Le climat politique actuel vise à vis les populations immigrantes pose des questions sur l’immigration sécurisée, inclusive et équitable. Malgré le discours actuel et la politique déjà en place, des pays d’accueil comme le Canada et la France, ayant des approches distinctes, partagent des problèmes similaires, notamment l’apprentissage de la langue cible, l’intégration, le positionnement et l’identité. Dans le but de mieux comprendre ces problématiques cette étude qualitative comparative interroge directement les acteurs importants dans les domaines de l’enseignement et l’apprentissage de la langue et culture cible (les professeurs et les immigrants, respectivement). L’analyse thématique des résultats d’un sondage en ligne et des entretiens à question semi dirigées suggère que les programmes déjà en place sont limités dans l’ai qu’ils apportent à l’intégration des nouveaux arrivants. Ainsi, les résultats proposent que quel que soit le niveau compétence dans la langue cible, un élément essentiel à l’intégration est un réseau social des nationaux du pays d’accueil. / The state of the current political climate, which is prioritizing safe migration policies that benefit both the host country and the newcomer, is a topic of both debate and discussion. Despite having distinct policies towards immigration, Canada and France share similar problems relating to language learning, integration, positioning, and identity. In this qualitative action research study, we compare the points of view of important actors involved in this discourse, teachers and administrators, and newcomers themselves. Combining the results of an online survey with one-on-one open questioned interviews designed for both participant groups, we have observed the following: The programs developed for newcomers have limited foundations and influence relating to the successful integration. Regardless of language level, a key component to belonging, integration, confidence in the target language, and having a voice is reciprocity. Having a native speaker social network that accepts the newcomer and is “willing to catch them” appears to be paramount.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University, 2004. / Advisor: Tony Porter. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 225-238) Also available via World Wide Web.

Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2012

This dissertation studies the intersection of knowledge, culture, and power in contested coastal and estuarine space in eighteenth-century northeastern North America. It examines the interdependence of vernacular pilot knowledge and directed hydrographic survey, their integration into practices of warfare and governance, and roles in assimilating American space to metropolitan scientific and aesthetic discourses. It argues that the embodied skill and local knowledge of colonial and Aboriginal peoples served vital and underappreciated roles in Great Britain’s extension of overseas activity and interest, of maritime empire. It examines the maritimicity of empire: empire as adaptation to marine environments through which it conducted political influence and commercial endeavour. The materiality of maritime empire—its reliance on patterns of wind and current, on climate and weather, on local relations of sea to land, on proximity of spaces and resources to oceanic circuits—framed and delimited transnational flows of commerce and state power. This was especially so in coastal and riverine littoral spaces of northeastern North America. In this local Atlantic, pilot knowledge—and its systematization in marine cartography through hydrographic survey—adapted processes of empire to the materiality of the maritime, and especially to the littoral, environment. Eighteenth-century British state agents acting in northeastern North America—in Mi’kmaqi/Acadia/Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec, and New England—developed new means of adapting this knowledge to the tasks of maritime empire, creating potent tools with which to extend Britain’s imperial power and influence amphibiously in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. If the open Atlantic became a maritime highway in this period, traversed with increasing frequency and ease, inshore waters remained dangerous bypaths, subject to geographical and meteorological hazards that checked overseas commercial exchange and the military and administrative processes that constituted maritime empire. While patterns of oceanic circulation permitted extension of these activities globally in the early modern period, the complex interrelation of marine and terrestrial geography and climate in coastal and estuarine waters long set limits on maritime imperial activity. This dissertation examines the nature of these limits, and the means that eighteenth-century British commercial and imperial actors developed to overcome them.