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Cette thèse est centrée sur le développement de méthodologies d’halocyclopropanations énantiosélectives et sur l’étude des mécanismes de formation de carbénoïdes de zinc ainsi que de leur comportement. Nous avons tout d’abord développé une méthodologie de bromocyclopropanation énantiosélective d’alcools allyliques en modifiant les conditions précédemment décrites par notre groupe pour la synthèse d’iodo- et de chlorocyclopropanes. Désirant améliorer cette réaction -notamment en termes de déchêts générés- nous avons mené plusieurs expériences RMN nous permettant d’élucider la nature de l’espèce carbénoïde active ainsi que le mécanisme de sa formation. Grâce à ces informations, nous avons alors développé plusieurs jeux de conditions menant à de meilleurs résultats tout en limitant les ressources utilisées. Nous avons alors réalisé qu’il était possible d’améliorer les réactions d’halocyclopropanation décrites précédemment par notre groupe de la même façon. Nous nous sommes donc penchés sur la réaction d’iodocyclopropanation dans un premier temps, et avons réussi à augmenter son efficacité générale tout en caractérisant le carbénoïde actif. L’amélioration de la chlorocyclopropanation s’est quant à elle révélée plus ambitieuse : l’association de réactifs devant normalement générer le carbénoïde a mené à l’obtention d’un mélange de composés organométalliques selon des mécanismes d’échanges d’halogènes jusqu’à présent peu étudiés. Afin de contrer ces chemins réactionnels non désirés, un sel de zinc organique a été utilisé et a finalement permis l’amélioration de la réaction de chlorocyclopropanation. Nous avons par la suite décidé d’investiguer ces mécanismes d’échanges d’halogènes sur un large panel de carbénoïdes afin d’en comprendre les raisons et de potentiellement pouvoir les prévoir. / This thesis is focused on the development of enantioselective halocyclopropanation methodologies and the study of both the formation and behaviors of zinc carbenoids. Initially, we developed an enantioselective bromocyclopropanation reaction of allylic alcohols by modifying previous conditions described by our group for the synthesis of iodo- and chlorocyclopropanes. To further improve this reaction with particular regard to mitigating wate production, we performed several NMR experiments that elucidated both the active zinc carbenoid structure and the mechanism of its formation. Based on these findings, we developed modified conditions, providing improved yields without the need for excess reagents. Cognizant of a similar mechanistic pathway for previously developed halocyclopropanations, we applied these mechanistic findings towards improving both the iodocyclopropanation and chlorocyclopropanation reactions. Much to our delight, we successfully improved the efficiency of the iodocyclopropantion and characterized the active zinc carbenoid species. In contrast, the chlorocyclopropanation presented more challenges due to the complex mixture of various organometallic species obtained from the mixing of carbenoid reagents. These results suggested scrambling mechanisms were occuring, which were not really understood until now. In order to avoid those mechanisms, an organic zinc salt was used, providing access to an improved, more efficient chlorocyclopropanation reaction. Finally, we conducted an in-depth investigation into the observed scrambling mechanisms using a wide panel of carbenoids to both understand the causes of such scramblings and to potentially predict when they will occur.

Cette thèse décrit la synthèse de carbénoïdes métalliques et leur application vers l’activation de petites molécules et la réduction catalytique du CO2 par BH3.Le premier chapitre décrit la synthèse d’un nouveau ligand asymétrique Ph2P(S)CH2P(BH3)Ph2. Puis, les complexes monoanioniques et dianioniques de lithium et de magnésium ont pu être synthétisés. Leurs structures ont été résolves par diffraction des rayons X et calculées par DFT.Dans le deuxième chapitre, l'oxydation des complexes dianioniques Ph2P(S)CLi2P(BH3)Ph2 avec C2Cl6 et Ph2P(S)CMgP(BH3)Ph2 avec CBr4, a conduit à une insertion intramoléculaire B-H sans précédent de BH3 sur le carbone central via une espèce carbénoïde. Ensuite, le carbénoïde Ph2P(S)C(Cl)P(S)Ph2Li,fais une insertion intermoléculaire B-H avec BH3. Le mécanisme d’insertion B-H a été étudié par spectroscopie RMN et rationalisé par DFT, impliquant un état de transition avec concomitance de la rupture des liaisons B-H et C-Cl et formation des liaisons Li-Cl et C-H. Cela explique la facilité de l’insertion. Aussi, la tentative d'isolement du carbénoïde de magnésium intermédiaire a été décrite.La synthèse et la réactivité du carbénoïde bis(iminophosphoranyl) de lithium [Ph2P(NMes)C(Cl)P(NMes)Ph2Li] (Mes = 1,3,5-Me3C6H2 ) sont présentées dans le troisième chapitre. La réaction avec BH3 conduit à des espèces de boronium ClC{PPh2NMes}2BH2 et LiBH4.Le quatrième chapitre décrit l'utilisation du composé boronium comme l'un des meilleurs catalyseurs pour la réduction de CO2 par BH3. Un intermédiaire ClC{PPh2NMes}2BH{OC(O)H}, a pu être isolé et un mécanisme de cette transformation a été proposé.Enfin, au chapitre cinq, la synthèse d'une nouvelle espèce carbénoïde de lithium asymétrique (Ph2P(S)C(Cl)P(NMes)Ph2Li a été décrite. La réactivité avec BH3 a été étudiée et a donné une insertion B-H. / The thesis describes the synthesis of metal carbenoids and their application towards small molecule activation and the catalytic reduction of CO2 with borane.Chapter 1 describes the synthesis of a novel unsymmetric phosphonium-stabilized methane ligand, Ph2P(S)CH2P(BH3)Ph2. The monoanionic and dianionic lithium and magnesium derivatives were subsequently synthesized. Their electronic structures were elucidated by X-ray crystallography and DFT calculations.Chapter 2 reports the mild oxidation of the dianionic complexes Ph2P(S)CLi2P(BH3)Ph2,and Ph2P(S)CMgP(BH3)Ph2, with C2Cl6 and CBr4 respectively, which underwent an unprecedented intramolecular B-H insertion with BH3 into the central carbon via a carbenoid species, which readily dimerizes. In addition, the carbenoid Ph2P(S)C(Cl)P(S)Ph2Li, underwent a similar intermolecular B-H insertion with BH3 to form Ph2P(S)CBH2(H)P(S)Ph2. The mechanism of the B-H bond insertion was studied by NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations, which shows the concerted bond breaking of a B-H and C-Cl bond and the bond forming of a Li-Cl and C-H bond. This accounts for the low energy required for the B-H insertion reaction. Moreover, the attempted isolation of the magnesium carbenoid intermediate was described.The synthesis and reactivity of bis(iminophosphoranyl)carbenoid Ph2P(NMes)C(Cl)P(NMes)Ph2Li (Mes = 1,3,5-Me3C6H2 )was presented in Chapter and reacted with BH3 yielding the boronium species. ClC(PPh2NMes)2BH2,Chapter 4 describes the application of the boronium species as one of the best catalyst for CO2 reduction by BH3. An intermediate ClC{PPh2NMes}2BH{OC(O)H}, was isolated and a mechanism of this transformation was proposed.Lastly, in chapter 5, the step wise synthesis of a novel unsymmetric carbenoid Ph2P(S)C(Cl)P(NMes)Ph2Li was described. The reactivity with BH3 was probed and showed a B-H insertion reaction.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20713号 / 工博第4410号 / 新制||工||1685(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科合成・生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 村上 正浩, 教授 杉野目 道紀, 教授 松原 誠二郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Ce travail de thèse décrit la synthèse d’iminosucres bicycliques comportant un carbone quaternaire en jonction de cycle à partir de cétonitrones polyalcoxylées. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’étude de l’addition nucléophile d’a-diazoesters sur des nitrones. Des β-N-hydroxyamino α-diazoesters ont ainsi été obtenus avec succès en employant le bis(triméthylsilyl)amidure de lithium comme base dans le THF à -78 °C. Le traitement de ces hydroxylamines par différents catalyseurs métalliques a conduit à la formation de cétonitrones inédites par migration 1,2 d’hydrure. Le triflate d’argent et le tétrakis acétonitrile hexafluorophosphate de cuivre ont été les catalyseurs les plus performants et ont permis de préparer dix nouvelles cétonitrones cycliques α-alcoxyméthylcarbonylées. Leur réactivité vis-à-vis de divers dipolarophiles a été explorée. Les cycloadduits résultant de la réaction de ces cétonitrones avec l’alcool allylique et l’alcool homoallylique ont été convertis en pyrrolizidines et en indolizidines par réduction de la liaison N-O en employant le molybdène hexacarbonyle. Des modifications fonctionnelles (réduction de la fonction ester et hydrogénolyse des éthers benzyliques) ont permis d’accéder à six nouveaux iminosucres bicycliques comportant un carbone quaternaire en jonction de cycle. L’évaluation biologique de ces molécules en tant qu’inhibiteurs de glycosidases a révélé que parmi elles, deux indolizidines étaient des inhibiteurs puissants et sélectifs d’α-glucosidases. / This manuscript reports the synthesis of bicyclic iminosugars bearing a quaternary carbon at their ring junction from polyalkoxylated ketonitrones. Firstly we have studied the nucleophilic addition of α-diazoesters to nitrones. The expected β-N-hydroxyamino α-diazoesters were successfully obtained by using lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide as base in THF at -78 °C. Treatment of these hydroxylamines with different metal catalyst induced 1,2-hydride shift and lead to unprecedented ketonitrones. To promote this transformation, silver triflate and tetrakis acetonitrile copper hexafluorophosphate were the most effective catalyst and ten new α-alkoxymethylcarbonyl cyclic ketonitrones were prepared. Their reactivity as 1,3-dipoles in cycloaddition reactions with various dipolarophiles was investigated. Cycloadducts obtained from the reaction between these ketonitrones and allyl alcohol or homoallyl alcohol were coverted into the corresponding pyrrolizidines or indolizidines by a molybdenum-catalyzed N-O bond cleavage. Subsequent modifications (ester reduction and benzylic ethers hydrogenolysis) gave acess to six new bicyclic iminosugars which are substituted at their ring junction. Among these molecules, the inhibitory activity evaluation revealed two potent and selective inhibitors of α-glucosidases.

Chapter 1: Metal carbenoids in organic synthesis The chapter describes the phenomena of metal carbenoid insertion reactions in two parts: Part A, and Part B. The study of N-tosylhydrazones as diazo precursor was commenced by Jose Barluenga in 2007,1 which demonstrated an in-situ generation of diazo species and trapping of that with low valent palladium catalyst (Scheme 1). Later, this palladium-carbenoid assumption was supported by few reports. Some of these discoveries were by D. F. Taber in 1986 followed by van Vranken in 1999 & 2001.2 These studies of palladium carbenes were supplemented by several groups in subsequent years. The consequent developments with N-tosylhydrazones as diazo source were very fruitful and produced exceptional chemical transformations in recent years. Though the precursor is also vastly customary for other metals such as Cu, Ni, Rh and Co, the primary focus has been given to Pd catalysis due to its wide utility and applicability. 1) Barluenga, J.; Moriel, P.; Valdes, C.; Aznar, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 5587. 2) (a) Taber, D. F.; Amedio, J. C., Jr.; Sherrill, R. G. J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 3382. (b) Hoye, T. R.; Dinsmore, C. J.; Johnson, D. S.; Korkowski, P. F. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 4518. (c) Greenman, K. L.; Carter, D. S.; Van Vranken, D. L Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 5219. 3) Palladium catalysed coupling of tosylhydrazones with aryl and heteroaryl halides in the absence of external ligands: synthesis of substituted olefins, Ojha, D. P.; Prabhu, K. R. J. Org. Chem., 2013, 78, 12136. Modes of reactivity of a metal-carbene Scheme 1 Cascade carbene migratory insertion process Part A: Ligand-free coupling of tosylhydrazones with aryl & heteroaryl halides In this part, Palladium catalysed cross-coupling reaction of hydrazones with aryl halides in absence of an external ligand is reported. The versatility of this coupling reaction has been demonstrated by showcasing the selectivity of coupling reaction in presence of hydroxyl and amine functional groups. This method allows synthesizing a variety of heterocyclic compounds, which are otherwise difficult to access from traditional methods. Application of the present methodology is validated in tandem reaction of ketones to the corresponding substituted olefins in a single pot experiment. Few examples are illustrated below in Scheme 2.3 Scheme 2: Scope of aryl halide coupling with tosylhydrazones Part B: Pd-catalysed Synthesis of Highly Branched Dienes The regioselective formation of highly branched dienes is a challenging task. Design and exploration of alternative working models to achieve such a regioselectivity to accomplish highly branched dienes is considered to be a historical advancement of Heck reaction to construct branched dienes. On the basis of the utility of carbene transfer reactions, in the reaction of hydrazones with Pd(II) under oxidative conditions, we envisioned obtaining a Pd-bis-carbene complex with α-hydrogens, which can lead to branched dienes. Herein, we report a novel Pd catalyzed selective coupling reaction of hydrazones in presence of tert-BuOLi and benzoquinone oxidant to form corresponding branched dienes (Scheme 3).4 The utility of the Pd catalyst for cross-coupling reactions for synthesizing branched conjugated dienes are rare. The reaction is very versatile and compatible with a variety of functional groups and is useful in synthesizing heterocyclic molecules. We anticipate that this Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction will open new avenues for synthesizing useful compounds. 4) Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of hydrazones: regioselective synthesis of highly branched dienes, Ojha, D. P.; Prabhu, K. R. J. Org. Chem., 2012, 77, 11027. 5) Furrow, M. E.; Myers, A. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 5436. 6) Taber, D. F.; Guo, P.; Guo, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 11179. Scheme 3: diene synthesis via bis-carbene insertion process Chapter 2: Tosylhydrazones: Role in modern day organic synthesis In recent days, hydrazone based reactions are focused on the donor-acceptor ability of the hydrazones or the in-situ generated diazo species (Scheme 4). This commenced with the Myers’s report in 2004,5 which simplifies the Barton vinyl halide preparation with a remarkable revision on synthesis of alkyl-silyl-hydrazones and its applications. Improved methods of using tosylhydrazones were demonstrated by Aggarwal in successive years. Cycloadditions were implemented by Douglass F. Taber. 6 This study was enriched in a quite fascinating way by several groups such as Jose Barluenga, with many reductive coupling reactions and 1, 3-dipolar reactions. Thomson, in a very interesting report shows the traceless petasis reaction with hydrazones and also worked in many other prospects such as three component reactions and the acid catalysed [3+3] sigmatropic reactions of hydrazones. 7 Wang has also impressed with very attractive transformations in the past decade. 8 7) Thomson, R. J. et al. Nat. Chem. 2009, 1, 494. 8) Xiao, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, J. Acc. Chem. Res. 2012, 46, 236. 9) Regioselective Synthesis of vinyl halides, vinyl sulfones, and alkynes: A tandem intermolecular nucleophilic and electrophilic vinylation of tosylhydrazones, Ojha, D. P.; Prabhu, K. R. Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 18. Scheme 4: Trapping diazo species in intermolecular fashion Part A: Synthesis of vinyl halides Trapping diazo species in an intermolecular fashion by attack of two independent ions (a cation followed by an anion) in tandem at the carbene center is unprecedented. As part of our efforts on the utility of tosylhydrazones, herein we report a novel approach of using ambiphilic diazo species to perform a tandem attack of a nucleophile followed by an electrophile in an intermolecular fashion for synthesizing various types of vinyl halides. A few representative examples are shown in Scheme 5.9 Scheme5: Synthesis if vinyl halides Part B: Synthesis of vinyl sulfones Vinyl sulfones are potential synthetic targets due to their presence in biologically and pharmaceutically important molecules ranging from small natural metabolites to proteins, and have found widespread applications in biological research as covalent protease inhibitors. Vinyl sulfones represent one of the important sulfur containing functional groups in organic chemistry, which are generally synthesized through elimination reactions, oxidation of vinyl sulfides or witting reactions using multistep sequence. Following this technique, we were able to synthesize a variety of vinyl sulfones with rich mechanistic features in a single step. A few such examples are documented in Scheme 6.9 Scheme 6: synthesis of vinyl sulfones Part C: Synthesis of alkynes The functional group conversion to achieve alkyne frameworks are generally a difficult transformation. There are very few limited and tedious processes are available in literature, mainly containing multi-step procedures. Additionally these reactions are require harsh conditions. Considering all these factors, there is a need for developing methods to synthesize alkynes from common functional groups under mild reactions conditions. In a similar way, to introduce different halogens at the same carbon, we expected the eliminations of the leaving groups in tandem formed alkynes. After extensive screening studies, it was pleasing to find that the reaction of tosylhydrazones with NCS−BTEAC, NBS−TBAB, or NIS−TBAI combination in presence of K2CO3 in dioxane as solvent at 110 °C can furnish corresponding acetylene derivatives in good yields. Few examples are shown in Scheme 7.9 Scheme 7: Trapping diazo species in intermolecular fashion Chapter 3: Pd catalysed hydroboration This chapter shows a hydroboration study of terminal alkynes in a highly regioselective manner (Scheme 8). Organoboron derivatives have become essential intermediates in organic and medicinal chemistry. Pioneering contributions are made by Brown and Akira Suzuki, who both instigated the development of new synthetic tools for the introduction of boron atoms onto organic molecules. 10 10) (a) Barbeyron, R.; Benedetti, E.; Cossy, J.; Vasseur, J.-J.; Arseniyadis, S.; Smietana, M. Tetrahedron 2014, 70, 8431. (b) Miyaura, N.; Suzuki, A. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2457. 11) Pd-Catalysed regioselective borylation of alkynes: A ligand controlled synthesis of α- and β vinyl boronates (manuscript submitted). Scheme 8: possibility of site selectivity in hydroboration Part A: Pd-catalysed regioselective borylation of alkynes: A ligand controlled synthesis of α and β – vinyl boronates The metal catalyzed borylations of alkynes proceeds in a two-step process. Initially M-Bpin species undergo an addition onto the alkynes to generate organometallic species followed by quenching of the organometallic species with electrophiles. The addition M-Bpin species is regioselective governed by the steric and electronics factors of both metal complex as well as alkyne substituents. In this direction, a palladium catalysed α-selective borylation was achieved for terminal alkynes. A broad range of substrates were successfully borylated under optimized reaction conditions with very high selectivity. Interestingly, the selectivity was reversed to terminal site by using a NHC ligand. A few examples are shown in Scheme 9.11 Scheme 9: α & β-vinyl boronates Chapter 4: Pd/borane unit: Behavior towards isomerization vs reduction of alkenes This study presents a unique behaviour of palladium-boronate unit responsible for olefin chain walking and olefin reduction reactions (Scheme 10). The catalytic system stands efficient against both functionalized and unfunctionalized olefin isomerization as well as reductions. This study has been presented in two parts. Scheme 10: isomerization vs reduction Part A: Pd/ boronates or borane unit as efficient catalytic systems for olefin chain walk This study presents the behaviour of palladium-boronate unit responsible for olefin chain walking. The catalytic system is efficient for both functionalized and unfunctionalized olefin isomerizations (Scheme 11). Cycloisomerization of transient conjugated alkenes to synthesize heterocycles are prominent applications of this technique. The system describes a concept of olefin activation by coordination with Pd-borane complex, this complex assists in a facile [1,3]-hydride shift. This technique allows us to facilitate an isomerization in functionalized as well as unfunctionalized olefinic systems. Considering the substrates scope, the catalytic cycle tolerates various sensitive functional groups and shows good selectivity. In the following Scheme 11 few examples are depicted.12 12) Palladium/boron catalytic unit for olefin chain-walk (manuscript under preparation). Scheme 11: chain-walking of olefins. Part B: Palladium catalysed boronate promoted alkene reduction in water In this work, water has been employed as a source of hydrogen. The reduction of alkenes was achieved using Pd catalyst in presence of bis(pinacolato)diboron and H2O. In this aspect, the utility of water as hydrogen equivalent is the pertinent as well as beneficial with many advantages. Few representative examples are shown in Scheme 12.13 13) Pd-Catalysed homogeneous hydrogenation of olefins by using water as hydrogen source (manuscript under preparation). Scheme 12: synthesis of alkenes reduced products.

Les cyclopropanes sont des unités qui sont très importantes en raison de leur présence dans de nombreux produits naturels, dans certaines molécules synthétiques ayant une activité biologique, ainsi que dans plusieurs intermédiaires synthétiques. Les travaux décrits dans cet ouvrage portent sur l’halogénocyclopropanation stéréosélective d’alcools allyliques en présence d’un ligand chiral stœchiométrique de type dioxaborolane et de carbénoïdes de zinc substitués dérivés de composés organozinciques et d’haloformes. Nous avons ainsi développé des conditions pour l’iodo-, la chloro- et la fluorocyclopropanation stéréosélective. Une étude mécanistique portant sur la nature des carbénoïdes alpha-chlorés et alpha-bromés a révélé qu’il y a un échange des halogènes portés par ces carbénoïdes. Lors de la chlorocyclopropanation, le carbénoïde le plus réactif (alpha-chloré) réagit de façon prédominante en vertu du principe de Curtin-Hammet. Les iodocyclopropanes énantioenrichis ont pu être fonctionnalisés via une réaction d’échange lithium-iode suivie du traitement avec des électrophiles, ou via une réaction de transmétallation au zinc suivie d’un couplage de Negishi. Ainsi, toute une gamme de cyclopropanes 1,2,3-substitués énantioenrichis a pu être synthétisée. Dans l’optique de développer de nouvelles méthodologies de fonctionnalisation des cyclopropanes, nous nous sommes par la suite tournés vers le couplage croisé de type Hiyama-Denmark des cyclopropylsilanols. Dans cette voie synthétique, le groupement silanol a deux fonctions : il sert de groupement proximal basique lors de la cyclopropanation de Simmons-Smith et il subit la transmétallation au cours du couplage croisé. Dans l’étape du couplage croisé, la nature des ligands liés à l’atome de silicium s’est avérée cruciale au bon déroulement de la réaction. Ainsi, l’échange de ligands avec le diéthyl éthérate de trifluoroborane générant le cyclopropyltrifluorosilane in situ est requis pour obtenir de bons rendements. Le dernier volet de cet ouvrage porte sur la cyclisation d’iodures d’alkyle par substitution aromatique par voie homolytique catalysée par le nickel. Une série de composés de type tétrahydronaphtalène et thiochromane ont été préparés selon cette méthode. Une étude mécanistique a confirmé la nature radicalaire de cette réaction et suggère fortement l’action catalytique du nickel. De plus, des études de spectrométrie RMN DOSY ont montré une association entre le complexe de nickel et le substrat ainsi que la base employés dans cette réaction. / Cyclopropanes are important subunits because of their presence in numerous bioactive natural products and synthetic molecules as well as synthetic intermediates. In this work we have investigated the stereoselective halocyclopropanation of allylic alcohols using a dioxaborolane-type stoichiometric chiral ligand and substituted zinc carbenoids derived from organozinc compounds and haloforms. We have thus developed conditions for the stereoselective iodo-, chloro- and fluorocyclopropanation reactions. A mechanistic study on the nature of alpha-chloro and alpha-bromomethylzinc carbenoids has revealed that halogen scrambling is taking place in the case of these carbenoids. During the chlorocyclopropanation reaction, the most reactive carbenoid (alpha-chloromethyl zinc) reacts predominantly, in line with the Curtin-Hammet principle. The enantioenriched iodocyclopropanes have been functionalized through a lithium-iodine exchange followed by treatment with electrophiles or transmetallation to zinc and Negishi cross-coupling. Therefore, a wide array of enantioenriched 1,2,3-substituted cyclopropanes have been synthesized using these methods. In order to develop new methodologies for the functionalization of cyclopropanes, we have studied the Hiyama-Denmark cross-coupling of cyclopropylsilanols. In this approach, the silanol group bears two functions: it serves as a proximal basic group in the Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation and it is involved in the transmetallation event during the cross-coupling reaction. In the cross-coupling step, the nature of the ligands bound to the silicon atom is crucial to the efficiency of the reaction. Hence, the in situ formation of the cyclopropyltrifluorosilane via a ligand exchange with boron trifluoride etherate is required for good yields. The final chapter of this work is on the nickel-catalyzed cyclization of alkyl iodides via a homolytic aromatic substitution mechanism. A series of tetrahydronaphthalene and thiochroman related compounds have been synthesized using this methodology. A mechanistic study has confirmed the radical nature of this reaction and strongly suggests the catalytic role of nickel. DOSY NMR spectrometric investigations have demonstrated an association between substrate, the base employed in this reaction and the nickel complex.

Les cyclopropanes sont des unités qui sont très importantes en raison de leur présence dans de nombreux produits naturels, dans certaines molécules synthétiques ayant une activité biologique, ainsi que dans plusieurs intermédiaires synthétiques. Les travaux décrits dans cet ouvrage portent sur l’halogénocyclopropanation stéréosélective d’alcools allyliques en présence d’un ligand chiral stœchiométrique de type dioxaborolane et de carbénoïdes de zinc substitués dérivés de composés organozinciques et d’haloformes. Nous avons ainsi développé des conditions pour l’iodo-, la chloro- et la fluorocyclopropanation stéréosélective. Une étude mécanistique portant sur la nature des carbénoïdes alpha-chlorés et alpha-bromés a révélé qu’il y a un échange des halogènes portés par ces carbénoïdes. Lors de la chlorocyclopropanation, le carbénoïde le plus réactif (alpha-chloré) réagit de façon prédominante en vertu du principe de Curtin-Hammet. Les iodocyclopropanes énantioenrichis ont pu être fonctionnalisés via une réaction d’échange lithium-iode suivie du traitement avec des électrophiles, ou via une réaction de transmétallation au zinc suivie d’un couplage de Negishi. Ainsi, toute une gamme de cyclopropanes 1,2,3-substitués énantioenrichis a pu être synthétisée. Dans l’optique de développer de nouvelles méthodologies de fonctionnalisation des cyclopropanes, nous nous sommes par la suite tournés vers le couplage croisé de type Hiyama-Denmark des cyclopropylsilanols. Dans cette voie synthétique, le groupement silanol a deux fonctions : il sert de groupement proximal basique lors de la cyclopropanation de Simmons-Smith et il subit la transmétallation au cours du couplage croisé. Dans l’étape du couplage croisé, la nature des ligands liés à l’atome de silicium s’est avérée cruciale au bon déroulement de la réaction. Ainsi, l’échange de ligands avec le diéthyl éthérate de trifluoroborane générant le cyclopropyltrifluorosilane in situ est requis pour obtenir de bons rendements. Le dernier volet de cet ouvrage porte sur la cyclisation d’iodures d’alkyle par substitution aromatique par voie homolytique catalysée par le nickel. Une série de composés de type tétrahydronaphtalène et thiochromane ont été préparés selon cette méthode. Une étude mécanistique a confirmé la nature radicalaire de cette réaction et suggère fortement l’action catalytique du nickel. De plus, des études de spectrométrie RMN DOSY ont montré une association entre le complexe de nickel et le substrat ainsi que la base employés dans cette réaction. / Cyclopropanes are important subunits because of their presence in numerous bioactive natural products and synthetic molecules as well as synthetic intermediates. In this work we have investigated the stereoselective halocyclopropanation of allylic alcohols using a dioxaborolane-type stoichiometric chiral ligand and substituted zinc carbenoids derived from organozinc compounds and haloforms. We have thus developed conditions for the stereoselective iodo-, chloro- and fluorocyclopropanation reactions. A mechanistic study on the nature of alpha-chloro and alpha-bromomethylzinc carbenoids has revealed that halogen scrambling is taking place in the case of these carbenoids. During the chlorocyclopropanation reaction, the most reactive carbenoid (alpha-chloromethyl zinc) reacts predominantly, in line with the Curtin-Hammet principle. The enantioenriched iodocyclopropanes have been functionalized through a lithium-iodine exchange followed by treatment with electrophiles or transmetallation to zinc and Negishi cross-coupling. Therefore, a wide array of enantioenriched 1,2,3-substituted cyclopropanes have been synthesized using these methods. In order to develop new methodologies for the functionalization of cyclopropanes, we have studied the Hiyama-Denmark cross-coupling of cyclopropylsilanols. In this approach, the silanol group bears two functions: it serves as a proximal basic group in the Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation and it is involved in the transmetallation event during the cross-coupling reaction. In the cross-coupling step, the nature of the ligands bound to the silicon atom is crucial to the efficiency of the reaction. Hence, the in situ formation of the cyclopropyltrifluorosilane via a ligand exchange with boron trifluoride etherate is required for good yields. The final chapter of this work is on the nickel-catalyzed cyclization of alkyl iodides via a homolytic aromatic substitution mechanism. A series of tetrahydronaphthalene and thiochroman related compounds have been synthesized using this methodology. A mechanistic study has confirmed the radical nature of this reaction and strongly suggests the catalytic role of nickel. DOSY NMR spectrometric investigations have demonstrated an association between substrate, the base employed in this reaction and the nickel complex.