The aim of the diploma thesis is a financial analysis of the credit union. The main aim of the thesis is to show how credit unions are working in the Czech Republic, and to apply a financial analysis of the selected credit union. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter describes a financial analysis in general, its resources, users and methods. The second charter deals with legislation of credit unions, their operation on the Czech market and supervisory duties of the Central Bank. Accounting and statements of credit unions are discussed in the third chapter. The final fourth charter deals with practical analysis of selected savings cooperatives.

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This research paper focuses on whether Taiwan's 13 financial holding companies (excluding Waterland Financial Holdings) belongs to the bank's capital management efficiency, using a narrow definition of capital. First, do a preliminary analysis of the capital of the banks first, second, and three types of capital. Secondly, the use of supplementary items in the balance sheet, profit and loss account and balance-sheet and some of the information into the banking book assets and liabilities of the banking book and trading book assets, trading book liabilities, risk assets and market value-added and other programs in order to do all kinds of bank trend analysis of assets and liabilities and capital management. Finally, I would investigate whether the high capital adequacy ratio that their performance is better? The provisions of the Basel ¢º want to improve the bank's risk management capability, however, and set out the statutory capital requirements of the Bank help to keep the emphasis on risk management?

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The Basel Committee published its proposals for a revised capital adequacy framework(the Basel II Capital Accord) in June 2006. One of the main objectives of this framework is to improve the incentives for state-of-the-art risk management in banking, especially in the area of credit risk in view of Basel II. The new regulation seeks to provide incentives for greater awareness of differences in risk through more risk-sensitive minimum capital requirements based on numerical formulas. This attempt to control bank behaviour has a heavy reliance on regulatory ratios like the risk-based capital adequacy ratio (CAR). In essence, such ratios compare the capital that a bank holds to the level of credit, market and operational risk that it bears. Due to this fact the objectives in this dissertation are as follows. Firstly, in an attempt to address these problems and under assumptions about retained earnings, loan-loss reserves, the market and shareholder-bank owner relationships, we construct continuous-time models of the risk-based CAR which is computed from credit and market risk-weighted assets (RWAs) and bank regulatory capital (BRC) in a stochastic setting. Secondly, we demonstrate how the CAR can be optimized in terms of equity allocation. Here, we employ dynamic programming for stochastic optimization, to obtain and verify the results. Thirdly, an important feature of this study is that we apply the mean-variance approach to obtain an optimal strategy that diversifies a portfolio consisting of three assets. In particular, chapter 5 is an original piece of work by the author of this dissertation where we demonstrate how to employ a mean-variance optimization approach to equity allocation under certain conditions.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Bank asset management mainly involves profit maximization through invest- ment in loans giving high returns on loans, investment in securities for reducing risk and providing liquidity needs. In particular, commercial banks grant loans to creditors who pay high interest rates and are not likely to default on their loans. Furthermore, the banks purchase securities with high returns and low risk. In addition, the banks attempt to lower risk by diversifying their asset portfolio. The main categories of assets held by banks are loans, treasuries (bonds issued by the national treasury), reserves and intangible assets. In this mini-thesis, we solve an optimal asset allocation problem in banking under the mean-variance frame work. The dynamics of the different assets are modelled as geometric Brownian motions, and our optimization problem is of the mean- variance type. We assume the Basel II regulations on banking supervision. In this contribution, the bank funds are invested into loans and treasuries with the main objective being to obtain an optimal return on the bank asset port- folio given a certain risk level. There are two main approaches to portfolio optimization, which are the so called martingale method and Hamilton Jacobi Bellman method. We shall follow the latter. As is common in portfolio op- timization problems, we obtain an explicit solution for the value function in the Hamilton Jacobi Bellman equation. Our approach to the portfolio prob- lem is similar to the presentation in the paper [Hojgaard, B., Vigna, E., 2007. Mean-variance portfolio selection and efficient frontier for defined contribution pension schemes. ISSN 1399-2503. On-line version ISSN 1601-7811]. We pro- vide much more detail and we make the application to banking. We illustrate our findings by way of numerical simulations.

This master thesis deals with the issue of using rating in the context of determining capital requirements. The focus is on using the Standardised Approach and the Internal Rating-Based Approach to calculate credit risk capital requirements. Different approaches to managing the risk and evaluating the capital adequacy. Criticism of rating agencies as well as the complexity of Internal Rating-Based Approach is taken into account. Furthermore, the thesis discusses the issue of responsibility of external rating agencies for their evaluations, and together with the issue of lacking competition. Various alternatives to external rating are discussed. The internal rating process is discussed in more detail along with the factors which affect rating evaluations of exposures to various entities. Subsequently, the thesis focuses on determining the rate of provision for impairment expected losses on receivables, and a possible impact of accepting IFRS 9 on capital adequacy.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In this thesis we study a range of related commercial banking problems in discrete and continuous time settings. The first problem is about a capital allocation strategy that optimizes the expected future value of a commercial bank’s total non-risk-weighted assets (TNRWAs) in terms of terminal time utility maximization. This entails finding optimal amounts of Total capital for investment in different bank assets. Based on the optimal capital allocation strategy derived for the first problem, we derive stochastic models for respectively the bank’s capital adequacy and liquidity ratios in the second and third problems. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) introduced these ratios in an attempt to improve the regulation of the international banking industry in terms of capital adequacy and liquidity management. As a fourth problem we derive a multi-period deposit insurance pricing model which incorporates the optimal capital allocation strategy, the BCBS’ latest capital standard, capital forbearance and moral hazard. In the fifth and final problem we show how the values of LIBOR-in-arrears and vanilla interest rate swaps, typically used by commercial banks and other financial institutions to reduce risk, can be derived under a specialized version of the affine interest rate model originally considered by the bank in question. More specifically, in the first problem we assume that the bank invests its Total capital in a stochastic interest rate financial market consisting of three assets, viz., a treasury security, a marketable security and a loan. We assume that the interest rate in the market is described by an affine model, and that the value of the loan follows a jump-diffusion process. We wish to find the optimal capital allocation strategy that maximizes an expected logarithmic utility of the bank’s TNRWAs at a future date. Generally, analytical solutions to stochastic optimal control problems in the jump setting are very difficult to obtain. We propose an approximation method that exploits a similarity between the forms of the control problems of the jump-diffusion model and the diffusion model obtained by removing the jump. With the jump assumed sufficiently small, the analytical solution of the diffusion model then serves as a proxy to the solution of the control problem with the jump. In the second problem we construct models for the bank’s capital adequacy ratios in terms of the proxy. We present numerical simulations to characterize the behaviour of the capital adequacy ratios. Furthermore, in this chapter, we consider the approximate optimal capital allocation strategy subject to a constant Leverage Ratio, which is a specific non-risk-based capital adequacy ratio, at the minimum prescribed level. We derive a formula for the bank’s TNRWAs at constant (minimum) Leverage Ratio value and present numerical simulations based on the modified TNRWAs formula. In the third problem we model the bank’s liquidity ratios and we monitor the levels of the liquidity ratios under the proxy numerically. In the fourth problem we derive a multi-period deposit insurance pricing model, the latest capital standard a la Basel III, capital forbearance and moral hazard behaviour. The deposit insurance pricing method utilizes an asset value reset rule comparable to the typical practice of insolvency resolution by insuring agencies. We perform numerical computations with our model to study its implications. In the final problem, we specialize the affine interest rate model considered previously to the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) interest rate dynamic. We consider fixed-for-floating interest rate swaps under the CIR model. We show how analytical expressions for the values of both a LIBOR-in-arrears swap and a vanilla swap can be derived using a Green’s function approach. We employ Monte Carlo simulation methods to compute the values of the swaps for different scenarios. We wish to make explicit the contributions of this project to the literature. A research article titled “An Optimal Portfolio and Capital Management Strategy for Basel III Compliant Commercial Banks” by Grant E. Muller and Peter J. Witbooi [1] has been published in an accredited scientific journal. In the aforementioned paper we solve an optimal capital allocation problem for diffusion banking models. We propose using the solution of the Brownian motions control problem of [1] as the proxy in problems two to four of this thesis. Furthermore, we wish to note that the methodology employed on the final problem of this study is actually from the paper [2] of Mallier and Alobaidi. In the paper [2] the authors did not present simulation studies to characterize their pricing models. We contribute a simulation study in which the values of the swaps are computed via Monte Carlo simulation methods.

I ett försök att förhindra framtida bankkriser och göra banker stabilare mot svängningar i ekonomin upprättade Baselkommittén 1993 ett regelverk som kom att benämnas Basel-1. Bankerna skulle bli stabilare genom att stärka kapitaltäckningsreglerna. Dessa regler lyckades inte uppnå sitt syfte och regelverket ansågs otillräckligt. Nya regler utformades och Baselkommittén arbetade fram ett åtstramat regelverk, Basel-2. Den finansiella krisen 2008 visade dock att även Basel-2 regelverket var otillräckligt. Med anledning av detta så har nu Baselkommittén arbetat fram, nya, mer åtstramade regler med högre kapitalkrav för banker som kommer att införas med start 2013 och som kallas Basel-3. För att få en förståelse för hur Basel-3 kan komma att påverka bankerna och några av dess intressenter har två problemformuleringar tagits fram. Hur tror bankkontorschefer att banker kommer att påverkas av det nya regelverket Basel-3? Hur tror bankkontorschefer att deras kunder kommer att påverkas av det nya regelverket Basel-3? Studien har avgränsat sig till banker på Gotland och intervjuer är gjorda med kontorschefer på Handelsbanken, Nordea och Swedbank. Detta för att få svar på hur de tror att regelverket kan komma att påverka bankerna och deras kunder. Vi har använt oss av noggrant utvalda frågor och skapat ett frågeformulär som besvarats av respondenterna. I teoridelen presenteras intressentmodellen för att få en ökad förståelse för vilka intressenter som kan beröras av en organisations förändringar. Den intressent vi tittar närmare på är framförallt bankens kunder. Teori om Baselregelverken baseras i huvudsak på rapporter och artiklar från Sveriges Riksbank, Finansinspektionen och Basels respektive hemsidor. Undersökningen visar att regelverket Basel-3 kommer påverka bankerna och deras kunder på flera sätt. De högre kapitalkraven samt de nya likviditetsreglerna innebär att bankerna måste skaffa mer kvalitativt kapital för att kunna stå emot negativa förändringar i ekonomin. Detta kräver att bankerna måste förändra sina risksystem vilket leder till höga kostnader. Respondenterna tror att dessa kostnader framförallt kommer att läggas på kunderna genom högre räntor. De tror även att regelverket Basel- 3 kommer att påverka de mindre bra kunderna genom att det blir svårare för dessa att få lån. / To prevent the emergence of bank crises and to help banks resist turbulent economy, the Basel Committee created a regulation framework. This framework was introduced in 1993 and was called Basel-1. During the years this framework has been changed to suite new situations. The latest change was done after the financial crises in 2008 and is going to be implemented in 2013. This, latest edition is called Basel-3 and includes among other things a strong capital requirement. Before the implementation of Basel-3 many questions has come to light. To answer some of these, two problem formulations have been created in this thesis. How do the bank office managers think that they will be affected by the new regulations of Basel-3? How do the bank office managers think that their customers will be affected by the new regulations of Basel-3? To seek the answers to these questions, three bank directors have answered quite many questions in interviews and by e-mail. These answers have been formed and put together to get an idea of what they think will happen when the new regulations of Basel-3 will be implemented. When analyzing these answers the authors have found out that both the banks and their customers probably and already have been affected by these new regulations in quite many ways.

The diploma thesis deals with the analysis of Dexia bank Slovakia during the years 2000 and 2011. It Gradually analyses the balance sheet, income statement and chosen indicators of financial analysis: indebtedness, profitability, liquidity, productivity, capital adequacy and capital market indicators, which are accompanied by the course of share prices and rating of the bank. Within every indicator is discussed their change in time, impact of financial crisis and changes caused by the entry of a new majority shareholder of the bank in 2011.