This research investigates, using the New Institutional Economics theories of property rights and transaction cost, two interrelated problems. Firstly, the question of whether real estate markets in the urban informal settlements of Namibia could be used to alleviate poverty or, to put it differently, create wealth. The second problem relates to the question of whether specific forms of property rights matter for engendering pro-poor outcomes in real estate markets and, if so, what form these are likely to take. Corresponding to these questions are two working hypotheses respectively. Firstly, it is hypothesised that real estate is a significant asset held by the urban poor in Namibia and that there is potential for capital accumulation by trading up in real estate markets. Secondly it is hypothesised that, by affecting the incentive structure of, and transaction costs in real estate markets, systems of property rights affect market outcomes, thus ultimately determining whether these markets may be efficacious for poverty alleviation. The study employs the comparative institutional methodological approach in a case study framework to examine effects of three types of property rights regimes on low income real estate markets in settlements located on Windhoek’s periphery. The main empirical data for the study were collected by means of a questionnaire survey of 440 households in two settlements called Goreangab and Okahandja Park respectively. This survey was supplemented by 14 unstructured interviews with selected respondents and by key-informant interviews with officials from the Windhoek City Council (WCC), the Namibian Housing Action Group (NHAG), and the Namibian Housing Enterprises (NHE). The study finds that real estate is indeed a major asset held by the respondents. The study finds that, while there are robust rental markets for rooms and backyard structures, there is very limited sale activity. The study also finds that in the absence of formal property rights, social networks and hierarchical organisations rather than impersonal markets provide the institutional structure to transaction activity. It is found that the degree of formality of property rights correlates to perception of security, that property rights affect investment in housing and that property rights (to some extent) affects the degree of market activity. The study therefore concludes that while not insignificant gains are to be had from rental markets, there is at present limited potential to derive benefits from sale markets in Namibia due to a lack of trading activity. The first hypothesis is thus only partially confirmed. It is also concluded that while social networks guarantee access to urban land for the poor, they tend to lock them in enclaves of ethnic and kinship relations, inhibiting the development of wider, impersonal markets argued to be necessary for capital accumulation. Further, it is concluded that formal property rights create incentives for investment and therefore matter for capital accumulation, but that they are not necessarily accessible to the poor. The second hypothesis, that property rights affect market outcomes, is substantially confirmed. Overall the study concludes that there is good potential for leveraging real estate markets in Namibia’s (and other developing countries’) informal settlements for capital accumulation but that these need to be primed first. This means deliberate interventions with the aim of bringing about increased trading activity. In this regard specific proposals have been made for policy intervention in three key areas, namely, the creation of appropriate property rights systems, together with supporting organisational infrastructure, the expansion of physical infrastructure and the building of shared understanding and trust in urban communities. The study makes a number of key contributions to knowledge about the relationship between real estate markets and poverty alleviation in the area of theory, methodology, policy and empirical data. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Construction Economics / unrestricted

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This thesis is a result of a research conducted during three months in four State Protected Conservation Units in the State of Amazonas in Brazil. The world‟s largest PES-program - Programa Bolsa Floresta, will serve as case study. The aim of the study is to identify the socio-environmental conditions under which the program is implemented and, to study if the program architecture is in coherence with the livelihood needs of the target group-, and the needs to protect the rain forest. The target group of the program are the river dwellers, “ribeirinhos”, living in extremely isolated areas being excluded from the public safety net of the Brazilian Government.A basic understanding of the livelihood situation was achieved through the use of systematic collection of empirical data. A combination of qualitative semi-structured interviews, quantitative literature reviews and triangulation of data compose the methodological base of the study. The holistic and human centered theoretical framework of Carney‟s Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) laid the theoretical base of the study.Based upon the baseline study made over the local conditions and the context description this study recognizes that the programs architecture is coherent with the most basic needs of the ribeirinhos as well as the need to protect the forest. Due to the programs few years in execution it is hard to determine long-term impacts of the program at this stage. However, even being in an early stage, the program seems to be a potential key mechanism to build the foundation for future sustainable development in the region. The object of the program is to put value on the Environmental Services (ES) provided by the locals and by doing so, compensate them for their loss of capital. The program is designed holistically, i.e. its components include all five capital assets of the SLA framework. The payments given as compensations aim to advocate participatory, social organizational, educative, and self-reliance promoting methods, such as incentives to an alternative income, construction of schools, improved infrastructure, investments in water filters, means for communication, health programs in schools and ambulance boats.

O objetivo do trabalho é estudar o processo de incorporação de tecnologias médicas no sistema de saúde brasileiro, mediante a realização de um estudo de caso na área de equipamentos de diagnóstico por imagem, com foco nas variáveis que influenciam a tomada de decisão. Considerando que os modernos sistemas de saúde são o resultado da complexa interação de processos econômicos, políticos e sociais, adotou-se a abordagem teórica fornecida pela Economia Política da Saúde, que fornece elementos para discutir a saúde a partir de suas especificidades enquanto mercadoria ou bem econômico, como direito social e como espaço de inovação tecnológica e acumulação de capital. Os métodos utilizados incluíram pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o tema, análise de dados secundários e entrevistas semi-estruturadas com representantes dos principais segmentos que participam do processo de incorporação da tecnologia estudada / This work aims at studying the process of new medical technologies incorporation in the Brazilian healthcare system. For this purpose a case study of a new image diagnostic technology was conducted, focusing the variables that affect decision-making process. Considering that modern healthcare systems are the result of complex interaction of economical, political and social processes, the theoretical approach of Political Economy of Health was adopted, which provides elements to discuss health as a merchandise or an economic good, as a social right, and as a space for technological innovation and capital accumulation. Methods included documental research, data analysis, and semi-structured interviews with main actors and institutions that participate of incorporation process of the studied technology

Compreendendo a mobilidade do trabalho como um fenômeno que promove o deslocamento espacial, setorial e profissional de trabalhadores, com o objetivo de o capital explorar força de trabalho e acumular excedente econômico e observando que os médicos no Brasil trabalham de forma particularmente diversificada, transversa e longitudinalmente, em múltiplos sub-empregos, procura-se apreender dimensões da mobilidade da força de trabalho de médicos no sistema brasileiro de serviços de saúde. Com a intenção de contribuir para a compreensão e crítica do fenômeno da disponibilidade desses profissionais, como processo sócio-histórico significante para a implementação do Sistema Único de Saúde, desenvolvem-se táticas de aproximação sucessiva ao empírico da mobilidade do trabalho de médico, em diversidade metodológica, pela integração de métodos quantitativos e qualitativos, utilizando-se de entrevista, pesquisa bibliográfica e análise de documentos e de dados secundários de pesquisas. Apreende-se, além de espacial, setorial e profissional, um deslocamento temporal na mobilidade da força de trabalho de médicos no modo como se dispõe no sistema brasileiro de serviços de saúde. Captura-se o desenvolvimento de estratégias e contra-estratégias de mobilidade, indicando-se que, constituído como um dilema, da falta ou da má distribuição de médicos, o problema culmina tratado muitas vezes de forma derivada, restrita e recalcada, apesar de aludidos os seus condicionantes e determinantes. Colhem-se representações e categorias de pensamento de atores dos sistemas de formação, de gestão de sistema de serviço de saúde e de representação da categoria profissional de médicos sobre possibilidades e limites de interiorização do trabalho médico no Brasil denotativas da fragmentação e segmentação do sistema brasileiro de serviços de saúde. Prestam-se outras contribuições para estudos de epidemiologia, de sociologia do trabalho e de psicologia do trabalho. / Understanding labor mobility as a phenomenon that promotes spatial, sectoral and professional displacement of workers, with the aim of capital exploiting their workforce and accumulating economic surplus, noting that medical doctors working in Brazil do it in a way which is particularly diverse, transverse and longitudinal, in multiple sub-jobs, seeking to grasp the dimensions of mobility of the workforce of medical doctors in the Brazilian system of health services. Aiming to contribute to the understanding and critique the phenomenon of availability of such professionals as a significant socio-historical process for the implementation of the National Universal Health System, developing tactics of successive approximation to the empirical labor mobility of medical, in methodological diversity, by the integration of quantitative and qualitative methods, using interviews, literature review and analysis of documents and secondary data research. Seizing up, beyond spatial, sectoral and professional, a temporal shift in the mobility of the workforce of medical doctors in the way it disposes the Brazilian system of health services. Capture the development of strategies and counter-strategies of mobility, indicating that, constituted as a dilemma, of lack or maldistribution of medical doctors, the problem often culminates being treated derivatively, restricted and repressed, although alluded their condition and determinants. Representations and thought thinking categories of actors of formation systems, management systems of health service and representation of the profession of medical doctors about the possibilities and limits of internalization of medical work in Brazil are gathered denoting the fragmentation and segmentation of the Brazilian health services system. It lends other contributions to epidemiology, sociology of work, psychology of work studies.

Compreendendo a mobilidade do trabalho como um fenômeno que promove o deslocamento espacial, setorial e profissional de trabalhadores, com o objetivo de o capital explorar força de trabalho e acumular excedente econômico e observando que os médicos no Brasil trabalham de forma particularmente diversificada, transversa e longitudinalmente, em múltiplos sub-empregos, procura-se apreender dimensões da mobilidade da força de trabalho de médicos no sistema brasileiro de serviços de saúde. Com a intenção de contribuir para a compreensão e crítica do fenômeno da disponibilidade desses profissionais, como processo sócio-histórico significante para a implementação do Sistema Único de Saúde, desenvolvem-se táticas de aproximação sucessiva ao empírico da mobilidade do trabalho de médico, em diversidade metodológica, pela integração de métodos quantitativos e qualitativos, utilizando-se de entrevista, pesquisa bibliográfica e análise de documentos e de dados secundários de pesquisas. Apreende-se, além de espacial, setorial e profissional, um deslocamento temporal na mobilidade da força de trabalho de médicos no modo como se dispõe no sistema brasileiro de serviços de saúde. Captura-se o desenvolvimento de estratégias e contra-estratégias de mobilidade, indicando-se que, constituído como um dilema, da falta ou da má distribuição de médicos, o problema culmina tratado muitas vezes de forma derivada, restrita e recalcada, apesar de aludidos os seus condicionantes e determinantes. Colhem-se representações e categorias de pensamento de atores dos sistemas de formação, de gestão de sistema de serviço de saúde e de representação da categoria profissional de médicos sobre possibilidades e limites de interiorização do trabalho médico no Brasil denotativas da fragmentação e segmentação do sistema brasileiro de serviços de saúde. Prestam-se outras contribuições para estudos de epidemiologia, de sociologia do trabalho e de psicologia do trabalho. / Understanding labor mobility as a phenomenon that promotes spatial, sectoral and professional displacement of workers, with the aim of capital exploiting their workforce and accumulating economic surplus, noting that medical doctors working in Brazil do it in a way which is particularly diverse, transverse and longitudinal, in multiple sub-jobs, seeking to grasp the dimensions of mobility of the workforce of medical doctors in the Brazilian system of health services. Aiming to contribute to the understanding and critique the phenomenon of availability of such professionals as a significant socio-historical process for the implementation of the National Universal Health System, developing tactics of successive approximation to the empirical labor mobility of medical, in methodological diversity, by the integration of quantitative and qualitative methods, using interviews, literature review and analysis of documents and secondary data research. Seizing up, beyond spatial, sectoral and professional, a temporal shift in the mobility of the workforce of medical doctors in the way it disposes the Brazilian system of health services. Capture the development of strategies and counter-strategies of mobility, indicating that, constituted as a dilemma, of lack or maldistribution of medical doctors, the problem often culminates being treated derivatively, restricted and repressed, although alluded their condition and determinants. Representations and thought thinking categories of actors of formation systems, management systems of health service and representation of the profession of medical doctors about the possibilities and limits of internalization of medical work in Brazil are gathered denoting the fragmentation and segmentation of the Brazilian health services system. It lends other contributions to epidemiology, sociology of work, psychology of work studies.

Esta tese busca analisar a partir do arcabouço teórico da luta de classes e da acumulação original de capital como um processo contínuo o avanço do capital sobre a fração do campesinato brasileiro e argentino que tem terras de uso comum. Para tanto a pesquisa traz as análises a partir das comunidades camponesas faxinalenses, situadas no estado do Paraná e em comunidades camponesas que tem terras em uso comum no norte da província de Córdoba, na Argentina. Para obter os dados necessários para a pesquisa foram realizados trabalhos de campo para conhecer a realidade, entrevistar camponeses e apreender sobre os conflitos e resistências destes mesmos camponeses frente a seus antagonistas. Entendendo que a luta de classes é uma das maneiras como o modo de produção funciona, então fazemos um resgate de teóricos marxistas que pesquisaram sobre o campesinato, muitos dos quais tem uma parte considerável de seu trabalho apenas na língua inglesa. Compreendendo que uma das motivações do avanço do modo de produção capitalista sobre as terras de uso comum é a crise de sobreacumulação de capital, uma análise tanto dos escritos de Marx acerca da acumulação original como de outros intelectuais que defendem que a mesma é contínua foi realizada. Isto tudo funciona contraditoriamente dentro do próprio capitalismo, com a acumulação origal de capital e a recriação do campesinato caminhando em conflito. A resistência camponesa frente a este avanço é apresentada e analisada ao longo de toda a tese, mostrando o quadro que se encontra o campesinato sulamericano. / This thesis seeks to analyze from the theoretical framework of the class struggle and the original accumulation of capital as a continuous process the advance of capital over the fraction of the Brazilian and Argentine peasantry that has lands of common use. In order to do so, the analysis brings the analyzes from the faxinalense peasant communities located in the state of Paraná and in peasant communities that have lands in common use in the north of the province of Cordoba, Argentina. In order to obtain the necessary data for the research, fieldwork was carried out to know the reality, to interview peasants and to learn about the conflicts and resistances of these same peasants in front of their antagonists. Understanding that class struggle is one of the ways the mode of production works, then we rescue Marxist theorists who have researched the peasantry, many of whom have a considerable share of their work in the english language alone. Understanding that one of the motivations for advancing the capitalist mode of production over land in common use is the crisis of overaccumulation of capital, an analysis of both Marx\'s writings on original accumulation and other intellectuals who claim that it is continuous has been carried out . This all works contradictorily within capitalism itself, with the original accumulation of capital and the re-creation of the peasantry in conflict. The peasant resistance to this advance is presented and analyzed throughout the entire thesis, showing the picture of the South American peasantry.

This report is the result of a 20-points project at the University of Jönköping. The project was carried out in form of a case study with the object of analysing the value flow at DIAB AB’s confection department in Laholm. The aim of this project is to submit proposals to the production management on how to increase the efficiency of the production flow at the confection department and reduce the capital accumulation in form of products in work. The information in this report is gathered from interviews, observations and measurements. Furthermore, a literature study was carried out in view to find suitable theories when analysing present as well as future suggested production conditions. This report is based on four main questions: • What does the existing process of the value flow for the most produced product family look like? • How does the process of the value flow for GS perform considering the through-put-time? o How long through-put-time does a representative product of the GS-family have? o How long is the value- and no value adding time for that product along its production flow? • Which production related disturbances and cost prompters exist in the present value flow process? • How could the process of the value flow for GS be made more efficient, less persistent to disturbances and more competitive? The existing process of the value flow for the most producing product family has been mapped and is illustrated in appendix 3. For now, the process includes nine working stations along the production chain. The through-put-time of a representative GS-product is according to my survey 18,5 days. The value adding time is only 16,1 minutes, that is 0,061 % of the entire through-put-time. The remaining time, in other words the no value adding time, is 440 hours and it represents mainly storage and transport of products. The representative production disturbances and cost prompters that characterise the process of the value flow contain material related disturbances, a high number of long shifts, long storage time prior to the customer order point and with that, high capital accumulation and finally unnecessary transports. Improvement proposals aim to increase the efficacy of the process of the value flow and reduce the capital amounts by shifting from the present production strategy involving manufacturing towards order (TMO) to assembling towards order (MMO). In order to make this possible a semi-manufactured storage will be introduced after the standard confection which will represent the new decoupling point. The production at the standard confection will then occur according to the semi-manufactured storage. The standard confection should produce in larger aggregated order quantities based on prognosis in order to benefit from the advantages of economy of scale and the production must proceed in a continuous flow according to the FIFU-system (First In First Out). In addition to that, the special confection must produce according to a pull-system and only when the customer makes a request. The tact-time of the GS products should constitute a limit for all the cycle times along the production chain, both on the standard- and special confection. This is partly due to creating a constant and balanced production flow which enables short through-put-time and partly due to avoiding in-between-storage as a result of various bottlenecks.

In the 1980s, Laws No: 2981 and 3290 were putting forward important amount of development rights creation by improvement plans. This promise of development by party politics provided potential of political rent. This study will not take into account this political rent created but the realization of this development promised. The development by improvement plans could not be realized. In some areas, transformation from gecekondu to apartment blocks occurred by the hands of market mechanism and construction sector. However in some areas, the intervention of the public sector was necessary for transformation. The aim of this study is to discuss the planning and development issues under the mixed economies through dynamics of urban transformation and the phenomena of urban non-transformation in areas where development rights by improvement plans were assigned in the case of Ankara city under a comparative approach. The comparative case study puts forward the existing situation as a concrete problem and analyzing it with reference to direct observation, interviews with various actors, historicity (historical development of Ankara macroform among inter-relations between planning decisions, macroeconomy and legal regulations thus public and capital) and the quantitative data. Then, improvement planning in Turkish case is evaluated by reference to similar World examples. This evaluation leads us to the inter-relational concepts of public policy and rent concerning gecekondu improvement thus to the evaluation of improvement areas by reference to rent concept and Turkish urban land and housing market covering the urban growth and capital accumulation issues. Then the study is concluded.

<p>This report is the result of a 20-points project at the University of Jönköping. The project was carried out in form of a case study with the object of analysing the value flow at DIAB AB’s confection department in Laholm. The aim of this project is to submit proposals to the production management on how to increase the efficiency of the production flow at the confection department and reduce the capital accumulation in form of products in work.</p><p>The information in this report is gathered from interviews, observations and measurements. Furthermore, a literature study was carried out in view to find suitable theories when analysing present as well as future suggested production conditions.</p><p>This report is based on four main questions:</p><p>• What does the existing process of the value flow for the most produced product family look like?</p><p>• How does the process of the value flow for GS perform considering the through-put-time?</p><p>o How long through-put-time does a representative product of the GS-family have?</p><p>o How long is the value- and no value adding time for that product along its production flow?</p><p>• Which production related disturbances and cost prompters exist in the present value flow process?</p><p>• How could the process of the value flow for GS be made more efficient, less persistent to disturbances and more competitive?</p><p>The existing process of the value flow for the most producing product family has been mapped and is illustrated in appendix 3. For now, the process includes nine working stations along the production chain.</p><p>The through-put-time of a representative GS-product is according to my survey 18,5 days. The value adding time is only 16,1 minutes, that is 0,061 % of the entire through-put-time. The remaining time, in other words the no value adding time, is 440 hours and it represents mainly storage and transport of products.</p><p>The representative production disturbances and cost prompters that characterise the process of the value flow contain material related disturbances, a high number of long shifts, long storage time prior to the customer order point and with that, high capital accumulation and finally unnecessary transports.</p><p>Improvement proposals aim to increase the efficacy of the process of the value flow and reduce the capital amounts by shifting from the present production strategy involving manufacturing towards order (TMO) to assembling towards order (MMO).</p><p>In order to make this possible a semi-manufactured storage will be introduced after the standard confection which will represent the new decoupling point. The production at the standard confection will then occur according to the semi-manufactured storage. The standard confection should produce in larger aggregated order quantities based on prognosis in order to benefit from the advantages of economy of scale and the production must proceed in a continuous flow according to the FIFU-system (First In First Out). In addition to that, the special confection must produce according to a pull-system and only when the customer makes a request.</p><p>The tact-time of the GS products should constitute a limit for all the cycle times along the production chain, both on the standard- and special confection. This is partly due to creating a constant and balanced production flow which enables short through-put-time and partly due to avoiding in-between-storage as a result of various bottlenecks.</p>