g e os sorovares mais freqüentemente isolados foram S. Typhimurium (28,1%), S. Enteritidis (12,5%), S. Derby (12,5%) e S. I 4,[5],12:i:- (12,5%). Campylobacter spp. foi detectado em 33 amostras (6,0%), sendo 27 de coxa de frango (19,6%) e seis amostras de carne moída (4,3%). A presença de L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. e Campylobacter spp. nos produtos cárneos analisados representa um risco à saúde da população. O consumo destes produtos quando submetidos à cocção inadequada e/ou a contaminação cruzada com outros alimentos pode levar a ocorrência de Enfermidades Transmitidas por Alimentos. / Foodborne Diseases represent an increasingly important public health problem. Besides the social losses, contamination of food with pathogenic microorganisms generates an enormous economic damage. A more accurate measurement of the impact of microorganisms in food health can be achieved using Risk Analysis techniques. A risk analysis is composed by three elements: risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. One of the four steps of a risk assessment is the exposure assessment, based on data on frequency and level of contamination of a food by the pathogen under evaluation, levels of the pathogen in the food at the time of consumption and consumption patterns. Meat products are the main vehicles of pathogens to humans, where Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli are the most relevant pathogens. The aim of this study was to obtain qualitative and quantitative information on these four pathogens in four types of meat products (beef sausage, pork sausage, ground beef and chicken leg) marketed in the city of Sao Paulo in order to contribute with data for future risk assessments for these microorganisms in these products. L. monocytogenes is the most frequent pathogen in the 552 samples of meat products analyzed, being detected in 48.7% of the samples, followed by Campylobacter spp. 6.0% and Salmonella spp. 5.8%. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli was not detected in any sample. L. monocytogenes was detected in all types of meat products, with highest frequency in ground beef (59.4%), followed by chicken leg (58.0%), pork sausage (39.8%) and beef sausage (37.7%). In most samples (94.4%), the counts of L. monocytogenes were below 102 CFU/g. L. monocytogenes strains were widely distributed in the four groups of serotypes: 28.7% belonged to Group 1 (serotypes 1/2a and 3a), 21% to Group 2 (serotypes 1/2c and 3c), 17% to Group 3 (serotypes 1/2b, 3b and 7) and 13.8% to Group 4 (serotypes 4b, 4d and 4e). Salmonella spp. was detected in 32 samples, being 20 (14.5%) of pork sausage and 12 (10.6%) of chicken leg. The counts were low, ranging from 3.0 to 9.3 x 10 MPN/g and the most frequent serovars were S. Typhimurium (28.1%), S. Enteritidis (12.5%), S. Derby (12.5%) and S. I 4, [5], 12: i: - (12.5%). Campylobacter spp. was detected in 33 samples (6.0%), being 27 of chicken leg (19.6%) and six samples of ground beef (4.3%). The presence of L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in the tested meat products represent a risk to health. The consumption of inadequately cooked products and/or subjected to cross-contamination with other foods may lead to occurrence of foodborne diseases.

As Enfermidades Transmitidas por Alimentos representam um crescente e relevante problema de saúde pública. Além do prejuízo social, a contaminação de alimentos com microrganismos patogênicos gera um enorme prejuízo econômico. Técnicas de Análise de Risco permitem mensurar de forma mais adequada o impacto dos microrganismos contaminantes de alimentos na saúde da população. Uma Análise de Riscos, associada a uma combinação patógeno-alimento, envolve três passos: avaliação do risco, gestão do risco e comunicação do risco. Uma das etapas da avaliação do risco é a avaliação da exposição, baseada em dados sobre freqüência e nível de contaminação dos alimentos pelo patógeno avaliado no alimento em questão, o nível atingido pelo patógeno no momento do consumo e os padrões de consumo. Os produtos cárneos são os principais alimentos responsáveis pela veiculação de patógenos ao homem e os microrganismos de maior relevância nestes produtos são Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. e Escherichia coli produtora de toxina de Shiga. O objetivo do presente estudo foi levantar informações qualitativas e quantitativas desses quatro patógenos em produtos cárneos (salsicha bovina, lingüiça suína, carne bovina moída e coxa de frango) comercializados no município de São Paulo, de forma a contribuir com dados para futuras avaliações de risco em relação a estes microrganismos nestes produtos. Das 552 amostras de produtos cárneos analisadas, L. monocytogenes foi o patógeno isolado com maior freqüência, sendo detectado em 48,7% das amostras, seguido por Campylobacter spp. em 6,0% e Salmonella spp. em 5,8%. E. coli produtora de toxina de Shiga não foi detectada em nenhuma das amostras estudadas. Listeria monocytogenes foi detectada em todos os tipos de produtos cárneos estudados, com freqüências mais elevadas nas amostras de carne bovina moída (59,4%), seguido de coxa de frango (58,0%), lingüiça suína (39,8%) e salsicha bovina (37,7%). Na maioria das amostras (94,4%), as contagens de L. monocytogenes foram inferiores a 102 UFC/g. As cepas de L. monocytogenes apresentaram ampla distribuição, sendo detectados os quatro grupos de sorotipos: 28,7% pertenceram ao Grupo 1 (sorotipos 1/2a e 3a), 21,0% ao Grupo 2 (sorotipos 1/2c e 3c), 17,0% ao Grupo 3 (sorotipos 1/2b, 3b e 7) e 13,8% ao Grupo 4 (sorotipos 4b, 4d e 4e). Salmonella spp. foi detectada em 32 amostras, sendo 20 (14,5%) de lingüiça e 12 (10,6%) de coxa de frango. As contagens foram baixas, variando de 3,0 a 9,3x10 NMP/g e os sorovares mais freqüentemente isolados foram S. Typhimurium (28,1%), S. Enteritidis (12,5%), S. Derby (12,5%) e S. I 4,[5],12:i:- (12,5%). Campylobacter spp. foi detectado em 33 amostras (6,0%), sendo 27 de coxa de frango (19,6%) e seis amostras de carne moída (4,3%). A presença de L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. e Campylobacter spp. nos produtos cárneos analisados representa um risco à saúde da população. O consumo destes produtos quando submetidos à cocção inadequada e/ou a contaminação cruzada com outros alimentos pode levar a ocorrência de Enfermidades Transmitidas por Alimentos. / Foodborne Diseases represent an increasingly important public health problem. Besides the social losses, contamination of food with pathogenic microorganisms generates an enormous economic damage. A more accurate measurement of the impact of microorganisms in food health can be achieved using Risk Analysis techniques. A risk analysis is composed by three elements: risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. One of the four steps of a risk assessment is the exposure assessment, based on data on frequency and level of contamination of a food by the pathogen under evaluation, levels of the pathogen in the food at the time of consumption and consumption patterns. Meat products are the main vehicles of pathogens to humans, where Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli are the most relevant pathogens. The aim of this study was to obtain qualitative and quantitative information on these four pathogens in four types of meat products (beef sausage, pork sausage, ground beef and chicken leg) marketed in the city of Sao Paulo in order to contribute with data for future risk assessments for these microorganisms in these products. L. monocytogenes is the most frequent pathogen in the 552 samples of meat products analyzed, being detected in 48.7% of the samples, followed by Campylobacter spp. 6.0% and Salmonella spp. 5.8%. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli was not detected in any sample. L. monocytogenes was detected in all types of meat products, with highest frequency in ground beef (59.4%), followed by chicken leg (58.0%), pork sausage (39.8%) and beef sausage (37.7%). In most samples (94.4%), the counts of L. monocytogenes were below 102 CFU/g. L. monocytogenes strains were widely distributed in the four groups of serotypes: 28.7% belonged to Group 1 (serotypes 1/2a and 3a), 21% to Group 2 (serotypes 1/2c and 3c), 17% to Group 3 (serotypes 1/2b, 3b and 7) and 13.8% to Group 4 (serotypes 4b, 4d and 4e). Salmonella spp. was detected in 32 samples, being 20 (14.5%) of pork sausage and 12 (10.6%) of chicken leg. The counts were low, ranging from 3.0 to 9.3 x 10 MPN/g and the most frequent serovars were S. Typhimurium (28.1%), S. Enteritidis (12.5%), S. Derby (12.5%) and S. I 4, [5], 12: i: - (12.5%). Campylobacter spp. was detected in 33 samples (6.0%), being 27 of chicken leg (19.6%) and six samples of ground beef (4.3%). The presence of L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in the tested meat products represent a risk to health. The consumption of inadequately cooked products and/or subjected to cross-contamination with other foods may lead to occurrence of foodborne diseases.

Contexte: Les infections gastro-intestinales constituent un important problème de santé publique. Si plusieurs études recensent l'épidémiologie des cas sporadiques, peu se penchent sur la répétition d'infections dans certains ménages. L'objectif de cette étude est de déterminer quels sont les facteurs de risque associés à une récidive à Campylobacter ou à Salmonella déclarés de 2001 à 2007 dans les ménages en Montérégie. Méthodologie: Deux études ont été réalisées. Une étude descriptive a été conduite afin de dresser un portrait des deux groupes à l'étude soit : ménages avec répétitions d'infections à Campylobacter ou à Salmonella et ménages sans répétition d'infection (avec cas sporadique seulement). L'ensemble des sujets de cette étude ont été sélectionnés à partir du registre MADO. Une étude cas-témoins a ensuite permis de comparer les facteurs de risque pour chaque groupe de ménages. Un questionnaire administré au téléphone permettait de recueillir les habitudes des ménages-cas et des ménages-témoins. Les analyses ont été effectuées par régression logistique conditionnelle adaptée pour un appariement 1 cas : 2 témoins. Résultats: L'analyse descriptive portait sur 4181 cas d'infections à Campylobacter et Salmonella , déclarés du ler janvier 2001 au 31 décembre 2007. Le pourcentage de cas partageant la même adresse a été estimé à 7,8% pour Campylobacter et 7,6% pour Salmonella . Les cas de récidive présentent les mêmes caractéristiques que les cas sporadiques en ce qui concerne l'agent le plus en cause, la saison de survenue, l'âge du cas et le milieu d'habitation. Les habitudes des cas provenant de 80 ménages avec récidive et 160 ménages sans récidive ont été comparées. Dans un modèle final, en tenant compte seulement des variables affectant le ménage, il apparaît que l'habitation dans un milieu rural (RC = 2,89 ; IC95% = 1,53 - 5,46), la présence d'enfants de moins de 5 ans (RC = 2,63 ; IC95% = 1,29 - 5,37), l'exposition à une source hydrique contaminée (RC = 2,6 ; IC95% = 1,18 - 5,93) et le travail en contact avec des animaux (RC = 2.39 ; IC95% = 1,06 - 5,36) soient associés à un risque de récidive dans le ménage. Conclusion: Cette étude révèle que les répétitions de cas à certaines adresses peuvent s'expliquer par des caractéristiques du ménage. Des habitudes de vie spécifiques dans les ménages avec récidives par rapport aux ménages avec cas sporadiques ont été identifiées.

Campylobacter (C.) spp. und Yersinia (Y.) enterocolitica sind in Deutschland nach den Salmonellen die häufigsten Erreger der Enteritis infectiosa. Das Schwein wird als Reservoirtier für C. coli und Y. enterocolitica Bioserovar 4/O:3 angesehen. Da diese Infektionen beim Schwein zumeist klinisch inapparent verlaufen, sind sie bei der Schlachttier- und Fleischuntersuchung nicht feststellbar. Die Erreger können somit unerkannt in die Lebensmittelkette gelangen. In dieser Arbeit sollte ein Beitrag zur Epidemiologie dieser Erreger geleistet werden. Dazu wurden Prävalenzdaten in Betrieben und zum Schlachtzeitpunkt erhoben, Eintragungsquellen gesucht und genotypische Vergleiche durchgeführt. Im Zeitraum von Mai 2002 bis März 2004 wurden in vier verschiedenen Betrieben Verlaufsuntersuchungen zum Vorkommen dieser beiden Erreger durchgeführt. Dafür wurden Schweine von ihrer Geburt bis zur ihrer Schlachtung verfolgt. In drei dieser vier Betriebe wurden die Schweine konventionell, in einem ökologisch gehalten. Für die Untersuchungen wurden jeweils 100 Ferkel drei Tage nach ihrer Geburt mit einer Ohrmarke gekennzeichnet. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt erfolgte eine erste Kotprobenentnahme mittels eines sterilen Tupfers. Die Tiere mit den Marken 1-40 wurden auf Campylobacter spp. und Y. enterocolitica, die mit den Nummern 41-100 nur auf Y. enterocolitica untersucht. Eine zweite Untersuchung der Ferkel erfolgte kurz vor dem Absetzen. An diesen beiden Terminen wurden auch die Muttersauen beprobt. Nur in dem Ökobetrieb war eine Sauenuntersuchung aufgrund der Haltungsform nicht möglich. Weitere Untersuchungen wurden kurz vor dem Ausstallen aus dem Läuferstall, im Maststall und auf dem Schlachthof durchgeführt. Für den Nachweis von Y. enterocolitica wurden die Proben in ITC angereichert und auf CIN-Agar ausgestrichen. Bolton-Bouillon und mCCD-Agar wurden für die Anzucht der Campylobacter-Keime genutzt. Wie zu erwarten war, konnten hohe Prävalenzen (bis zu 100%) von C. coli nachgewiesen werden. Vor allem kurz vor dem Absetzen wurde der Erreger häufig isoliert. Aber es gab auch einen Betrieb, wo der Nachweis nur im Maststall und nur bei sehr wenigen Tieren gelang. Nicht nur in den Betrieben, sondern auch auf dem Schlachthof waren hohe Prävalenzen festzustellen. Vor allem aus dem Kot und aus den Tonsillen konnte der Erreger häufig isoliert werden. Auch die Schlachttierkörperoberfläche war häufig stark kontaminiert. Nach der Kühlung jedoch konnte der Erreger nur bei 3 von 443 (0,7%) untersuchten Tieren nachgewiesen werden. Zu bemerken ist, dass es sich hierbei nicht um C.coli, sondern um C. jejuni handelte. Auch aus einigen Umgebungsproben der Betriebe konnte C. coli isoliert werden. Die Genotypen dieser Isolate wurden mit den Genotypen zeitgleich isolierter Schweinestämme verglichen. Als Methode hierfür wurde die AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) genutzt. Dabei konnte eine enge Verwandtschaft von Schweine- und Umgebungsproben beobachtet werden. In zwei der vier Betriebe konnte Y. enterocolitica aus Kotproben isoliert werden. Der Nachweis gelang aber nur im Maststall. Hier konnten im Kot sehr hohe Prävalenzen (bis zu 65,4%) nachgewiesen werden. Sauen, Ferkel und Läufer wurden immer als negativ getestet. Zum Schlachtzeitpunkt gelang die Isolierung sehr häufig aus den Tonsillen, im Kot war der Erreger zu diesem Zeitpunkt kaum noch nachzuweisen. Alle Isolate gehörten dem humanpathogenen Bioserovar 4/O:3 an, nur eines wurde als 3/O:9 identifiziert. Aus den 458 untersuchten Umgebungsproben konnte Y. enterocolitica nicht isoliert werden. Des Weiteren wurde mittels einer PCR untersucht, ob die isolierten Yersinien ein Virulenzplasmid beherbergen. Dieses ist notwendig, um eine volle Pathogenität auszubilden. Von insgesamt 263 isolierten Stämmen konnten 236 Stämme (89,7%) als plasmidtragend identifiziert werden. Auffallend war hierbei, dass 110 von 111 Stämmen (99,1%), die im Maststall isoliert wurden, das Plasmid besaßen. Im Gegensatz dazu konnte bei den Schlachthofisolaten das Plasmid nur bei 126 von 152 Stämmen (82,9%) nachgewiesen werden. Einige Isolate eines Betriebes wurden mit Hilfe der PFGE (Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis) unter Nutzung des Restriktionsenzyms NotI genotypisiert. Wie in der Literatur beschrieben, war innerhalb eines Bestandes auch nur ein Genotyp zu finden. Auch die Isolate aus Kot und Tonsillen waren klonal. Ebenso waren plasmidtragende nicht von plasmidlosen Stämmen zu unterscheiden. Auch wenn fast alle Herden stark mit Campylobacter spp. belastet sind, scheint aus Sicht des Verbraucherschutzes eine Bekämpfung auf Bestandsebene nicht notwendig zu sein, da die Kühlung des Schlachtkörpers den sauerstoff- und austrocknungsempfindlichen Erreger offensichtlich sehr effektiv zurückdrängt. Anders verhält es sich bei den Yersinien. Obwohl im Schweinefleisch nur relativ selten der Erreger nachweisbar ist, so sind Schlachtnebenprodukte oft stark belastet. Vor allem durch Kreuzkontaminationen im Küchenbereich der privaten Haushalte geht vom Fleisch und von den Nebenprodukten eine nicht zu unterschätzende Gefahr aus. Da über die Epidemoiologie des Erregers auf Bestandsebene noch relativ wenig bekannt ist, kann er momentan nur auf Schlachthofebene durch Einhaltung einer strikten Hygiene in seiner Ausbreitung begrenzt werden. Auf Bestandsebene scheint die Einführung von Monitoringprogrammen sinnvoll, um stark belastete Herden zu erkennen, diese möglichst am Schluss zu schlachten und somit das Lebensmittel Schweinefleisch sicherer zu machen.