Em um ambiente globalizado e dinâmico como o atual, no qual as oportunidades surgem e as vantagens desaparecem muito rapidamente, as estratégias, que estão refletidas na Administração de Marketing, precisam ser ágeis para possibilitar adaptação e ligação entre empresa e mercado. Tais estratégias são refletidas na decisão do composto de marketing (4P\'s), do qual se destaca a variável preço, por sua relevância como elemento estratégico. As teorias de precificação apresentam pouca aplicabilidade prática, o que leva ao desenvolvimento de técnicas simplificadas que favoreçam a praticidade e aplicabilidade em larga escala. Em relação aos custos, alguns aspectos devem ser considerados, como a proporção entre custos fixos e variáveis e a estrutura de custos da organização, além da possibilidade de economias de escala e de escopo. Seja pela venda de mais produtos ou pela venda de produtos diferentes utilizando os mesmos recursos e infra-estrutura, a empresa pode incrementar seus resultados ou obter uma vantagem competitiva, uma vez que estará diluindo seus custos. Considerando o crescimento do setor de serviços e a escassez de estudos sobre esse tema para o setor, este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a existência de economias de escala e de escopo em empresas do setor de serviços e analisar sua influência nos custos, no âmbito do processo estratégico de determinação de preços. Para atingir este objetivo, realizou-se, primeiramente, uma revisão bibliográfica abordando o conceito de estratégia, modelos de estratégia competitiva e sua interface com marketing estratégico, a determinação de preços como elemento estratégico do composto de marketing com ênfase no setor de serviços, o papel dos custos nesse processo e a discussão acerca das economias de escala e de escopo como fatores diluidores de custos. Como método para a pesquisa de campo, utilizouse o estudo de caso, tendo em vista o estágio atual da literatura sobre o tema e o problema de pesquisa. Considerando sua representatividade e o acirramento da concorrência verificado nos últimos anos, foi escolhido o setor de serviços bancários para realização do estudo. A escolha do Banco A para a realização do estudo se deu em função de sua participação relevante no mercado, além de ser visto como um banco inovador por clientes e concorrentes no mercado B2B. O estudo contemplou a estratégia corporativa, a determinação de preços, a apuração de custos, a introdução de novos produtos, bem como a existência de economias de escala e de escopo e sua influência na determinação de preços. Foi possível verificar a existência de economias de escala e de escopo na busca por uma vantagem competitiva baseada em liderança em custos ou diferenciação, o que denota grande influência de tais economias nos custos e, conseqüentemente nos preços dos produtos estudados. / In a globalized and dynamic environment such as the one we live in nowadays, where opportunities arise and advantages disappear very quickly, strategies, which are reflected in Marketing Management, must be agile in order to enable the connection between a company and the market. Such strategies are reflected in the decision of the marketing mix (4P\'s), in which stands out the price variable due to its importance as a strategic element. Pricing theories have little practical application, which leads to the development of simplified techniques in favor of practicality and applicability in a large scale. Regarding costs, some aspects should be considered such as the ratio between fixed and variable costs and cost structure of the organization, besides the possibility of economies of scale and scope. Either by selling more products or selling different products using the same resources and infrastructure, the company can improve its results or obtain a competitive advantage, since its costs will be diluted.Considering the growth of service sector and the scarcity of studies on this issue for the sector, this study aimed to identify the existence of economies of scale and scope in the services sector and analyze its influence on costs, within the strategic process of pricing. To achieve this goal, it was held a literature review addressing the concept of strategy, competitive strategy models and their interface with strategic marketing, the pricing as a strategic element of the marketing mix with emphasis on the service sector, the role of costs in this process and discussion of economies of scale and scope as extenders cost factors. As a method for field research, we used the case study, given the current state of literature on the topic and research problem. Considering its representativeness and increased competition in recent years, the banking sector was chosen for the study. Bank A was chosen for the study due to its significant participation in the market, besides being seen as an innovative bank by customers and competitors in the B2B market. The study included corporate strategy, pricing, costs, introduction of new products, as well as the existence of economies of scale and scope and its influence in determining prices. It was possible to verify the existence of economies of scale and scope in order to seek a competitive advantage based on cost leadership or differentiation, which indicates strong influence of such economies in costs and prices of the products that were studied.

Em um ambiente globalizado e dinâmico como o atual, no qual as oportunidades surgem e as vantagens desaparecem muito rapidamente, as estratégias, que estão refletidas na Administração de Marketing, precisam ser ágeis para possibilitar adaptação e ligação entre empresa e mercado. Tais estratégias são refletidas na decisão do composto de marketing (4P\'s), do qual se destaca a variável preço, por sua relevância como elemento estratégico. As teorias de precificação apresentam pouca aplicabilidade prática, o que leva ao desenvolvimento de técnicas simplificadas que favoreçam a praticidade e aplicabilidade em larga escala. Em relação aos custos, alguns aspectos devem ser considerados, como a proporção entre custos fixos e variáveis e a estrutura de custos da organização, além da possibilidade de economias de escala e de escopo. Seja pela venda de mais produtos ou pela venda de produtos diferentes utilizando os mesmos recursos e infra-estrutura, a empresa pode incrementar seus resultados ou obter uma vantagem competitiva, uma vez que estará diluindo seus custos. Considerando o crescimento do setor de serviços e a escassez de estudos sobre esse tema para o setor, este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a existência de economias de escala e de escopo em empresas do setor de serviços e analisar sua influência nos custos, no âmbito do processo estratégico de determinação de preços. Para atingir este objetivo, realizou-se, primeiramente, uma revisão bibliográfica abordando o conceito de estratégia, modelos de estratégia competitiva e sua interface com marketing estratégico, a determinação de preços como elemento estratégico do composto de marketing com ênfase no setor de serviços, o papel dos custos nesse processo e a discussão acerca das economias de escala e de escopo como fatores diluidores de custos. Como método para a pesquisa de campo, utilizouse o estudo de caso, tendo em vista o estágio atual da literatura sobre o tema e o problema de pesquisa. Considerando sua representatividade e o acirramento da concorrência verificado nos últimos anos, foi escolhido o setor de serviços bancários para realização do estudo. A escolha do Banco A para a realização do estudo se deu em função de sua participação relevante no mercado, além de ser visto como um banco inovador por clientes e concorrentes no mercado B2B. O estudo contemplou a estratégia corporativa, a determinação de preços, a apuração de custos, a introdução de novos produtos, bem como a existência de economias de escala e de escopo e sua influência na determinação de preços. Foi possível verificar a existência de economias de escala e de escopo na busca por uma vantagem competitiva baseada em liderança em custos ou diferenciação, o que denota grande influência de tais economias nos custos e, conseqüentemente nos preços dos produtos estudados. / In a globalized and dynamic environment such as the one we live in nowadays, where opportunities arise and advantages disappear very quickly, strategies, which are reflected in Marketing Management, must be agile in order to enable the connection between a company and the market. Such strategies are reflected in the decision of the marketing mix (4P\'s), in which stands out the price variable due to its importance as a strategic element. Pricing theories have little practical application, which leads to the development of simplified techniques in favor of practicality and applicability in a large scale. Regarding costs, some aspects should be considered such as the ratio between fixed and variable costs and cost structure of the organization, besides the possibility of economies of scale and scope. Either by selling more products or selling different products using the same resources and infrastructure, the company can improve its results or obtain a competitive advantage, since its costs will be diluted.Considering the growth of service sector and the scarcity of studies on this issue for the sector, this study aimed to identify the existence of economies of scale and scope in the services sector and analyze its influence on costs, within the strategic process of pricing. To achieve this goal, it was held a literature review addressing the concept of strategy, competitive strategy models and their interface with strategic marketing, the pricing as a strategic element of the marketing mix with emphasis on the service sector, the role of costs in this process and discussion of economies of scale and scope as extenders cost factors. As a method for field research, we used the case study, given the current state of literature on the topic and research problem. Considering its representativeness and increased competition in recent years, the banking sector was chosen for the study. Bank A was chosen for the study due to its significant participation in the market, besides being seen as an innovative bank by customers and competitors in the B2B market. The study included corporate strategy, pricing, costs, introduction of new products, as well as the existence of economies of scale and scope and its influence in determining prices. It was possible to verify the existence of economies of scale and scope in order to seek a competitive advantage based on cost leadership or differentiation, which indicates strong influence of such economies in costs and prices of the products that were studied.

This study focuses on the determinants of agglomerations, natural advantages, spillovers, and transaction costs respectively, and intends to form a location choice model with those agglomerative factors. Besides, we examine the geographic concentration scope overall and by region with the data set of manufacturing industries in Taiwan in 2003. We also explore some interesting empirical results. First, the overall geographic concentration level is slightly decreasing through 1996 to 2003. Second, the plants in the South and Middle regions of Taiwan are more concentrated than those in the North region. And each region has its own specific characteristic that draws different types of industries to locate. Third, with OLS regression we find that outsourcing dependence variable applied to proximate transaction costs effect is the most significant of all and represents that transaction costs have large influence to agglomeration scope. Finally this model can be improved from some aspects of involving distance into consideration and extending to entrepreneur across countries.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-05-07T13:38:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eneida Monteiro.pdf: 1058530 bytes, checksum: 99163b280dcbfed23373cbde8ec74cb8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T13:38:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eneida Monteiro.pdf: 1058530 bytes, checksum: 99163b280dcbfed23373cbde8ec74cb8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-24 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Em decorrência das modificações ocorridas no mercado de seguros a partir da década de 90, as empresas de seguros têm como de safio a busca por resultado operacional, exigindo delas um aprimoramento na gestão de riscos e normas de subscrição de riscos. Esta dissertação objetivou a análise da eficiência econômica relativa do mercado de segurador brasileiro, para o período de 2010 a 2012. Com base nos dados extraídos do Sistema de Estatística da SUSEP, identificando as seguradoras em especialistas (que trabalham somente com seguro de danos ou pessoas) e as seguradoras diversificadas (que trabalham somente com seguro de danos ou pessoas) foi possível avaliar a existência de ganhos de escala ou escopo das empresas de seguros no Brasil. A metodologia de análise utilizada foi a DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis), que identificou a eficiência econômica relativa de seguradoras e com base nos resultados dessa pesquisa, evidenciou que não há economia de escala, ou seja, o ganho de escala ocorre para as seguradoras que comercializam em um segmento específico de seguros, danos ou pessoas. / Due to the changes occurring in the insurance market from the 90s, insurance companies are challenged to search for perating in come, requiring of them an improvement in risk management and underwriting standards. This dissertation aimed to analyze the relative economic efficiency of the Brazilian insurance arket for the period 2010-2012. Based on data from the Statistical System SUSEP, insurers in identifying experts ( working only ith damage or personal insurance ) and diversified insurers ( who work only with damage or personal insurance ) it was possible to evaluate the existence of gains of scale or scope of nsurance companies in Brazil . The analysis methodology used was DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis), identifies the relative economic efficiency of insurers and based on the results of this research, it is evident that there is economy of scale, ie, the gain range is given for insurers that sell at a specific segment of insurance, Damage or People.

This report is the result of a 20-points project at the University of Jönköping. The project was carried out in form of a case study with the object of analysing the value flow at DIAB AB’s confection department in Laholm. The aim of this project is to submit proposals to the production management on how to increase the efficiency of the production flow at the confection department and reduce the capital accumulation in form of products in work. The information in this report is gathered from interviews, observations and measurements. Furthermore, a literature study was carried out in view to find suitable theories when analysing present as well as future suggested production conditions. This report is based on four main questions: • What does the existing process of the value flow for the most produced product family look like? • How does the process of the value flow for GS perform considering the through-put-time? o How long through-put-time does a representative product of the GS-family have? o How long is the value- and no value adding time for that product along its production flow? • Which production related disturbances and cost prompters exist in the present value flow process? • How could the process of the value flow for GS be made more efficient, less persistent to disturbances and more competitive? The existing process of the value flow for the most producing product family has been mapped and is illustrated in appendix 3. For now, the process includes nine working stations along the production chain. The through-put-time of a representative GS-product is according to my survey 18,5 days. The value adding time is only 16,1 minutes, that is 0,061 % of the entire through-put-time. The remaining time, in other words the no value adding time, is 440 hours and it represents mainly storage and transport of products. The representative production disturbances and cost prompters that characterise the process of the value flow contain material related disturbances, a high number of long shifts, long storage time prior to the customer order point and with that, high capital accumulation and finally unnecessary transports. Improvement proposals aim to increase the efficacy of the process of the value flow and reduce the capital amounts by shifting from the present production strategy involving manufacturing towards order (TMO) to assembling towards order (MMO). In order to make this possible a semi-manufactured storage will be introduced after the standard confection which will represent the new decoupling point. The production at the standard confection will then occur according to the semi-manufactured storage. The standard confection should produce in larger aggregated order quantities based on prognosis in order to benefit from the advantages of economy of scale and the production must proceed in a continuous flow according to the FIFU-system (First In First Out). In addition to that, the special confection must produce according to a pull-system and only when the customer makes a request. The tact-time of the GS products should constitute a limit for all the cycle times along the production chain, both on the standard- and special confection. This is partly due to creating a constant and balanced production flow which enables short through-put-time and partly due to avoiding in-between-storage as a result of various bottlenecks.

<p>This report is the result of a 20-points project at the University of Jönköping. The project was carried out in form of a case study with the object of analysing the value flow at DIAB AB’s confection department in Laholm. The aim of this project is to submit proposals to the production management on how to increase the efficiency of the production flow at the confection department and reduce the capital accumulation in form of products in work.</p><p>The information in this report is gathered from interviews, observations and measurements. Furthermore, a literature study was carried out in view to find suitable theories when analysing present as well as future suggested production conditions.</p><p>This report is based on four main questions:</p><p>• What does the existing process of the value flow for the most produced product family look like?</p><p>• How does the process of the value flow for GS perform considering the through-put-time?</p><p>o How long through-put-time does a representative product of the GS-family have?</p><p>o How long is the value- and no value adding time for that product along its production flow?</p><p>• Which production related disturbances and cost prompters exist in the present value flow process?</p><p>• How could the process of the value flow for GS be made more efficient, less persistent to disturbances and more competitive?</p><p>The existing process of the value flow for the most producing product family has been mapped and is illustrated in appendix 3. For now, the process includes nine working stations along the production chain.</p><p>The through-put-time of a representative GS-product is according to my survey 18,5 days. The value adding time is only 16,1 minutes, that is 0,061 % of the entire through-put-time. The remaining time, in other words the no value adding time, is 440 hours and it represents mainly storage and transport of products.</p><p>The representative production disturbances and cost prompters that characterise the process of the value flow contain material related disturbances, a high number of long shifts, long storage time prior to the customer order point and with that, high capital accumulation and finally unnecessary transports.</p><p>Improvement proposals aim to increase the efficacy of the process of the value flow and reduce the capital amounts by shifting from the present production strategy involving manufacturing towards order (TMO) to assembling towards order (MMO).</p><p>In order to make this possible a semi-manufactured storage will be introduced after the standard confection which will represent the new decoupling point. The production at the standard confection will then occur according to the semi-manufactured storage. The standard confection should produce in larger aggregated order quantities based on prognosis in order to benefit from the advantages of economy of scale and the production must proceed in a continuous flow according to the FIFU-system (First In First Out). In addition to that, the special confection must produce according to a pull-system and only when the customer makes a request.</p><p>The tact-time of the GS products should constitute a limit for all the cycle times along the production chain, both on the standard- and special confection. This is partly due to creating a constant and balanced production flow which enables short through-put-time and partly due to avoiding in-between-storage as a result of various bottlenecks.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:52:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KatiaEBC.pdf: 420245 bytes, checksum: ea933f78f725cdad42680643833f131a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-31 / This Master s Thesis proposes the application of Data Envelopment Analysis DEA to evaluate economies of scale and economies of scope in the performance of service teams involved with installation of data communication circuits, based on the study of a major telecommunication company in Brazil. Data was collected from the company s Operational Performance Division. Initial analysis of a data set, including nineteen installation teams, was performed considering input oriented methods. Subsequently, the need for restrictions on weights is analyzed using the Assurance Region method, checking for the existence of zero-valued weights. The resulting returns to scale are then verified. Further analyses using the Assurance Region Constant (AR-I-C) and Variable (AR-I-V) models verify the existence of variable, rather than constant, returns to scale. Therefore, all of the final comparisons use scores obtained through the AR-I-V model. In sequence, we verify if the system has economies of scope by analyzing the behavior of the scores in terms of individual or multiple outputs. Finally, conventional results, used by the company in study to evaluate team performance, are compared to those generated using the DEA methodology. The results presented here show that DEA is a useful methodology for assessing team performance and that it may contribute to improvements on the quality of the goal setting procedure. / Esta tese de mestrado prop?e utilizar a An?lise de Envolt?ria de Dados - DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) na avalia??o de economias de escala e economias de escopo no desempenho de equipes de instala??o de circuitos de comunica??o de dados a partir de um estudo em uma empresa de telecomunica??es do Brasil. S?o utilizados dados obtidos junto ? ?rea de Desempenho Operacional da empresa. O resultado da an?lise inicial do conjunto de dados das dezenove equipes de instala??o considera os m?todos orientados a insumos. A partir da? analisa-se a necessidade de restri??es de pesos, pelo m?todo da Regi?o de Garantia, analisando a exist?ncia de pesos com valor igual a zero. Ap?s essa an?lise ? verificado o retorno de escala gerado pelo sistema. Atrav?s de an?lises utilizando os modelos AR-I-C e AR-I-V ? verificada a exist?ncia de retornos vari?veis de escala ao inv?s de retornos constantes, em fun??o disso todos os comparativos finais usam escores obtidos pelo modelo AR-I-V. Em seguida ? verificado se o sistema ? economicamente de escopo pela an?lise do comportamento dos escores em termos de produtos individuais ou m?ltiplos produtos. Por ?ltimo ? feito um comparativo entre os resultados convencionais utilizados pela empresa em quest?o para avaliar o desempenho das equipes e aqueles gerados pela Metodologia DEA. Os resultados apresentados garantem a utilidade da DEA como metodologia para a avalia??o de desempenho dessas equipes podendo contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade do processo de defini??o de metas.

p. 1-128 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-03-19T18:43:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 55555.pdf: 1538006 bytes, checksum: 8630ed22135889b5014e56a8ac8e7aaa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima(tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2013-04-09T18:26:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 55555.pdf: 1538006 bytes, checksum: 8630ed22135889b5014e56a8ac8e7aaa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-09T18:26:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 55555.pdf: 1538006 bytes, checksum: 8630ed22135889b5014e56a8ac8e7aaa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / A implantação e expansão dos “serviços compartilhados” ocupam lugar de destaque na atual estratégia de muitas empresas, o que demonstra o valor e o sucesso de um modelo organizacional que apresenta como principais resultados a redução dos custos e a melhoria da qualidade dos serviços. Essa dissertação tem o objetivo de investigar esse modelo organizacional, também conhecido como “shared services”, e os principais tipos de estrutura organizacional das empresas que adotam esse compartilhamento. Além disso, pretende estudar os principais motivos que levam as empresas a adotar a estruturação de serviços compartilhados. Também são objetos de estudo os benefícios e oportunidades decorrentes do compartilhamento de serviços em organizações à luz de três conceitos disseminados no ambiente empresarial: economia de custos da transação, cadeia de valor, e economia de escala. São ainda levantados os problemas e as desvantagens do compartilhamento de serviços. / Salvador

Submitted by Cristiane Shirayama (cristiane.shirayama@fgv.br) on 2011-06-03T15:03:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100246.pdf: 513399 bytes, checksum: 58504e64a230abc4e45c758f6c0e2d7a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-03T16:44:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100246.pdf: 513399 bytes, checksum: 58504e64a230abc4e45c758f6c0e2d7a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-03T16:59:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100246.pdf: 513399 bytes, checksum: 58504e64a230abc4e45c758f6c0e2d7a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-03T18:44:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100246.pdf: 513399 bytes, checksum: 58504e64a230abc4e45c758f6c0e2d7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-19 / One of the most important guidelines regarding Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) is the health services management descentralization which allows decision makers to be closer to local population. On the other hand, one of the arguments against descentralization is that it can imply in considerable scale losses. The main objective of this analysis is to investigate existence of economy of scale in public health segment in Brasil. Some national empirical studies already founded evidences of economies of scale in public services, including the specific case in health segment, like Souza, Cribari-Neto and Stosic (2005) and Mattos et al. (2009). This study seeks to add new evidences to this theme, based on a new investigation that differs from the others in terms of methodology. Initially, an efficiency score (using DEA method – Data envelopment analysis) based on three input variables (health public spending, sewer covering and canalized water supply) and three output variables (infantil mortality, infectious illness hopitalization and health system access rate). After having this score calculated, we analyze the relation between population size, demographic variables and the municipality eficiency to provide health services. To achieve it, it was applied a panel data regression including 537 of 645 municipalities in São Paulo state for the period of 2002-2007, which allowed to consider fixed effects of the them and to control specific characteristics as income, violence, education and others. The results confirm what was concluded before using different methodologies, proving that the size of a municipality population is an important determinant of its efficiency in health area. Finally, possible explanations are investigated to justify the strong impact of scale in the efficiency regarding spending in health. The question we seek to answer is regarding the factors that determine this economy of scale, which can be considered as infra-strutucture expenses (hospital and beds) or expenses in human resources, equipments, materials or medicines. This question is partially analyzed estimating a SUR (Seemingly Unrelated Regressions) in which relevant differences in intensity of different inputs categories usage are different according to population size. / Uma das mais importantes diretrizes do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) é a descentralização da gestão dos serviços de saúde, visando uma maior proximidade dos agentes tomadores de decisão com a população local. Contudo, um dos argumentos contrários à descentralização é de que esta pode implicar em consideráveis perdas de escala. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a existência de economias de escala no setor de saúde pública no Brasil. Alguns estudos empíricos nacionais já encontraram evidências de economias de escala na provisão de serviços públicos em geral, incluindo o caso específico do setor de saúde, como os trabalhos de Souza, Cribari-Neto e Stosic (2005) e Mattos et al. (2009). Este estudo busca acrescentar novas evidências a esse tema, a partir de uma nova investigação que difere das anteriores em metodologia. Inicialmente é calculado um score de eficiência (através do método DEA - Data envelopment analysis) com base em três variáveis de insumo (gastos em saúde, cobertura de esgoto e de abastecimento de água encanada) e três variáveis de produto (mortalidade infantil, internação por doenças infecciosas e taxa de acesso ao sistema de saúde). Após o cálculo deste score, analisa-se a relação entre tamanho da população e outras variáveis demográficas e a eficiência dos municípios na provisão de saúde. Para isso foi feita uma regressão usando dados de painel que inclui 537 dos 645 municípios do Estado de São Paulo ao longo do período 2002-2007, o que permite o controle do efeito fixo dos municípios, além do controle de características como renda per capita, violência, educação, entre outros. Os resultados confirmam aqueles já encontrados por outros pesquisadores a partir de outras metodologias, revelando que o tamanho do município é um importante determinante de sua eficiência na área de saúde. Assim sendo, por fim, investigam-se possíveis explicações para o forte impacto da escala na eficiência de gastos em saúde. A questão que surge é a identificação dos fatores que determinam essas economias de escala, que podem vir, por exemplo, dos gastos em infra-estrutura – como quantidade de leitos e estabelecimentos – ou de gastos com recursos humanos, equipamentos, materiais ou remédios. Parte desta questão é analisada ao se estimar um modelo de regressões aparentemente não correlacionadas, no qual se identificam diferenças relevantes na intensidade de utilização de diferentes categorias de insumos de acordo com o tamanho da população.

En la actualidad, el estudio del comercio internacional es de gran relevancia debido a que el mundo se encuentra muy interconectado gracias a los diversos tratados internacionales producto de la globalización. Algunos análisis para el caso europeo evidenciaron que los países desarrollados que otorgan beneficios arancelarios sin necesidad de ser recíprocos experimentan mejoras en sus niveles de exportación respecto a los países con los que realizan el tratado. De esta forma, se abre un nuevo campo de estudio, que permite plantear la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿Los convenios no recíprocos también benefician a los países benefactores? Con la finalidad de responder esta incógnita, el presente trabajo realiza una regresión de data panel para datos anuales comprendidos entre 1980 y 2018, teniendo como países en análisis a Estados Unidos, Canadá, el bloque económico de la Unión Europea, Perú, Bolivia, Paraguay, Colombia y Ecuador. Los principales resultados indican que las exportaciones por parte de los países desarrollados no necesariamente se incrementarán en dirección a las economías menos desarrolladas con las que tienen convenios no recíprocos. Este debido a que en algunas circunstancias, los países avanzados no observan a las economías en desarrollo como mercados atractivos para sus exportaciones. Sin embargo, las exportaciones por parte de los países desarrollados podrían incrementarse a todas las partes del mundo, aprovechando las economías de escala otorgadas por la entrada de insumos a menor costo por parte de los convenios no recíprocos con economías en vía de desarrollo. Por ende, al final del presente documento se incluye una agenda que contempla factores no analizados en la investigación. / At present, the study of international trade is of great relevance because the world is very interconnected thanks to the various international treaties resulting from globalization. Some analyzes for the European case showed that developed countries that grant tariff benefits without the need to be reciprocal experience improvements in their export levels compared to the countries with which they make the treaty. In this way, a new field of study is opened, which allows to pose the following research question: Do non-reciprocal agreements also benefit benefactor countries? In order to answer this question, the present work performs a data panel regression for annual data between 1980 and 2018, taking as countries in analysis the United States, Canada, the economic bloc of the European Union, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Colombia and Ecuador. The main results indicate that exports by developed countries will not necessarily increase in the direction of less developed economies with which they have non-reciprocal agreements. This is because in some circumstances, advanced countries do not see developing economies as attractive markets for their exports. However, exports by countries could increase to all parts of the world, taking advantage of the economies of scale granted by the entry of inputs at lower cost by non-reciprocal agreements with developing economies. Therefore, at the end of this document an agenda is included that considers factors not analyzed in the research. / Trabajo de investigación