O estudo do sistema visual de macacos-prego representa importante questão devido ao aspecto evolutivo que a espécie apresenta. Foram utilizados cinco macacos-prego, 2 kg. Foi efetuda injeção intra-ocular de 100 <font face=\"symbol\">ml de solução aquosa de toxina colérica subunidade B (CTb) a 1%, sendo a perfusão realizada 15 dias após a injeção intra-ocular. As retinas intactas e os encéfalos foram submetidos à procedimento de imunoistoquímica para análise. A caracterização da retina evidenciou dois tipos distintos de células bipolares, além disto, subunidades de receptores gabaérgicos co-localizam em retinas de macacos-prego, diferente dos resultados apresentados em outras espécies. As projeções retinianas foram observadas em todas as estruturas do sistema visual primário, óptico acéssório e de temporização circadiana, além de projeções para áreas adicionais. Os resultados evidenciam diferenças interespecíficas sugerindo que a extrapolação dos resultados adquiridos em diferentes espécies devam ser extrapolados com cautela. / The diurnal habits and its complex SNC, make the tufted capuchin monkey an important subject for the study of the visual system. In the present study, five tufted capuchins received a single intraocular neuronal tracer subunit B of cholera toxin (CTb) injection and perfused 15 days later. The retina and brain were removed from the animals and processed with immunohistochemical techniques. The CTb analysis showed that the retina send projections to several structures, such as primary visual, optical accessory and circadian control systems. The immunohistochemical characterization also showed two different types of bipolar cells in the retina. These cells, differently from other species, were co-localized with gabaergic receptors. Overall our results showed several interspecies differences suggesting that comparison of the visual system between species must be undertaken with great caution.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-12T12:56:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbara Lins Caldas de Moraes.pdf: 1002020 bytes, checksum: 55835be7452bb5679593acd3c7c7c122 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T12:56:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbara Lins Caldas de Moraes.pdf: 1002020 bytes, checksum: 55835be7452bb5679593acd3c7c7c122 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / Wild capuchin monkeys use stones tools to access food items that otherwise would be unavailable, as encapsulated fruits and seeds. The successful completion of this activity not only requires the selection of the suitable tool, but also the correct technique. In order to analyze if the stone tools used by the capuchin monkeys are adjusted to the type of food item consumed and if this adjustment entails variations or behavioral adaptations to accomplish the task, stone tools and techniques used by animals to process five distinct food items, were compared. The study was conducted in an area of Pernambuco’s semiarid Caatinga, located in Serra Talhada. Along 15 months, 257 sites were identified, characterized and monitored. Behaviors of using stones as tools were documented by camera traps. Accounted a ‘total of 395 stones, used as hammers to break of five food items: Syagrus oleracea, Manihot epruinosa, Pilosocereus pachycladus, Tacinga inamoena and Commiphora leptophloeos, these last three were not yet described as accessed auxiliary items by other populations of capuchin monkeys. The use of stones as tools to process the cactaceae revealed especially interested, such strategy is related to the presence of these item’s thorns. It was found also that the characteristics of food items such as hardness, size and the presence of spines influences the stone’s selection to be used as hammers. The postures adopted by the animals for activity breaks are similar to those already described in other studies, however behavioral adaptations in handling the tool are performed to increase its functionality. / Macacos-prego selvagens utilizam ferramentas de pedra para acessar itens alimentares que de outra forma estariam indisponíveis, como frutos encapsulados e sementes. O sucesso na realização desta atividade requer não só a seleção da ferramenta adequada, mas também a correta aplicação da técnica. A fim de analisar se as ferramentas de pedras utilizadas por macacos-prego são ajustadas de acordo com o tipo de item alimentar consumido e se esse ajuste acarreta variações ou adequações comportamentais para a realização da tarefa, ferramentas de pedras e técnicas aplicadas pelos animais, para o processamento de cinco itens alimentares distintos, foram comparadas. O estudo foi realizado em uma área de Caatinga no semiárido Pernambucano, localizada no município de Serra Talhada. Ao longo de 15 meses, 257 sítios de quebra foram identificados, caracterizados e monitorados. Comportamentos de uso de pedras como ferramentas foram documentados através de armadilhas fotográficas. Contabilizamos um total de 395 pedras utilizadas como martelos para a quebra de cinco itens alimentares: Syagrus oleracea, Manihot epruinosa, Pilosocereus pachycladus, Tacinga inamoena e Commiphora leptophloeos, estes três últimos ainda não descritos como itens acessados com o auxílio de ferramentas por outras populações de macacos-prego. O uso de pedras como ferramentas para o processamento das cactáceas revelou-se especialmente interessante, pois tal estratégia está relacionada à presença de espinhos destes itens. Fatores como a distribuição e o tamanho do item alimentar parecem influenciar nas escolhas feitas pelos animais no uso das bigornas. Constatou-se, também, que características dos itens alimentares como rigidez, tamanho e presença de espinhos influenciam na seleção das pedras utilizadas como martelos. As posturas adotadas pelos animais para a atividade de quebra são semelhantes às já descritas em outros estudos, mas adequações comportamentais na manipulação da ferramenta são realizadas para aumentar a sua funcionalidade.

Padrões de assimetria sexual na dispersão e relações de parentesco são fatores intimamente relacionados e considerados fundamentais para a compreensão da estrutura social dos primatas. Apesar da relevância desses dois assuntos, pouco se sabe sobre como eles afetam o comportamento individual e a estrutura social nos primatas neotropicais. Assim, essa pesquisa teve como objetivos: determinar o padrão de dispersão de uma população selvagem de macacosprego (Sapajus nigritus) por meio de análises genéticas e examinar o efeito do parentesco sobre a estrutura social dos grupos de S. nigritus. Esta pesquisa foi realizada no Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, localizado no município de São Miguel Arcanjo/SP. Todo material genético foi obtido através de amostras fecais dos indivíduos adultos e subadultos de três grupos sociais. Após a extração do DNA, parte dele foi amplificada através da técnica da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase. Para as análises genéticas utilizamos marcadores moleculares do tipo microssatélites. Os métodos de amostragem por varredura instantânea e ad libitum foram utilizados para o registro do comportamento dos indivíduos adultos de dois grupos. Os dados genéticos obtidos nesta tese indicaram que ambos os sexos dispersam, pois: 1) o grau de parentesco intragupo entre machos não diferiu do grau de parentesco entre fêmeas, 2) não houve diferenciação genética ao analisar a distribuição das frêquencias alélicas de machos e de fêmeas, e 3) não houve diferença entre machos e fêmeas quanto à probabilidade de terem nascido dentro dos grupos sociais nos quais foram amostrados. Os resultados de associações espaciais e interações sociais indicaram que as fêmeas adultas não formam fortes relações sociais entre si, sendo pouco afiliativas. Os machos adultos estabelecem fracas relações sociais, que podem ser classificadas como tolerantes e caracterizadas pela ausência de catação e pela baixa frequência de interações agonísticas. As relações sociais mais fortes observadas dentro de cada grupo social foram entre machos e fêmeas. Além de machos e fêmeas associarem-se espacialmente e catarem-se mais do que as díades compostas somente por fêmeas ou por machos, eles também interagiram de maneira agonística numa menor frequência. As díades consideradas como aparentadas não demonstraram ser mais afiliativas ou manter maior proximidadade espacial quando comparadas com as díades não aparenteadas. O baixo grau de parentesco/familiaridade parece ser um fator importante como uma explicação geral para as fracas relações sociais de fêmeas no PECB. No entanto, em termos individuais, aparentemente, esse fator exerceu pouca influência sobre as relações sociais entre as fêmeas e entre os machos. Os resultados apresentados nesta tese ampliam o conhecimento sobre relações sociais em primatas neotropicais e os possíveis fatores que as afetam. O padrão de dispersão e a estrutura social são elementos do sistema social de primatas neotropicais altamente flexíveis, variando entre populações da mesma espécie ou mesmo entre grupos de uma mesma população. Além disso, a alegada assimetria sexual na dispersão talvez não seja passível de generalização entre as populações de Sapajus, e talvez dispersão de ambos os sexos nesse gênero possa ser mais comum do que previamente se considerava / Sex-biased dispersal patterns and kinship are related factors extremely important to understand the social structure of primates. In spite of their importance, little is known about how these factors affect individual behavior and the social structure of neotropical primates. Therefore, the aims of this research were: to determine the dispersal pattern of a wild population of black capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus) through genetic analyses, and to verify the effect of kinship on the social structure of groups of S. nigritus. This research was conducted at Carlos Botelho State Park, in the municipality of São Miguel Arcanjo/SP. We used DNA from fecal samples of adult and subadult members from three wild social groups. DNA was amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction and microsatellite molecular markers were used. Behavioral data were collected systematically for two groups, and we used scan sampling and ad libitum methods to record the behavior of adults. Genetic data indicated that both sexes disperse from their natal groups, since: 1) relatedness between males was not statistically different from relatedness between females, 2) there was no difference between males and females in population genetic differentiation, and 3) there was no difference between males and females in the probability of being born in the group from which they were sampled. The results of the spatial association and social interactions analysis indicate that females are little affiliative and do not form strong relationships among themselves. Adult males established weak relationships, being classified as tolerant, and characterized by no grooming interactions and by low frequency of agonism. The strongest social relationships observed within each group were between males and females. They associated and groomed more than female dyads and male dyads. Moreover, there were fewer agonistic interactions between males and females as compared to same sex dyads. Related and unrelated dyads showed similar rates of association and affiliative behavior. The low level of relatedness/familiarity might be an important factor contributing to the weak social relationship among females in the PECB. However, at the individual level, kinship had low influence on male and female social relationships. The results presented here extended our knowledge about social relationships of neotropical primates and about the factors that influence the relationships. The dispersal pattern and the social structure are flexible elements of social systems, and can vary among populations of the same species or among groups of the same population. In addition, male-biased dispersal is not a general characteristic for all populations of Sapajus, and dispersal by both sexes might be more commom than previously thought

A ordem primata apresenta uma grande diversidade de modos de organização social, desde espécies consideradas solitárias até aquelas em que os indivíduos de um grupo permanecem o tempo todo juntos. Macacos-prego (Cebus spp.) geralmente vivem em grupos estáveis e coesos, sem a formação de subgrupos. No entanto, sua organização social pode ser mais flexível. Dois estudos anteriores, conduzidos com populações de Cebus nigritus da Mata Atlântica, indicaram a divisão de grupos em subgrupos, mas não concluíram se os processos que foram observados eram de divisão permanente de um grupo grande ou se essas populações assumiam a organização social do tipo de fissão-fusão. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se os grupos de macacos-prego do Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB) caracterizam-se como sociedades do tipo fissão-fusão ou se a formação de subgrupos ocorre apenas como um estágio temporário pré-divisão permanente. No período de Janeiro de 2003 a Março de 2006, foram acompanhados dois grupos sociais, com os indivíduos adultos reconhecidos. Dados de outros grupos foram coletados de forma oportunística. Para verificar se o grupo estava forrageando de forma coesa ou dividido em subgrupos, era feito um censo dos membros do grupo a cada hora e, para o registro da composição dos subgrupos foi contado o número de machos adultos, de fêmeas adultas e de juvenis. Para avaliar a disponibilidade de alimento foram distribuídas 153 armadilhas \"pitfall\" ao longo da área de uso dos animais. Os dados sobre comportamento (locomoção, descanso, forrageamento e locomoção mais forrageamento) e dieta (frutos, invertebrados e folhas) foram registrados por amostragem de varredura, a cada 5 minutos. Também foram anotados o tempo de depleção das fontes de frutos (FTFS) e o número de indivíduos que se alimentaram juntos na mesma árvore (tamanho da subunidade de alimentação). Todos os grupos de macacos-prego observados no PECB organizaram-se em sociedades de fissão-fusão, dividindo-se constantemente em subgrupos de tamanho e composição variável, com associações preferenciais entre pares de macho e fêmea, composição multi-macho/multi-fêmea e ausência de dominância entre as fêmeas. Todas essas características observadas se assemelham com as características de chimpanzés e de primatas neotropicais que se organizam em fissão-fusão. A principal diferença entre os macacos-prego e essas espécies é a dispersão sexual do grupo natal. Em macacos-prego os machos migram entre grupos, enquanto em sociedades de fissão-fusão os machos são filopátricos. Em relação aos dados ecológicos, o FTFS e o tamanho das subunidades de alimentação tiveram valores baixos para todos os grupos de macacos-prego, indicando que as fontes de frutos não sustentam todo o grupo por ter recursos de pobre qualidade. Houve uma relação entre tamanho de subgrupo e padrão da oferta de alimento: quanto maiores e mais uniformemente distribuídas as fontes de frutos no habitat das quais os animais estavam se alimentando, maior o subgrupo. Portanto, os macacos-prego do PECB ajustam o tamanho de grupo para reagir às variações ecológicas, em função de baixa disponibilidade de frutos e assim, essa grande flexibilidade permite que eles se adaptem a novos ambientes e se comportem de modo a aumentar sua aptidão. / The primate order presents a great diversity of social organization, from species considered solitary to those where the individuals of a group remain together all the time. Capuchin monkeys (Cebus spp.) generally live in stable and cohesive groups, without the formation of subgroups. However, their social organization can be more flexible. Two former studies on two populations of Cebus nigritus from the Atlantic Forest suggested the occurrence of subgrouping, but the authors could not conclude whether the observed processes were due to a permanent division of a large group or whether these populations were actually fission-fusion societies. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the capuchin monkey groups of the State Park Carlos Botelho (PECB) can be characterized as a fission-fusion society or subgrouping is a temporary strategy prior to a permanent division of a large group. From January 2003 to March 2006, two social groups were followed, with the adult individuals recognized. Data from other groups were collected in an opportunistic way. To verify whether the group was foraging in a cohesive way or divided in subgroups, a census of the group members was performed at each hour and, and the number of adult males, adult females and juveniles were counted to analyze the composition of the subgroups. In order to evaluate the food availability 153 pitfall traps were distributed along the long home range. Data about behavior (locomotion, rest, foraging and locomotion more foraging) and diet (fruits, invertebrates and leaves) were registered by scan sampling every 5 minutes. The depletion time of fruit sources (FTFS) and the number of individuals that fed together in the same tree (size of feeding subunity) were recorded. All the capuchin monkey groups observed in the PECB were organized as a fission-fusion society, splitting into subgroups of variable size and composition, with preferential associations between pairs of male and female, composition multi-male/multi-female and absence of dominance among females. All these observed characteristics are similar to chimpanzees and neotropical primates which present fission-fusion. The main difference among capuchin monkeys and these species are the sexual dispersion from natal group. In capuchin monkeys the males migrate among groups, while in fission-fusion societies the males are philopatric. In relation to the ecological data, the FTFS and the feeding subunity size had low values for all the capuchin monkey groups, indicating that the fruit sources at PECB are poor quality resources and do not support all group members. There was a relation between subgroup size and pattern of food availability: the largerer and more uniformly distributed the fruit sources the animals were feeding, the larger the subgroup. Therefore, capuchin monkeys at PECB adjust their group size in response to the ecological variations, due to the low fruit availability and thus, this great flexibility allows them to adapt to a new environment and to behave in order to increase their fitness.

O albinismo é um conjunto de alterações fenotípicas caracterizadas pela incapacidade de produzir melanina, fazendo com que a pigmentação de alguns órgãos seja reduzida ou ausente. Discutem-se quais efeitos esta redução ou ausência de pigmentação, na retina, poderia ter sobre a capacidade visual do indivíduo. A visão de cores apresenta um papel muito importante para a sobrevivência e desenvolvimento de primatas. A capacidade de discriminar visualmente o alvo de um fundo apenas pela diferença de matiz pode ser o diferencial tanto para a busca de alimentos, como para a fuga de predadores. Estudos sobre a visão de cores auxiliam a fazer inferências sobre suas bases biológicas e utilidade funcional. Pretendeu-se com esse estudo elucidar a discriminação de cores de um indivíduo albino de Sapajus sp, por meio de uma avaliação psicofísica utilizando-se de uma versão modificada do teste computadorizado Cambridge Colour Test (CCT), e uma análise genética de DNA, para identificar os genes que codificam as opsinas. Os arranjos genótipo/fenótipo inferidos do indivíduo a partir das elipses foram comparados à composição dos genes que codificam opsina, obtida por análise independente de DNA. Buscou-se, assim, identificar possíveis prejuízos à visão de cores causados pelo albinismo, em relação a Sapajus normais. Apesar dos vários problemas decorrentes do albinismo, o sujeito experimental aprendeu a tarefa com sucesso e apresentou, nos testes, limiares de discriminação de cores característicos de dicromacia do tipo deuterânope com valores dentro dos esperados para o gênero Sapajus. Os resultados comportamentais foram condizentes com o fenótipo inferido a partir da análise genética / São Paulo Albinism is a set of phenotypic traits, characterized by the inability to produce melanin, that way the pigmentation of some organs are either reduced or absent. There is no consent on what effects this lower or none pigmentation on retina could lead on subject vision. The color vision represents a major role on primates survival and development. The capacity of visually discriminate targets only by hue differences from the background can be used either to search for food or to avoid predators. Studies on color vision help to make inference on their biological bases and functional utility. This study aimed to elucidate the color vision discrimination of an albino subject of Sapajus sp, through a psychophysical evaluation using a modified version of Cambridge Colour Test (CCT) and a genetic analyses of DNA in order to identify genes that codify the opsin. The correlation between genotype and phenotype were inferred by comparison between discrimination ellipses and genetic composition of genes that code opsin. Thus seeking to identify possible color vision losses caused by albinism comparing those analyses with healthy Sapajus. Despite many problems associated to albinism, the test subject successfully learn the task and his test showed color discrimination thresholds of a deuteranope dichromacy with values within the expected to subjects of Sapajus genera. Those behavioral results where consistent with the phenotype predicted by the genetic analyses

disertační práce v anglickém jazyce ALICE BARTŮŠKOVÁ MONASTIC RULES AND MUSES. THE CAPUCHIN FRIARS IN THE SERVICE OF THE ART IN EARLY BAROQUE BOHEMIA VEDOUCÍ PRÁCE: DOC. PHDR. MARTIN ZLATOHLÁVEK, PHD. Dissertation entitled Monastic rules and muses. The capuchin friars in the service of the art in early Baroque Bohemia set out for the purpose of research to the neglected theme of the Capuchin brothers - painters on the border between Mannerism and the Baroque era. This phenomenon in painting, which is not only characteristic for the order of the Capuchins, but also of other ecclesiastical orders, has never been more comprehensive. The Capuchin brother Paolo Piazza came to the Czech lands with first capuchin brothers; in his paintings he is inspired of the Venetian school of the 16th century. He was a versatile painter, he created not only painting on canvases, but also made wall paintings and his painting manuscript was not uniformly defined. Paolo Piazza worked in the capuchin monasteries in Prague and Brno during the reign of Rudolph II, for the emperor himself he created several artworks. Piazza's work has also been preserved in the engravings of the Sadeler family. Thanks to these engravings, several Piazza's compositions with a set iconographic type have spread to European fine arts. From the...

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the Capuchin API launched by Sony Ericsson at Lund, Sweden in 2008. The Capuchin API bridges Adobe’s Flash graphics and effects with JSR support from Java ME. We evaluated Capuchin API with regard to its suitability for a Mobile TV application. We tested this API in Ericsson’s TV lab where we had access to live TV streams and online multimedia resources by implementing a Mobile TV client. This test application was named “Min TV”, in English: “My TV”. Using Capuchin in the Ericsson TV lab environment has shown that it has some benefits, but also has many drawbacks. The Flash developer can be used to create an animated user interface and Java developers can do complex programming. At this early stage Capuchin technology is not mature enough, nor is it suitable for Mobile TV client development. Only after Sony Ericsson adds features such as soft keys, easier debugging of Flash Lite standalone applications, test emulator support in the software development kit, and more data communication methods than string and number, only then it will be a suitable technology for Mobile TV applications. Ericsson’s current Mobile TV application client was built using a framework called ECAF, which supports a graphics frontend and Java ME as backend. We compared ECAF and Min TV with respect to parameters such as: flexibility, performance, memory footprint, code size, and cost of skinning. (All these parameters are explained in detail in the methodology chapter.) As a possible future technology for Mobile TV, we evaluated a number of different presentation/graphics technologies including HECL, SVG Tiny, MIDP 3.0, .NET Compact Framework, etc. Moreover, we examed if a pure Flash Lite client application is a viable solution for Mobile TV. The comparison of different presentation technologies showed that Java ME is a comprehensive platform for mobile development offering all the necessary support from third party graphical user interface makers. .NET CF also looks like a good option for development with the scaled down capabilities for different programming languages supported using CLR. / Syftet med denna forskning var att utvärdera Capuchin API lanserades av Sony Ericsson i Lund, Sverige 2008. Den Capuchin API broar Adobe Flash grafik och effekter med JSR stöd från Java ME. Vi utvärderade Capuchin API med avseende på dess lämplighet för ett mobil-tv ansökan. Vi testade detta API i Ericssons TV lab där vi hade tillgång till TV-strömmar och online multimediaresurser genom en mobil-TV-klient. Detta test ansökan hette "Min TV", på engelska: "My TV". Använda Capuchin i Ericsson TV lab miljö har visat att det har vissa fördelar, men också många nackdelar. Flash-utvecklare kan användas för att skapa en animerad användargränssnitt och Java utvecklare kan göra komplexa programmering. På detta tidiga stadium Capuchin tekniken inte mogen, det är inte heller lämpliga för mobil-TV-klient utveckling. Först efter Sony Ericsson lägger till detaljer såsom mjuka nycklar, enklare felsökning av Flash Lite fristående program, testa emulator stöd i Software Development Kit, och mer data kommunikationsmetoder än string och antal, först då kommer det att vara en lämplig teknik för mobil-TV-program . Ericssons nuvarande mobil-tv ansökan klient byggdes med hjälp av en ram som kallas ECAF, som stöder en grafiska gränssnittet och Java ME som backend. Vi jämförde ECAF och min TV med avseende på parametrar såsom flexibilitet, prestanda, minne fotavtryck kod storlek och kostnaden för avhudning. (Alla dessa parametrar förklaras i detalj i den metod kapitel.) Som en möjlig framtida teknik för mobil-TV Vi utvärderade ett antal olika presentation / grafik teknik inklusive HECL, SVG Tiny, MIDP 3.0,. NET Compact Framework, etc. Dessutom har vi examed om en ren Flash Lite klientprogrammet är en hållbar lösning för mobil-TV. Jämförelsen mellan olika presentation teknik visade att Java ME är en övergripande plattform för mobila utvecklingen erbjuder allt nödvändigt stöd från tredje part grafiskt användargränssnitt beslutsfattare. . NET CF också ser ut som ett bra alternativ för utvecklingen med ned kapacitet för olika programspråk som stöds med hjälp av CLR.

The thesis deals with the book collection of the Capuchin monastery in Sušice. It conducts a survey of the history of the collection and elaborates its characteristics in terms of content and language. It carries out provenance research in the collection and looks into the reading culture of the rural monastery. The structure of the work is built on four pillars, each of them expressed in an individual chapter. The first part deals with the historical circumstances related to the arrival of the Capuchin Order in Bohemia and the founding of the monastery in Sušice. These events led to the creation of the monastic library. The second point is a summary discussion about the monastic library, its content and impact on the book culture in Sušice. The third pillar is built upon information on the development and fate of the library in the 20th century. The present status and recent functions of this historical collection is described here in detail. The final part deals with the topic of reading. The conclusion summarizes the results reached.

Ce doctorat trouve son origine dans la compréhension des prises de décision et des comportements collectifs des animaux. Comment ces derniers parviennent-ils à effectuer des choix collectivement ? Comment les membres d’un groupe procèdent-ils pour synchroniser leurs comportements spatialement et temporellement ? Mon principal objectif a été de dégager, lors des déplacements collectifs et du fur rubbing chez le capucin moine, les évènements décisionnels dépendants de processus anonymes de ceux dépendants de processus liés à l’identité des individus et à leur réseau de relations sociales au sein du groupe. Dans les prises de décision collective relatives aux déplacements, les membres du groupe sont influencés dans leurs choix par leur identité sociale mais aussi par des mécanismes anonymes, de type mimétique. Le fur rubbing est également un comportement collectif dont les mécanismes sous-jacents incluent une dépendance interindividuelle de type mimétique. Des mécanismes similaires mettant en jeu des interactions entre individus basées sur des règles comportementales simples se retrouvent dans chacun des phénomènes collectifs étudiés. Ces résultats sont les premiers à démontrer l’émergence de prises de décision collective à partir de telles interactions anonymes dans un groupe de primates non humains. Ils permettent de faire le lien entre choix individuels et comportement collectif et de mieux concevoir comment un groupe de primates peut se coordonner, maintenir sa cohésion spatiale et synchroniser ses activités./How do animals reach collective consensus? How do group members spatially and temporally synchronise their behaviour? My main purpose was to demonstrate the respective roles of anonymous processes (contagion, mimetism) and individual-dependent processes (hierarchical rank, age, sex, kin, social relationships) in collective decision-making. During decision-making relating to collective movements, group members’ decisions depend on their social identity (individual-dependent mechanism) as well as anonymous processes. Fur rubbing is also a collective behaviour involving interindividual dependence with mimetic underlying mechanisms. We found similar mechanisms, involving interindividual interactions according to simple behavioural rules, in both collective phenomenon studied. These results are the first to demonstrate the emergence of collective decision-making based on anonymous interactions in a group of non human primates. They help to understand the link between individual choices and collective behaviour and to appreciate how a social group of primates maintain its spatial cohesion and synchronize its activities.

Intitulée Conflits franco-allemands et présence missionnaire. La fondation et le développement de la mission des Capucins à Madagascar (1932-1960) , cette thèse s’intéresse aux crises qu’ont dû affronter les Capucins d’Alsace lors de leur installation à Madagascar au début des années trente. Le motu proprio de Pie XI, Supremi apostolatus munus, du 2 février 1932, transférant la préfecture apostolique de Mayotte, Nosy-Be et des Comores agrandie, marquait le début de l’aventure missionnaire de ces religieux sur la grande île malgache. Ces derniers héritèrent ce territoire des Pères du Saint-Esprit qui étaient à Nosy-Be depuis 1879. Ainsi, le problème du transfert des biens se posait, lorsqu’ils y arrivèrent. Il se développait dans une querelle entre les anciens et les nouveaux missionnaires et le conflit d’autorité qui affrontait le P. Lopinot avec le Fr. Brillaud de la Congrégation des Frères de Saint-Gabriel et le Comité d’Action populaire catholique de Nossi-Bé. Il s’ajoutait à cela les débats nourris d’arguments identitaires et patriotiques sur l’origine des Capucins venant d’Alsace. L’étude des diverses sources disponibles montre qu’il y avait des tentatives d’accorder à ce problème particulier de changement des missionnaires une dimension diplomatique et politique. Les opposants des religieux d’Alsace évoquaient leur germanité, et par là mettaient en cause leur attachement à la France. Les Capucins d’origine alsacienne furent soupçonnés d’être au service des intérêts allemands et accusés d’être destructeurs des valeurs religieuses et traditions françaises. Il s’agissait de l’instrumentalisation des conflits franco-allemands dans une crise d’autorité et de conflits personnels, puisqu’au niveau politico-diplomatique, cette crise ne représentait pas les différends directs entre l’Allemagne et la France. La première partie de cette thèse s’ouvre avec un chapitre qui retrace l’histoire de l’établissement des Capucins dans la région alsacienne, couvrant la période 1729-1932. L’intégration de l’Alsace-Lorraine à la souveraineté allemande en 1871 eut des conséquences dans l’histoire de la province des Capucins en Alsace, supprimée lors de la Révolution française. Confrontés avec le Kulturkampf, leurs confrères de la Rhénanie-Westphalie s’installèrent dans la région alsacienne en 1888. La province des Capucins dans l’ancien Reichland Elsaß-Lothringen renaît après la Première Guerre mondiale. Le deuxième chapitre s'intéresse à l’évolution des relations franco-allemandes dans la deuxième moitié des années vingt et au début des années trente. Il aborde la question de la mission dans les vicissitudes des rivalités internationales à la fin des hostilités. La réflexion se focalise sur l’Allemagne, la France et le Vatican. Cette partie se termine avec un chapitre consacré au transfert de la préfecture apostolique de Mayotte, Nosy-Be et des Comores aux Capucins d’Alsace en 1932. Ce chapitre décrit brièvement l’histoire de l’évangélisation de ce territoire avant leur arrivée et retrace l’état de la mission dans les régions du Sambirano et de Maromandia vers la fin des années vingt et au début des années trente ; cette période est marquée par le conflit de juridiction entre le vicariat apostolique de Majunga et de Diégo-Suarez. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l’analyse de la crise qui avait mis à l’épreuve l’installation des Capucins venant d’Alsace à Madagascar. Elle examine le litige à propos des biens de la mission entre les anciens et les nouveaux missionnaires. Ces faits se sont déroulés à l’époque du P. Lopinot (1932-1937). Elle aborde aussi le conflit d’autorité entre celui-ci et le Fr. Brillaud, frère de Saint-Gabriel, à propos de la fanfare communale. Leur querelle se situait dans le contexte de la commémoration de l’armistice de 1918. Elle se prolongeait aux conflits et tensions entre le P. Lopinot et les habitants de Nosy-Be. Cette partie relate aussi l’instrumentalisation des conflits franco-allemands dans cette situation..... / The present dissertation, titled French and German conflicts and missionary presence. The foundation and development of the Capuchin mission in Madagascar (1932-1960) deals with the crises that the Capuchin friars from Alsace had to face while settling in Madagascar in the early thirties. On February, 2nd 1932, Pius XI issued the Supremi apostolatus munus, a motu proprio whose effect was to transfer the aggrandized apostolic prefecture of Mayotte, Nosy-Be and the Comoros to the latter. This marked the beginning of a missionary adventure on the large Madagascar Island for those clergymen. They inherited this territory from the Fathers of the Holy Spirit who had been in Nosy-Be since 1879. This transfer, and their arrival brought about the question of the transmission of assets. This became a real issue as it took place in the broader context of a general dispute between former and new missionaries along with a conflict of authority between Father Lopinot and Brother Brillaud from the Congregation of the Brothers of Saint-Gabriel and the Committee for Catholic Popular Action in Nossi-Bé. Added to that, the Capuchin Friars from Alsace were the target of heated debates on grounds such as their origin, identity, or patriotic spirit. The various sources available lay bare a number of attempts at giving a diplomatic and political dimension to the specific problem of the change of missionaries. Opponents of the clergymen from Alsace put forward their German nature, thereby questioning their affiliation with France. Capuchin Friars of Alsatian origin were suspected of acting in the interest of the Germans and were accused of destroying French religious values and traditions. What actually happened was that they were utilising French and Germans conflicts to fuel a crisis of authority and personal conflicts, as in truth, this crisis was by no means representative of the political and diplomatic disagreements between Germany and France. The first chapter of this dissertation recounts the story of the Capuchin settlement in the Alsatian region from 1729 to 1932. The German sovereign power taking over Alsace and Lorraine in 1871 had repercussions on the history of the Capuchin province in Alsace, which was suppressed during the French Revolution. Faced with the Kulturkampf, their fellows from the Rhineland and Westphalia settled in the Alsatian region in 1888. The Capuchin province in former Reichland Elsaß-Lothringen rose again after World War I. The second chapter focuses on the evolution of French and German relationships during the second half of the twenties and early thirties. It addresses the question of the mission in the tumultuous context of international rivalries at the end of hostilities. Specific attention is paid to Germany, France and the Vatican. This part ends on a chapter about the 1932 transfer of the apostolic prefecture of Mayotte, Nosy-Be and the Comoros to the Capuchin Friars from Alsace. This chapter briefly recounts how that territory had been evangelised prior to their arrival and describes the state of the mission in the Sambirano and Maromandia regions around the end of the twenties and early thirties — a period marked by a jurisdiction conflict between the apostolic curacy of Majunga and Diego-Suarez. The second part is devoted to the analysis of the crisis and the hardships the Capuchin Friars from Alsace were faced with as they settled in Madagascar. It examines the contention between former and new missionaries concerning the assets of the mission. This took place under Father Lopinot (1932-1937). This part also tackles the conflict of authority between the latter and Brother Brillaud, a brother of Saint-Gabriel, on the question of the municipal fanfare. Their quarrel took place in the context of the commemoration of the 1918 armistice.....