No presente estudo investigou-se amostras de plasma com DNA livre circulante (DNA LC) por meio da técnica Varredura Z. Esta é uma técnica eficiente na determinação de parâmetros de diferentes materiais, tais como cristais líquidos, ferrofluidos e compostos biológicos. Esta experiência é realizada através da focalização de um feixe laser de perfil gaussiano numa amostra. Na medida em que a amostra se aproxima do foco da lente, a intensidade do feixe aumenta e alcança seu valor máximo no ponto focal, então diminui para pontos distantes do foco. Na região próxima ao ponto focal se amplificam os fenômenos não-lineares. Recentemente foi demonstrado que níveis elevados de DNA LC no plasma ocorrem com frequência em pacientes com vários tipos de câncer, podendo ser utilizados para discriminar pacientes com malignidade de pessoas saudáveis. As amostras de DNA LC, submetidas ao experimento Varredura Z, forneceram respostas ópticas devido ao fenômeno de lente térmica. Os resultados revelaram que a amplitude de lente térmica das amostras extraídas do plasma de pacientes com malignidade difere daquela de doadores sãos. A técnica Varredura Z se mostrou mais vantajosa em relação a outras biológicas porque revelou uma maior diferença entre os grupos estudados e tem o caráter de detectar mudanças estruturais no DNA LC. / In the present study plasma samples with cell-free DNA were investigated by means of the Z-Scan technique. This is a powerfull technique in determining parameters of different materials, such as liquid crystals, ferrofluids and biological compounds. This experiment is performed by focusing a Gaussian profile laser beam on a sample. As the sample approaches the focus of the lens, the intensity of the beam increases and reaches its maximum value at the focal point, then decreases to points distant from the focus. In the region near the focal point non-linear phenomena are amplified. It has recently been demonstrated that high levels of plasma cell-free DNA occur frequently in patients with various cancers and can be used to discriminate patients with malignancy from healthy donors. The cell-free DNA samples, submitted to the Z-Scan experiment, provided optical responses due to the thermal lens phenomenon. The results revealed that the thermal lens amplitude of samples extracted from the plasma of patients with malignancy differs from that of healthy donors. The Z-Scan technique was more advantageous than other biological ones because it revealed a greater difference between the studied groups and has the character of detecting structural changes in cell-free DNA.

MicroRNAs são pequenos RNAs que desempenham papel importante como reguladores da expressão gênica em processos de iniciação e progressão do câncer. Achados recentes demonstram que microRNAs estão presentes em biofluidos, podendo ser encontrados na corrente sanguínea Especula-se que alterações nos níveis de expressão dos microRNAs em tecidos tumorais podem ser identificadas em plasma. Apesar de desafios relacionados a variáveis analíticas e pré-analíticas desta abordagem, há um grande interesse clínico em identificar microRNAs circulantes como biomarcadores em câncer dada a simplicidade e baixo risco de um exame como este. O carcinoma de cabeça e pescoço está entre as principais neoplasias no mundo. Ele está associado ao uso crônico de tabaco e álcool e a taxa de sobrevida média fica em torno de 50% em 5 anos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer parâmetros adequados para processamento e detecção de microRNAs circulantes, assim como identificar microRNAs circulantes que pudessem caracterizar indivíduos portadores de carcinoma de cavidade oral e de orofaringe e, em particular, distinguir aqueles que apresentavam metástase linfonodal ao diagnóstico daqueles livres de comprometimento linfonodal. A expressão de 179 microRNAs foi analisada por PCR em tempo real no plasma de 45 indivíduos portadores de carcinoma epidermóide (28 com metástase linfonodal ao diagnóstico e 17 sem metástases linfonodais) e 15 indivíduos sadios. As amostras foram pareadas quanto a sexo, idade e quanto ao uso de tabaco. Identificamos microRNAs preferencialmente expressos em amostras de plasma de portadores do tumor, dentre os quais microRNAs já descritos como relevantes em carcinoma epidermóide oral, como miR-210, e miRNAs ainda pouco estudados, como miR-543. Diferenças importantes foram observadas quando tumores de cavidade oral foram analisados separadamente dos tumores de orofaringe, de acordo com diferenças moleculares existentes entre estes sub-sítios tumorais. MicroRNAs possivelmente envolvidos com o processo metastático foram identificados quando amostras de plasma de pacientes que apresentavam metástases em linfonodos foram comparadas com amostras de pacientes sem comprometimento linfonodal. Dentre estes miRNAs destacam-se miR-192 e miR-574, mais expressos em plasma de indivíduos portadores de tumores metastáticos de orofaringe e esses dados estão de acordo com ,a literatura onde formam identificados com perfil semelhante em amostras de plasma associadas a outros tipos de tumor. Concluímos que os miRNAs circulantes presentes em plasma podem refletir características moleculares do tumor, e que a desregulação da sua expressão em contextos específicos, como subsítios tumorais e condições clínicas distintas, como a presença ou ausência de metástase, poderiam auxiliar no diagnóstico e na avaliação do prognóstico de portadores de carcinoma epidermoide de cabeça e pescoço. / MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules with roles in gene regulation and implications in cancer initiation and progression. Cell-free microRNAs detected in body fluids are of clinical interest due to their possible application as biomarkers. The stability of microRNAs in plasma has been demonstrated and it seems that alterations in cancer tissue may be detected in plasma from patients. Despite the fact that their reliable quantification depends on several technical parameters there is great clinical interest in this approach due to its simplicity and low risk to the patient. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common cancer types worldwide. Tobacco and alcohol consumption are the most important risk factors and survival rates are about 50% in 5 years. The aim of this study was to establish reliable parameters for the detection of microRNAs in plasma and to identify plasma microRNAs associated with squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx as well as with the presence of cervical lymph node metastases. With this purpose we evaluated the expression of 179 microRNAs in plasma from 45 patients (28 presenting cervical lymph node metastases at diagnosis and 17 with no lymph node metastasis) and 15 healthy controls. Samples were matched according to age, sex, drinking and smoking habits. We identified microRNAs mostly expressed in tumor samples, some of which already described in oral squamous cell carcinoma, such as miR-210, and microRNAs poorly studied, such as miR-573. Comparisons between oral and oropharynx carcinomas yielded several differences, in accordance with molecular differences known between these cancer types. MicroRNAs possibly involved in the metastatic process were identified between plasma samples from individuals presenting lymph node metastasis at diagnosis and plasma from patients who were metastasis-free. Among these molecules, miR-192 and miR-574 were identified as more expressed in plasma from individuals with metastatic oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma. We conclude that plasma microRNAs may indicate molecular characteristics of the tumor and that its differential detection in association with specific clinical conditions or sub-sites may be considered as a potential tool to help in the diagnosis and prognosis assessment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

MicroRNAs são pequenos RNAs que desempenham papel importante como reguladores da expressão gênica em processos de iniciação e progressão do câncer. Achados recentes demonstram que microRNAs estão presentes em biofluidos, podendo ser encontrados na corrente sanguínea Especula-se que alterações nos níveis de expressão dos microRNAs em tecidos tumorais podem ser identificadas em plasma. Apesar de desafios relacionados a variáveis analíticas e pré-analíticas desta abordagem, há um grande interesse clínico em identificar microRNAs circulantes como biomarcadores em câncer dada a simplicidade e baixo risco de um exame como este. O carcinoma de cabeça e pescoço está entre as principais neoplasias no mundo. Ele está associado ao uso crônico de tabaco e álcool e a taxa de sobrevida média fica em torno de 50% em 5 anos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer parâmetros adequados para processamento e detecção de microRNAs circulantes, assim como identificar microRNAs circulantes que pudessem caracterizar indivíduos portadores de carcinoma de cavidade oral e de orofaringe e, em particular, distinguir aqueles que apresentavam metástase linfonodal ao diagnóstico daqueles livres de comprometimento linfonodal. A expressão de 179 microRNAs foi analisada por PCR em tempo real no plasma de 45 indivíduos portadores de carcinoma epidermóide (28 com metástase linfonodal ao diagnóstico e 17 sem metástases linfonodais) e 15 indivíduos sadios. As amostras foram pareadas quanto a sexo, idade e quanto ao uso de tabaco. Identificamos microRNAs preferencialmente expressos em amostras de plasma de portadores do tumor, dentre os quais microRNAs já descritos como relevantes em carcinoma epidermóide oral, como miR-210, e miRNAs ainda pouco estudados, como miR-543. Diferenças importantes foram observadas quando tumores de cavidade oral foram analisados separadamente dos tumores de orofaringe, de acordo com diferenças moleculares existentes entre estes sub-sítios tumorais. MicroRNAs possivelmente envolvidos com o processo metastático foram identificados quando amostras de plasma de pacientes que apresentavam metástases em linfonodos foram comparadas com amostras de pacientes sem comprometimento linfonodal. Dentre estes miRNAs destacam-se miR-192 e miR-574, mais expressos em plasma de indivíduos portadores de tumores metastáticos de orofaringe e esses dados estão de acordo com ,a literatura onde formam identificados com perfil semelhante em amostras de plasma associadas a outros tipos de tumor. Concluímos que os miRNAs circulantes presentes em plasma podem refletir características moleculares do tumor, e que a desregulação da sua expressão em contextos específicos, como subsítios tumorais e condições clínicas distintas, como a presença ou ausência de metástase, poderiam auxiliar no diagnóstico e na avaliação do prognóstico de portadores de carcinoma epidermoide de cabeça e pescoço. / MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules with roles in gene regulation and implications in cancer initiation and progression. Cell-free microRNAs detected in body fluids are of clinical interest due to their possible application as biomarkers. The stability of microRNAs in plasma has been demonstrated and it seems that alterations in cancer tissue may be detected in plasma from patients. Despite the fact that their reliable quantification depends on several technical parameters there is great clinical interest in this approach due to its simplicity and low risk to the patient. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common cancer types worldwide. Tobacco and alcohol consumption are the most important risk factors and survival rates are about 50% in 5 years. The aim of this study was to establish reliable parameters for the detection of microRNAs in plasma and to identify plasma microRNAs associated with squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx as well as with the presence of cervical lymph node metastases. With this purpose we evaluated the expression of 179 microRNAs in plasma from 45 patients (28 presenting cervical lymph node metastases at diagnosis and 17 with no lymph node metastasis) and 15 healthy controls. Samples were matched according to age, sex, drinking and smoking habits. We identified microRNAs mostly expressed in tumor samples, some of which already described in oral squamous cell carcinoma, such as miR-210, and microRNAs poorly studied, such as miR-573. Comparisons between oral and oropharynx carcinomas yielded several differences, in accordance with molecular differences known between these cancer types. MicroRNAs possibly involved in the metastatic process were identified between plasma samples from individuals presenting lymph node metastasis at diagnosis and plasma from patients who were metastasis-free. Among these molecules, miR-192 and miR-574 were identified as more expressed in plasma from individuals with metastatic oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma. We conclude that plasma microRNAs may indicate molecular characteristics of the tumor and that its differential detection in association with specific clinical conditions or sub-sites may be considered as a potential tool to help in the diagnosis and prognosis assessment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

No presente estudo investigou-se amostras de plasma com DNA livre circulante (DNA LC) por meio da técnica Varredura Z. Esta é uma técnica eficiente na determinação de parâmetros de diferentes materiais, tais como cristais líquidos, ferrofluidos e compostos biológicos. Esta experiência é realizada através da focalização de um feixe laser de perfil gaussiano numa amostra. Na medida em que a amostra se aproxima do foco da lente, a intensidade do feixe aumenta e alcança seu valor máximo no ponto focal, então diminui para pontos distantes do foco. Na região próxima ao ponto focal se amplificam os fenômenos não-lineares. Recentemente foi demonstrado que níveis elevados de DNA LC no plasma ocorrem com frequência em pacientes com vários tipos de câncer, podendo ser utilizados para discriminar pacientes com malignidade de pessoas saudáveis. As amostras de DNA LC, submetidas ao experimento Varredura Z, forneceram respostas ópticas devido ao fenômeno de lente térmica. Os resultados revelaram que a amplitude de lente térmica das amostras extraídas do plasma de pacientes com malignidade difere daquela de doadores sãos. A técnica Varredura Z se mostrou mais vantajosa em relação a outras biológicas porque revelou uma maior diferença entre os grupos estudados e tem o caráter de detectar mudanças estruturais no DNA LC. / In the present study plasma samples with cell-free DNA were investigated by means of the Z-Scan technique. This is a powerfull technique in determining parameters of different materials, such as liquid crystals, ferrofluids and biological compounds. This experiment is performed by focusing a Gaussian profile laser beam on a sample. As the sample approaches the focus of the lens, the intensity of the beam increases and reaches its maximum value at the focal point, then decreases to points distant from the focus. In the region near the focal point non-linear phenomena are amplified. It has recently been demonstrated that high levels of plasma cell-free DNA occur frequently in patients with various cancers and can be used to discriminate patients with malignancy from healthy donors. The cell-free DNA samples, submitted to the Z-Scan experiment, provided optical responses due to the thermal lens phenomenon. The results revealed that the thermal lens amplitude of samples extracted from the plasma of patients with malignancy differs from that of healthy donors. The Z-Scan technique was more advantageous than other biological ones because it revealed a greater difference between the studied groups and has the character of detecting structural changes in cell-free DNA.

The thesis is focused on the development of the electrochemical system with microfluidic platform for the detection of multiple biomarkers. It analyses the use of biomarkers for the early diagnosis of cancer. The theoretical part contains basic information about voltammetric methods and microfluidic systems. The practical part provides solutions to the microfluidic chips, including the description of the used materials, designs, methodologies of preparation and conclusions from the testing of the manufactured microfluidic systems. The thesis describes the lock-in electrochemical system which measures the response of 4 electrochemical cells simultaneously. For the electrochemical system measurements, an electrochemical chip consisting of 64 electrochemical cells was used. The results of the analysis include the processing of the system tests and detected voltammetric curves of the Fe2+/Fe3+ solution and cysteine.

Le lymphome est l'une des tumeurs les plus communes tant chez le chien que l’humain. Chaque année, un nombre important de chiens développe ce cancer agressif. La majorité décédant un an suivant le diagnostic. Le lymphome canin est maintenant identifié comme un excellent modèle de recherche pour la tumeur chez l'homme, particulièrement en ce qui concerne la biologie moléculaire de la maladie. En conséquence, la recherche sur le lymphome canin sera bénéfique non seulement pour les chiens mais aussi pour l’oncologie humaine. Parmi les méthodes diagnostiques de choix pour dépister de façon hâtive le lymphome se trouve la mesure de marqueurs tumoraux. Ceci a l’avantage d’être peu invasive, simple et peu dispendieuse. Ainsi, dans le but d’évaluer la protéine VCP (valosin containing protein) comme biomarqueur tumoral dans les lymphomes canins à cellules B et T, nous avons évalué la protéine VCP par immunobuvardage sur sérums et tissus tumoraux de chiens atteints et par immunohistochimie sur des tumeurs de haut grade, grade intermédiaire et bas grade. Pour mieux définir l’expression de VCP dans les cellules cancéreuses, nous avons également examiné par immunobuvardage les niveaux de VCP dans 3 lignées cellulaires: CLBL-1, CL-1, et 17-71. Il s’avère que les lymphomes à cellules B de haut grade avaient une élévation significative du taux de VCP comparé aux tumeurs de bas grade (P < 0,05). De même, une accumulation importante de VCP a également été détectée dans les lignées tumorales comparées aux cellules mononucléaires du sang périphérique (P < 0,05). D’autre part, le taux sérique de VCP est resté similaire à ceux des chiens normaux. Ces résultats suggèrent une corrélation entre le taux de VCP et le degré de malignité des lymphomes à cellules B. En conclusion, la protéine VCP doit faire l’objet d’une évaluation approfondie pour déterminer son utilité comme marqueur pronostique. / Lymphoma is one of the common malignancies in both dogs and humans. Annually, an important number of canine patients develop this aggressive cancer and a majority succumbs to the disease within one year. In recent years, canine lymphoma has been increasingly recognized as an excellent model for the disease in humans, especially with regards to the molecular biology of the disease. Consequently, research targeted at canine lymphoma benefits not only dogs but the field of human oncology as well. Among the most desirable diagnostic and screening tests for lymphoma is the measurement of cancer biomarkers. They have the advantage of being minimally invasive, simple, and inexpensive. Thus, with the aim of evaluating valosin containing protein (VCP) as a cancer biomarker in canine B and T-cell lymphomas, we first performed western blots on sera and tumor tissue of dogs with lymphoma and then immunohistochemical analysis on low, intermediate and high-grade tumors. To further determine VCP expression in cancer cells, we also examined VCP levels by immunoblotting in 3 tumor cell lines: CLBL-1, CL-1, and 17-71. High-grade B-cell lymphomas had significantly increased levels of VCP compared to low-grade tumors (P < 0.05). Additionally, we detected a corresponding accumulation of VCP in tumor cells lines compared to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (P < 0.05). In contrast, VCP levels were not elevated in sera of dogs with lymphoma compared to healthy controls. These results suggest that VCP positively correlates with malignancy in canine B-cell lymphomas. We conclude that VCP merits further investigation to determine its potential as a clinically useful prognosis biomarker for canine B-cell lymphoma.

No description available.

Proteomics is a set of analytical methods which enable qualitative and quantitative characterization of the proteome. Expression proteomics quantitatively compares proteomes of cells, tissues, body fluids or other biological materials to find differencies in protein expression and, based on these differencies, to describe the biological processes occuring in investigated organisms. An initial material for expression proteomic studies are complex mixtures containing thousands of proteins, which are analyzed using separation (electrophoretic and chromatographic) methods, and identified, possibly quantified using mass spectrometry. The aim of this Thesis is to demonstrate the application of the tools of expression proteomics in solving diverse challenges in biomedicine. We employed various proteomic approaches and tools for studying molecular mechanisms of human diseases using pacient biological samples, or a model organism and a cell culture. We were conducting three different research projects, namely: A quest for potencial molecular targets for selective elimination of TRAIL-resistant mantle cell lymphoma cells; Investigation of molecular mechanisms of heart failure using a rat model of the disease induced by volume overload; and Searching for diagnostically usable serum biomarkers of ovarian...

Les capteurs électrochimiques sont des outils pour la détection fiable, peu coûteux, avec une haute sensibilité et sélectivité, pour la détermination des composés biologiques et chimiques dans les domaines du diagnostic clinique, l'environnement et l'industrie alimentaire. Particulièrement, les Immunocapteurs, alliant une très grande spécificité. Également des nouveaux techniques produisent des résultats similaires, par exemple, les capteurs basés sur la technique des Polymères à empreinte moléculaire, la quelle produise des récepteurs artificiels. La technique devient très important dans les sciences bioanalytiques parce qu'il porte des avantages inhérents sur les récepteurs naturels: une grande stabilité dans des diffèrent environnement et conditions, également comptent avec une grande flexibilité dans la conception, une large gamme de molécules peuvent être utilisées. L'objectif du travail présenté ici est de développer des capteurs électrochimiques avec une très grande affinité et spécificité pour une analyte. Les quelles comprennent des applications très divers comme dans la protection de l'environnement, la sécurité alimentaire et le domaine biomédical. La première partie de la thèse présent l'état actuel de la conception et techniques de fabrication des biocapteurs. Ensuite, les aspects généraux des immuno capteurs électrochimiques et capteurs base sur des aptamères sont présentés ici, ainsi que plusieurs exemples rapportés dans la littérature pour la détection de marqueurs biologiques du cancer. Les avantages de l'intégration nanomatériaux dans les dispositifs de détection sont présentés. Ensuite, plusieurs aspects sur la technique des Polymères à empreinte moléculaire sont introduits. La partie personnelle de contribution est structuré en trois chapitres: en premier temps la méthodologie et les résultats obtenus pour le développement de deux essais biologiques pour la détection du marqueur tumoral Mucinl. Le premier chapitre est dédié sur un capteur à base de billes magnétiques, dans le deuxième chapitre une capteur aptamère base sur des nanoparticules d'or sans aucun marquage et finalement un capteur basée sur la technique des Polymères à empreinte moléculaire, cette protocole a été appliqué pour la détection d'explosifs, des médicaments, des hormones et les pesticides / Electrochemical sensors provide reliable and inexpensive tools for the determination of biological and chemical compounds with high sensitivity and selectivity, in the fields of clinical diagnosis, environment protection and food industry. Immunosensors hold particular promise, combining the high specificity of immuno- reactions with the sensitivity of electrochemical methods. Artificial receptors based on molecularly imprinted technique attracted considerable attention in bioanalytical sciences due to inherent advantages over natural receptors, such as high stability in harsh conditions and freedom of molecular design towards a wide range of molecules. The aim of the thesis presented here was to develop electrochemical affinity sensors based on various recognition receptors for environment monitoring, food safety and biomedical field. The first part of the thesis reviews the current state of knowledge in these fields. General aspects of electrochemical immuno- and apta-sensors are presented herein, together with several examples reported in the literature for the detection of cancer biomarkers. The advantages of integrating nanomaterials in sensing devices are then presented. At last, several aspects of the molecularly imprinted polymers are introduced. The personal contribution part is structured in three chapters, that include the methodology and results obtained for the development of biosensors for the detection of Mucinl tumor marker, the first chapter being focused on bioassays based on magnetic beads and second chapter on a label-free aptasensor based on gold nanoparticles, and finally, a third chapter dedicated to the molecularly imprinted-based sensors for the detection of explosives, drugs, hormones and pesticides

Point-of-care testing (POCT) is defined as medical testing at or near the site of patient care and has become a critical component of the diagnostic industry. POCT has many advantages over tests in centralized laboratories including small reagent volumes, small size, rapid turnaround time, cost-effectiveness, low power consumption and functional integration of multiple devices. Paper-based POCT sensors are a new alternative technology for fabricating simple, low-cost, portable and disposable analytical devices for clinical diagnosis. The focus of this dissertation was to develop simple, rapid and low cost paper-based POCT sensors with high sensitivity and portability for disease biomarker detection. Lateral flow strips (LFS) were used as the basic platform as it provides several key advantages such as simplicity, fast response time, on site and cost-effectiveness, and it can be used to detect specific substances including small molecules, large proteins and even whole pathogens, in a sample by immunological reactions. Earlier designs of paper strips lacked the quantitative information of the analyte concentration and could only provide single analyte detection at a time. In this study, a series of modifications were made to upgrade the platform to compensate for these limitations. First, we developed a gold nanoparticle based LFS for qualitative colorimetrical detection of bladder cancer related biomarkers in standard solutions and in urine samples. Second, by incorporating an image processing program “ImageJ”, a semi-quantitative LFS platform was established. The capability of the strip was evaluated by testing a small DNA oxidative damage biomarker in urine and cell culture models. Third, we combined the electrochemical method and colorimetrical method for quantitative biomarker detection. Finally, we integrated a commercialized blood glucose meter to quantitatively detection of two non-glucose biomarkers by converting their signals to that of glucose. The upgraded sensor could provide a noninvasive, rapid, visual, quantitative and convenient detection platform for various disease biomarkers. In addition, this platform does not require expensive equipments or trained personnel, deeming it suitable for use as a simple, economical and portable field kit for on-site biomarker monitoring in a variety of clinical settings.