Na maioria das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT), consideradas atualmente um sério problema de saúde pública, o estresse oxidativo contribui muito para suas complicações. O principal sistema antioxidante nos mamíferos é o da glutationa peroxidase. Estudos recentes destacaram a relação entre polimorfismos em genes de enzimas antioxidantes e risco para tais doenças. Contudo, como ainda são escassos os dados na literatura sobre a distribuição de diferentes polimorfismos em enzimas antioxidantes na população brasileira, este trabalho se propõe a correlacionar polimorfismos nos genes da glutationa peroxidase com os biomarcadores do estado nutricional relativo ao selênio em uma população adulta. O estudo foi realizado com 124 indivíduos de ambos os gêneros, com idade entre 20 a 50 anos, sem doenças hepáticas, cardiovasculares e câncer. Os participantes responderam um questionário de informações pessoais; o consumo alimentar foi avaliado por três registros alimentares; os marcadores do estado nutricional relativo selênio foram: concentração de Se eritrocitário, Se plasmático e atividade da GPx eritrocitária; e os polimorfismos supracitados foram identificados por PCR em Tempo Real. As médias encontradas para ingestão de Se, foi de 41, I ug/d, para Se no plasma de 54,13ug/L, para Se no eritrócito 56,14ug/L e para atividade da GPx 40,15 U/gHb. Foi observada uma correlação moderadamente positiva entre o selênio no plasma e no eritrócito (r = 0,604). Separando as variáveis entre os gêneros, a média da atividade da GPx foi maior para as mulheres (F = 43,5 U/gHb e M = 34,84 U/gHb, p<0,05). Separando as médias das variáveis bioquímicas entre os diferentes SNPs, só foi encontrada uma diferença significativa para o Se eritrócito e atividade da GPx no SNP Arg5Pro no gene da GPx I, e para o Se plasma e Se eritrócito no SNP4 Pro 126Leu no gene da GPx2. Para os outros SNPs, diferenças estatísticas só foram observadas quando as médias foram separadas pelos gêneros também, e as correlações foram influenciadas tanto pelos genótipos quanto pelo gênero. Os resultados mostrados neste estudo podem ser servir de evidência para destacar a importância em saber a constituição genética dos indivíduos nos estudos utilizando as variáveis Se plasmático, Se eritrocitário e atividade da GPx, como biomarcadores do estado nutricional relativo ao selênio. / In the majority of non-communicable chronic diseases (NTCD), considered today a serious public health problem, the oxidative stress contributes much to its complications. The main antioxidant system in mammals is the glutathione peroxidase. Recent studies have highlighted the relationship between polymorphisms in antioxidant enzymes genes and risk for such diseases. However, as there are very few data in the literature on the distribution of different polymorphisms in antioxidant enzymes with the brazilian population, this study proposes to correlate polymorphisms of glutathione peroxidase with biomarkers of selenium nutritional status in a healthy population. The study was conducted with 124 individuais of both genders, aged between 20 to 50 years, without Iiver disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The participants answered a questionnaire of personal information; the food consumption was assessed by three feeding records; the markers of selenium nutritional status were: concentration of erythrocytes, plasma and erythrocyte GPx activity; the polymorphisms have been identified by Real Time PCR. The averages of selenium intake were of 41.1 ug/d, for plasma selenium concentrations 54.13 ug/L, for erythrocyte selenium concentrations 56.14 ug/L and for erythrocites GPx activity 40.15 U/gHb. There was a positive moderately correlation between plasma selenium and erythrocyte selenium (r = 0.604 ). Separating the variables between genders, the average ofthe activity ofthe GPx was higher for women (F = 43.5 U/g Hb and M = 34.84 U/g Hb, p<0.05 ). Separating the averages of biochemical markers between different genotypes, there was only a significant difference in erythrocyte selenium and GPx activity in Arg5Pro (GPxl gene), and for plasma and erythrocyte selenium in Pro126Leu (GPx2 gene). For the other SNPs, statistical differences were only observed when means were separated by the gender, and the correlations were influenced by both genotypes and by gender.

Introduction: Several national trials have demonstrated the efficacy of lifestyle interventions on decreasing the incidence of type 2 diabetes in adults with prediabetes. Behavior change pertaining to physical activity (PA) and diet were central to these lifestyle interventions; however it is likely a majority of adults with prediabetes are not currently meeting public health guidelines for PA and dietary intake. Little information is available on different influences of behavior central to prediabetes treatment. Given these findings, further investigation into potential influences on the efficacy of prediabetes service provision is warranted. Purpose: This dissertation aimed to explore prediabetes service provision to identify potential influences on PA and dietary intake in adults with prediabetes. Methods: The first study used Grounded Theory methodology to obtain opinions on necessary components of an optimal diabetes prevention program from health professionals (n=20) and adults with, or at high risk of, prediabetes (n=12). The second, third, and fourth studies involved individuals with prediabetes (N=232) in Northern Alberta, Canada. Participants completed a mailed survey assessing various demographic, health and behavior influences in August-September, 2008. Results: Data from Study 1 identified four influences on behavior change in adults with prediabetes: service provision, knowledge or confusion, motivational influences, and goal-setting. Potential strategies to increase effectiveness of prediabetes programs were also identified. In Study 2, individuals with prediabetes achieving PA guidelines (38%) reported higher physical and mental health-related quality of life compared to those not meeting PA guidelines. In Study 3, a number of preferences for PA and PA programming were identified. Activity status, health, and demographic variables all demonstrated significant influence on different PA preference variables. In Study 4, behavior-specific social cognitive theory constructs including self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and goal formation demonstrated significant associations with each other and PA, fat, and fibre intake. Conclusions: Evidence suggests it is possible to prevent or delay the progression of prediabetes to diabetes with small changes in body weight, physical activity and dietary intake. The results reported in this dissertation identified a number of factors that may influence potential success of a prediabetes program to promote behavior change and increase the public health impact of prediabetes prevention programs.

No description available.

Purpose: To compare selected food /nutrient consumption between families that educate their children at home with those that educate their children in the public school system. Methods: The study sample included 112 children aged 7-11 years in Fayette Co Kentucky. The children were divided into groups according type of education. There were 65 home-schooled children and 47 children who attend public school. Subjects recorded their dietary intake for one week. The data were analyzed using Nutrition Data Software for Research (2006). Comparisons were made for the intake of selected nutrients using two tailed independent sample t-tests. Results: The public school students had a lower intake of Total Energy (calories, P=0.01), Total Fat (P= 0.02), Total Carbohydrate (P= 0.04), Total Protein (P= 0.004) and Total Dietary Fiber (P= 0.02) and selenium (P= 0.000) than did their home-schooled counterparts. Conclusion: Interpretation of the statistical analysis indicates that differences for consumption exist between the groups. The results of this study indicate that the public school children consumed less fat, protein, carbohydrates and sucrose than did their home school cohort.

Na maioria das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT), consideradas atualmente um sério problema de saúde pública, o estresse oxidativo contribui muito para suas complicações. O principal sistema antioxidante nos mamíferos é o da glutationa peroxidase. Estudos recentes destacaram a relação entre polimorfismos em genes de enzimas antioxidantes e risco para tais doenças. Contudo, como ainda são escassos os dados na literatura sobre a distribuição de diferentes polimorfismos em enzimas antioxidantes na população brasileira, este trabalho se propõe a correlacionar polimorfismos nos genes da glutationa peroxidase com os biomarcadores do estado nutricional relativo ao selênio em uma população adulta. O estudo foi realizado com 124 indivíduos de ambos os gêneros, com idade entre 20 a 50 anos, sem doenças hepáticas, cardiovasculares e câncer. Os participantes responderam um questionário de informações pessoais; o consumo alimentar foi avaliado por três registros alimentares; os marcadores do estado nutricional relativo selênio foram: concentração de Se eritrocitário, Se plasmático e atividade da GPx eritrocitária; e os polimorfismos supracitados foram identificados por PCR em Tempo Real. As médias encontradas para ingestão de Se, foi de 41, I ug/d, para Se no plasma de 54,13ug/L, para Se no eritrócito 56,14ug/L e para atividade da GPx 40,15 U/gHb. Foi observada uma correlação moderadamente positiva entre o selênio no plasma e no eritrócito (r = 0,604). Separando as variáveis entre os gêneros, a média da atividade da GPx foi maior para as mulheres (F = 43,5 U/gHb e M = 34,84 U/gHb, p<0,05). Separando as médias das variáveis bioquímicas entre os diferentes SNPs, só foi encontrada uma diferença significativa para o Se eritrócito e atividade da GPx no SNP Arg5Pro no gene da GPx I, e para o Se plasma e Se eritrócito no SNP4 Pro 126Leu no gene da GPx2. Para os outros SNPs, diferenças estatísticas só foram observadas quando as médias foram separadas pelos gêneros também, e as correlações foram influenciadas tanto pelos genótipos quanto pelo gênero. Os resultados mostrados neste estudo podem ser servir de evidência para destacar a importância em saber a constituição genética dos indivíduos nos estudos utilizando as variáveis Se plasmático, Se eritrocitário e atividade da GPx, como biomarcadores do estado nutricional relativo ao selênio. / In the majority of non-communicable chronic diseases (NTCD), considered today a serious public health problem, the oxidative stress contributes much to its complications. The main antioxidant system in mammals is the glutathione peroxidase. Recent studies have highlighted the relationship between polymorphisms in antioxidant enzymes genes and risk for such diseases. However, as there are very few data in the literature on the distribution of different polymorphisms in antioxidant enzymes with the brazilian population, this study proposes to correlate polymorphisms of glutathione peroxidase with biomarkers of selenium nutritional status in a healthy population. The study was conducted with 124 individuais of both genders, aged between 20 to 50 years, without Iiver disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The participants answered a questionnaire of personal information; the food consumption was assessed by three feeding records; the markers of selenium nutritional status were: concentration of erythrocytes, plasma and erythrocyte GPx activity; the polymorphisms have been identified by Real Time PCR. The averages of selenium intake were of 41.1 ug/d, for plasma selenium concentrations 54.13 ug/L, for erythrocyte selenium concentrations 56.14 ug/L and for erythrocites GPx activity 40.15 U/gHb. There was a positive moderately correlation between plasma selenium and erythrocyte selenium (r = 0.604 ). Separating the variables between genders, the average ofthe activity ofthe GPx was higher for women (F = 43.5 U/g Hb and M = 34.84 U/g Hb, p<0.05 ). Separating the averages of biochemical markers between different genotypes, there was only a significant difference in erythrocyte selenium and GPx activity in Arg5Pro (GPxl gene), and for plasma and erythrocyte selenium in Pro126Leu (GPx2 gene). For the other SNPs, statistical differences were only observed when means were separated by the gender, and the correlations were influenced by both genotypes and by gender.

This study described three days of dietary intake, physical activity, and glycemic control in 14 female and eight male adult diabetics using Continuos Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII). Changes in weight after initiation of CSII were also described. Dietary intakes were analyzed using the NUTREDFO computer program then compared to established standards. Both sexes had mean intakes of zinc, folate, vitamin B6, and magnesium below the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA, 1980) for age and sex. Female consumption of iron and total calories consumed were also below recommendations. When dietary intakes were analyzed on a nutrient per 1,000 kcal basis men had intakes of zinc and folate below recommended levels, but met suggested allowances for other nutrients. Women still had suboptimal intakes of zinc, folate, iron, and, to a lesser extent, vitamin B6 and magnesium. Mean protein intake was within the recommendation range outlined by the American Diabetes Association (ADA, 1979), but above levels suggested in a 1987 (ADA) update. Intake of total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and cholesterol were above and carbohydrate was below recommended levels (ADA, 1987). No significant differences between the mean dietary intake of an age and sex matched group of females from this study and the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II, 1983) were noted. When variability in caloric and carbohydrate intake was examined no significant differences between days were found. Mean energy expenditures were higher than estimated levels for the general population. Activities were often reported in fairly large blocks of time, thus changes in activity on a minute to minute basis nay not have been accurately described. Mean blood glucose was near normal on all three days of the study. However, glycosylated hemoglobin levels, done within two months of the study period, were elevated in seven out of 18 subjects. Weight gain is often reported after initiation of CSII. The women in this study showed a net increase of 3.13 lbs after changing to CSII. However, men lost an average of 1.79 lbs after starting pump therapy. To the extent that this population is indicative of CSII users as a whole it was concluded that education, directed at increasing dietary intake of foods rich in zinc, folate, magnesium, and vitamin B6 for both sexes and iron intake for females, would be beneficial. Information on appropriate ways to comply with the dietary recommendations of the ADA (1987) and to offset the weight gain often associated with CSII may also be useful to the pump wearer.

This thesis uses data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 1991 to 2004 to estimate the short-term effects of parental unemployment on children's health through exogenous shocks from state-owned enterprise reforms at the end of the last century by employing fixed effects and instrumental variables methods. Findings show that parental unemployment decreases children's weight z-scores and reduces the frequency with which children have been ill or hurt in the past month. It also significantly affects children's nutrient intake over the past three days, particularly evident in low-income families and adolescent groups.

No description available.

Ce projet découle du Canadian Sport Centre Dietary Study qui avait pour objectif d’évaluer les habitudes de consommation de suppléments alimentaires chez les athlètes canadiens et de déterminer si des différences régionales existaient. Un nombre de sujets était prédéterminé pour chaque province en considération du nombre d’athlètes identifiés comme Excellence, Élite ou Relève par les Centres d’entraînement nationaux et les organismes gouvernementaux. Pour ce mémoire, seules les données associées aux athlètes du Québec ont été considérées. Quarante-trois athlètes ont répondu à un questionnaire sur l’utilisation des suppléments alimentaires, 71 ont fourni un journal alimentaire de trois jours et 42 parmi ces derniers ont remis les deux documents. La prévalence d’utilisation des suppléments alimentaires était de 90,7%. Les utilisateurs consommaient en moyenne 3,35 produits différents, particulièrement des boissons énergétiques (48,8%), des multivitamines-minéraux (37,2%), des produits de santé naturels (37,2%) et des suppléments de protéines en poudre (34,9%). Les athlètes souhaitaient maintenir leur santé (27,9%) et améliorer leur niveau d’énergie (27,9%) ou leur récupération (25,6%). Les sources d’information citées étaient les entraîneurs physiques (25,6%), la famille ou les amis (16,3%) et les coéquipiers (16,3%). Les sujets se procuraient ces produits dans les épiceries (16,3%), les pharmacies (14,0%) et les magasins spécialisés (9,3%). Soixante-dix pour cent des sujets croyaient que l’arrêt de l’utilisation des suppléments alimentaires n’aurait aucun impact sur leurs performances ou ne savaient pas comment cela les influencerait. Ils démontraient un vif intérêt au sujet de l’efficacité (69,8%), la légalité (55,8%) et la sécurité (53,5%) de ces produits. Des sujets qui utilisaient un supplément de protéines, 81% présentaient un apport alimentaire supérieur à leurs besoins. L’utilisation de suppléments de multivitaminesminéraux permettait de combler l’apport insuffisant en calcium et en folate, mais pas en potassium. Nos résultats soulignent que ces utilisateurs présentaient des apports dépassant l’apport maximal tolérable pour le sodium, le magnésium, la niacine, le folate, la vitamine A et le fer. Nous pouvons donc conclure que ces deux types de suppléments alimentaires n’étaient pas utilisés d’une façon pertinente. / This project derives from the Canadian Sport Centre Dietary Study. The purpose of this global research project consisted in studying the consumption habits of Canadians elite athletes towards dietary supplements and evaluating if regional differences could be identified. The number of subjects needed for each province was calculated from the number of athletes identified as Excellence, Elite or Releve by the Canadian Sports Centres and governmental organisms. Only subjects from Québec had been considered for this research work. Forty three subjects completed the questionnaire on dietary supplement consumption habits, 71 filled a three day food diary and 42 of them returned both documents. Results showed that dietary supplements were used by 90.7% of our sample. Users were consuming an average of 3.35 different types of dietary supplements, mostly sports drinks (48.8%), multivitamins-minerals (37.2%) and protein powders (34.5%). Reasons behind the use of supplements were: to stay healthy (27.9%), to raise energy level (27.9%) and to accelerate recovery (25.6%). Athletes were getting their information from physical trainers (25.6%), family members or friends (16.3%) and teammates (16.3%). Dietary supplements were bought in grocery stores (16.3%), drug stores (14.0%) and specialised stores (9.3%). Seventy percent of our sample thought that stopping the use of dietary supplement would have no impact on their performance level or had no idea of the impact it could have. Nevertheless, participants showed a clear interest concerning the efficiency (69.8%), legality (55.8%) and safety (53.5%) of dietary supplements. Eighty one percent of the subjects who were using protein supplements had dietary intakes above their needs for that nutrient. The use of multivitamin-mineral supplements compensated for inadequate intakes in calcium and folic acid, but not in potassium. This investigation showed that multivitamin-mineral users had dietary intakes above the Upper Intake Levels for sodium, magnesium, niacin, folic acid, vitamin A and iron. From these results, we can conclude, in this athlete population, that protein and multivitamin-mineral supplements were not required or used adequately.

Ce projet découle du Canadian Sport Centre Dietary Study qui avait pour objectif d’évaluer les habitudes de consommation de suppléments alimentaires chez les athlètes canadiens et de déterminer si des différences régionales existaient. Un nombre de sujets était prédéterminé pour chaque province en considération du nombre d’athlètes identifiés comme Excellence, Élite ou Relève par les Centres d’entraînement nationaux et les organismes gouvernementaux. Pour ce mémoire, seules les données associées aux athlètes du Québec ont été considérées. Quarante-trois athlètes ont répondu à un questionnaire sur l’utilisation des suppléments alimentaires, 71 ont fourni un journal alimentaire de trois jours et 42 parmi ces derniers ont remis les deux documents. La prévalence d’utilisation des suppléments alimentaires était de 90,7%. Les utilisateurs consommaient en moyenne 3,35 produits différents, particulièrement des boissons énergétiques (48,8%), des multivitamines-minéraux (37,2%), des produits de santé naturels (37,2%) et des suppléments de protéines en poudre (34,9%). Les athlètes souhaitaient maintenir leur santé (27,9%) et améliorer leur niveau d’énergie (27,9%) ou leur récupération (25,6%). Les sources d’information citées étaient les entraîneurs physiques (25,6%), la famille ou les amis (16,3%) et les coéquipiers (16,3%). Les sujets se procuraient ces produits dans les épiceries (16,3%), les pharmacies (14,0%) et les magasins spécialisés (9,3%). Soixante-dix pour cent des sujets croyaient que l’arrêt de l’utilisation des suppléments alimentaires n’aurait aucun impact sur leurs performances ou ne savaient pas comment cela les influencerait. Ils démontraient un vif intérêt au sujet de l’efficacité (69,8%), la légalité (55,8%) et la sécurité (53,5%) de ces produits. Des sujets qui utilisaient un supplément de protéines, 81% présentaient un apport alimentaire supérieur à leurs besoins. L’utilisation de suppléments de multivitaminesminéraux permettait de combler l’apport insuffisant en calcium et en folate, mais pas en potassium. Nos résultats soulignent que ces utilisateurs présentaient des apports dépassant l’apport maximal tolérable pour le sodium, le magnésium, la niacine, le folate, la vitamine A et le fer. Nous pouvons donc conclure que ces deux types de suppléments alimentaires n’étaient pas utilisés d’une façon pertinente. / This project derives from the Canadian Sport Centre Dietary Study. The purpose of this global research project consisted in studying the consumption habits of Canadians elite athletes towards dietary supplements and evaluating if regional differences could be identified. The number of subjects needed for each province was calculated from the number of athletes identified as Excellence, Elite or Releve by the Canadian Sports Centres and governmental organisms. Only subjects from Québec had been considered for this research work. Forty three subjects completed the questionnaire on dietary supplement consumption habits, 71 filled a three day food diary and 42 of them returned both documents. Results showed that dietary supplements were used by 90.7% of our sample. Users were consuming an average of 3.35 different types of dietary supplements, mostly sports drinks (48.8%), multivitamins-minerals (37.2%) and protein powders (34.5%). Reasons behind the use of supplements were: to stay healthy (27.9%), to raise energy level (27.9%) and to accelerate recovery (25.6%). Athletes were getting their information from physical trainers (25.6%), family members or friends (16.3%) and teammates (16.3%). Dietary supplements were bought in grocery stores (16.3%), drug stores (14.0%) and specialised stores (9.3%). Seventy percent of our sample thought that stopping the use of dietary supplement would have no impact on their performance level or had no idea of the impact it could have. Nevertheless, participants showed a clear interest concerning the efficiency (69.8%), legality (55.8%) and safety (53.5%) of dietary supplements. Eighty one percent of the subjects who were using protein supplements had dietary intakes above their needs for that nutrient. The use of multivitamin-mineral supplements compensated for inadequate intakes in calcium and folic acid, but not in potassium. This investigation showed that multivitamin-mineral users had dietary intakes above the Upper Intake Levels for sodium, magnesium, niacin, folic acid, vitamin A and iron. From these results, we can conclude, in this athlete population, that protein and multivitamin-mineral supplements were not required or used adequately.