This literature study concerned the use and function of the radioactive isotope carbon-14, as a dating method of organic material, within the scientific field of physical geography. In this report it is presented the need of atmospheric calibration curves and the development of these as a necessity to translate carbon-14 years to calibrated calendar years. A number of common age-depth models that is used to give an approximation of an accumulation sequence and its related dates over the actual time period in different natural archives is presented and discussed. Different problems that commonly occur when age-depth models are utilized as for instance reservoir effects, contaminations or other age deviations are addressed and analyzed. The software CLAM in presented and discussed and was also used to produce age-depth models. In order to test the impact of different age-depth models used to date the immigration of Picea Abies in the Swedish landscape during Holocene, five lake sediment cores and their pollen profiles was remodeled using CLAM. The outcome of the remodeling suggest that the impact of choosing “wrong” age-depth model was of little importance for these chosen lakes, as the deviating ages between the statistically best and the statistically worst model, was just 2% on average. Calendar years derived from carbon-14 dating should not be considered an absolute truth as it is always an uncertainty involved, and the choice of age-depth model for dating a sequence should be based on scientific knowledge of the actual area.

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Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) is a sensitive technique for the analysis of rare isotopes. Optimizing the output of the cesium-sputter ion source is a fundamental method for improving measurement precision, efficiency, and reliability. Several strategies for improving the ion source are discussed and lead to an understanding of the electrodynamics within the ion source to inform further improvement in design and operating parameters. At the Andr´e E. Lalonde Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (Lalonde AMS), the High Voltage Engineering Europa (HVEE) SO-110C ion source was modelled using Integrated Engineering Software (IES)’s Lorentz-2E ion trajectory simulation software. Lorentz-2E incorporates the mutual space-charge interaction between the positively charged cesium ion beam and the sputtered negative ion beam. A critical component of this work was the development of the Rijke code. Rijke communicates with Lorentz-2E to initiate, generate, and run varied sequences of simulations, as well as analyze and record the input and output data in formats convenient for timely analysis. This software and its interconnection with Lorentz- 2E is described in extensive detail for a prospective user. Initial simulation work examined the effects of modifying various electrode geometries within the source such as the extraction cone, the target aperture, a simple cratered sample model as well as examining the effects of varying the cesium ion current. The self-repulsion of cesium was found to be important at currents of 250 µA and above. At high enough cesium currents, the expansion of the cesium beam is such that parts of it impinge outside the extents of the sample material. Through both simulation and experiment, it was demonstrated that this effect can be mitigated by either recessing (translating along the axis of symmetry away from the ionizer) the target holding the sample or by adjusting the potential difference between the target and ionizer. Experimentally, at routine settings (6 kV target to ionizer potential, 115 ◦C cesium oven temperature, and 35 keV output energy), a target recess of 1 mm gave the most stable and sustained output of 12C from graphite blanks. While the peak current was less than the unrecessed case, the total measured charge from the recessed target was higher. Cesium currents at these routine settings were found to be below the theoretical space-charge limited maximum. Using 10Be standards, a multi-dimensional experimental study examined the effects of increasing the cesium current, adjusting the target-ionizer potential from 4 to 11 kV, while also examining target recesses of 0 to 4 mm. Multiple combinations of these settings produced enhanced currents of 9Be2+, measured at the high-energy offset Faraday cup, as high as 13.5 µA. This was higher than previously observed, resulting in the most precise measurement of 10Be performed to date at Lalonde AMS. The electrodynamics within the ion source can be characterized as three competing processes: a) a strong locus of positive space charge located at the centre of the sample, depending primarily on the focusing of the cesium beam, which draws negative ions across the axis of symmetry; b) a bulk positive space charge external to the negative ion beam, depending primarily on the magnitude of the cesium current, draws the outer-most negative ions away from the axis; and c) the raw field from the electrode potentials and geometry which is mainly defocusing for negative ions. These effects are mitigated the most when the cesium beam is distributed across the entire sample surface with the additional critical benefit of maximizing the sample material accessed for sputtering. This thesis work has demonstrated that both the mutual and self space-charge interaction of the cesium and negative ion beams were critically important and that the use of the simulation software can inform both improved design and operation settings of the ion source.

En France, le cycle actuel de traitement du combustible usé génère un rejet de carbone 14 (déchet à vie longue, période  5730 ans) dans la géosphère. Ce document apporte des premiers éléments scientifiques et techniques pour évaluer la faisabilité d’un conditionnement du carbone, en tant qu’alternative aux rejets. Un matériau de type céramique a été choisi en raison d’un volume spécifique de 2 à 4 L.kg-1 de carbone, contre 12 à 17 L.kg-1 de carbone pour la cimentation actuellement mise en œuvre industriellement à l’étranger, afin de limiter les volumes produits en prévision d’un stockage géologique potentiel. La phase barytocalcite BaCa(CO3)2 a été étudiée en termes de (i) mode de synthèse compatible avec la forme existante du carbone 14 dans le cycle (ii) solidification par traitement thermique et (iii) résistance à la lixiviation. La barytocalcite a pu être obtenue par précipitation et densifiée à plus de 95% avec un frittage SPS de 30 min à 450°C sous 70 MPa typiquement, et ce, sans perte de carbone. Toutefois, le matériau présente une durabilité chimique limitée en eau pure à 30°C mais le carbone relâché précipite sous la forme de BaCO3 et CaCO3. Malgré cela, la potentialité de la barytocalcite en tant que matériau de conditionnement du carbone 14 reste réelle en raison des propriétés de rétention du site de stockage potentiel. Dans une seconde partie, ce document présente des résultats de caractérisation par diffusion et diffraction de rayons X appliqués à des matériaux liés à la R&D sur le traitement de déchets nucléaires. / In France, the current recycling process of the spent nuclear fuel produces a carbon-14 release in the geosphere (long life radionuclide, half-life  5730 y). This document provides scientific and technical data to evaluate the feasibility of carbon conditioning as an alternative to its release. A ceramic type material was chosen because of a specific volume of 2-4 L/kg of carbon, against 12-17 L/kg of carbon for the cementation process currently implemented industrially abroad, to limit the volumes in the case of a potential geological storage. The barytocalcite phase BaCa(CO3)2 has been studied in terms of (i) synthesis process compatible with the existing form of carbon-14 in the cycle (ii) solidification by heat treatment and (iii) leach resistance. The barytocalcite has been obtained by precipitation and densified to more than 95% with SPS sintering for 30 min at 450°C under 70 MPa, without any loss of carbon. This phase has a limited chemical durability in pure water at 30°C but the released carbon ions precipitate as BaCO3 and CaCO3. However the potentiality of barytocalcite as a carbon 14 conditioning matrix remains interesting because of the retention properties of the potential storage site. In a second part, this document provides the results of characterizations made by X-rays scattering and diffraction on different phases in relation with the nuclear waste conditioning R&D.

名古屋大学年代測定総合研究センターシンポジウム報告

Human milk contains ~ 25 µg/mL of soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14) protein, a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that triggers the innate immune system to respond to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To date, the role of CD14 in the digestive tract of breast fed infants has not been well characterized and is the subject of this thesis. To investigate the biodistribution of proteins such as CD14 in vivo, a novel method for 14C radiolabeling of proteins to high specific radioactivity was developed using in vacuo methylation. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and casein were used as test proteins to determine the following: 1) The efficacy of the in vacuo radiolabeling procedure; 2) The extent of incorporation of the 14C-label into the organs of oro-gastric gavaged 10 day old Sprague Dawley rats. [14C]BSA, [14C]casein and [14C]CD14 were prepared with specific radioactivities of 10 400, 10 800 and 163 000 dpm/µg, respectively. After feeding 6.25 µg of 14C-labeled proteins, quantifiable levels of 14C were found in the stomach, jejunum, duodenum, ileum, large intestine, intestinal luminal flushes, blood, liver, spleen and kidneys of rats. The accumulation of radiolabel in the organs of [14C]CD14 fed rats was temporally and spatially distinct from [14C]BSA and [14C]casein. Most notably, the label persisted in the stomach 480 min post-gavage. To design a neonate animal model for biodistribution, the segmental and total gastrointestinal transit times (GItt) were measured in two litters of 10 and 15 day old Sprague Dawley rat pups using barium sulfate. Ten day old rat pups that remained with and without the dam had a total gastrointestinal transit time of 13.8 ± 0.9 hr and 9.3 ± 0.7 hr, respectively. This decrease (p<0.05) in total gastrointestinal transit time in the absence of the dam was age dependent, as it was not observed (p>0.05) in the 15 day old rat pup litter. The immunological impact of an exogenous sCD14 source was examined in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Pre-treatment of CD14+ monocytes with sCD14 had a protective effect, one of reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β) when challenged with LPS. 14C was absorbed by neonate rats upon ingestion of [14C]CD14 and exposure to relatively high concentrations of rCD14 led to a reduction in inflammation. This may be beneficial to initial gut colonization in breast-fed newborns. / Alexander Graham Bell NSERC CGS M scholarship. Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences, Summer in Japan Fellowship. Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Institute of Nutrition Metabolism and Diabetes Grant #82816 “Fate and function of breast milk and recombinant human CD14 at mammary and newborn gastrointestinal mucosal epithelia”.

Human milk contains ~ 25 µg/mL of soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14) protein, a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that triggers the innate immune system to respond to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To date, the role of CD14 in the digestive tract of breast fed infants has not been well characterized and is the subject of this thesis. To investigate the biodistribution of proteins such as CD14 in vivo, a novel method for 14C radiolabeling of proteins to high specific radioactivity was developed using in vacuo methylation. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and casein were used as test proteins to determine the following: 1) The efficacy of the in vacuo radiolabeling procedure; 2) The extent of incorporation of the 14C-label into the organs of oro-gastric gavaged 10 day old Sprague Dawley rats. [14C]BSA, [14C]casein and [14C]CD14 were prepared with specific radioactivities of 10 400, 10 800 and 163 000 dpm/µg, respectively. After feeding 6.25 µg of 14C-labeled proteins, quantifiable levels of 14C were found in the stomach, jejunum, duodenum, ileum, large intestine, intestinal luminal flushes, blood, liver, spleen and kidneys of rats. The accumulation of radiolabel in the organs of [14C]CD14 fed rats was temporally and spatially distinct from [14C]BSA and [14C]casein. Most notably, the label persisted in the stomach 480 min post-gavage. To design a neonate animal model for biodistribution, the segmental and total gastrointestinal transit times (GItt) were measured in two litters of 10 and 15 day old Sprague Dawley rat pups using barium sulfate. Ten day old rat pups that remained with and without the dam had a total gastrointestinal transit time of 13.8 ± 0.9 hr and 9.3 ± 0.7 hr, respectively. This decrease (p<0.05) in total gastrointestinal transit time in the absence of the dam was age dependent, as it was not observed (p>0.05) in the 15 day old rat pup litter. The immunological impact of an exogenous sCD14 source was examined in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Pre-treatment of CD14+ monocytes with sCD14 had a protective effect, one of reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β) when challenged with LPS. 14C was absorbed by neonate rats upon ingestion of [14C]CD14 and exposure to relatively high concentrations of rCD14 led to a reduction in inflammation. This may be beneficial to initial gut colonization in breast-fed newborns. / Alexander Graham Bell NSERC CGS M scholarship. Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences, Summer in Japan Fellowship. Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Institute of Nutrition Metabolism and Diabetes Grant #82816 “Fate and function of breast milk and recombinant human CD14 at mammary and newborn gastrointestinal mucosal epithelia”.

This study is a conclusion of radiocarbon datings which are depend on evaluations of archaeologists or scholars who publishes these datings. So it is very attached to observations of those scholars especially for determining sub-phases of samples which are dated. According to these datings, the radiocarbon story of Anatolian Early Bronze Age starts with a dating from Troia from 3760 cal. BC and ends with a dating from &Ccedil / adirh&ouml / y&uuml / k in 1630 cal. BC. Of course these dates are the lower and higher borders of the 68% probability band. As a result of assessments of all datings it can be said that the beginning of Early Broze Age in Anatolia is started equally more or less in every region at the same time interval that corresponds 3700/3400 BC and continued 800 years approximately. Although error deviation bands overlap onto each other, it is possible to say that the EB2 period of Anatolia ruled between 2800-2400 BC roughly. In this work it can be observed that the ending of the Early Bronze Age in Anatolia generally not ocured simultaneously. Sos H&ouml / y&uuml / k for example in the East Anatolia for example, drawing a very special profile with an ending date 2300 BC for the Early Bronze Age. Some other sites giving results as late as nearly in 18th. and 17th. century BC. For the timing of the end of Early Bronze Age in Anatolia, it can be said that, inequality among the sites are more likely other than regions.

Human milk contains ~ 25 µg/mL of soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14) protein, a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that triggers the innate immune system to respond to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To date, the role of CD14 in the digestive tract of breast fed infants has not been well characterized and is the subject of this thesis. To investigate the biodistribution of proteins such as CD14 in vivo, a novel method for 14C radiolabeling of proteins to high specific radioactivity was developed using in vacuo methylation. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and casein were used as test proteins to determine the following: 1) The efficacy of the in vacuo radiolabeling procedure; 2) The extent of incorporation of the 14C-label into the organs of oro-gastric gavaged 10 day old Sprague Dawley rats. [14C]BSA, [14C]casein and [14C]CD14 were prepared with specific radioactivities of 10 400, 10 800 and 163 000 dpm/µg, respectively. After feeding 6.25 µg of 14C-labeled proteins, quantifiable levels of 14C were found in the stomach, jejunum, duodenum, ileum, large intestine, intestinal luminal flushes, blood, liver, spleen and kidneys of rats. The accumulation of radiolabel in the organs of [14C]CD14 fed rats was temporally and spatially distinct from [14C]BSA and [14C]casein. Most notably, the label persisted in the stomach 480 min post-gavage. To design a neonate animal model for biodistribution, the segmental and total gastrointestinal transit times (GItt) were measured in two litters of 10 and 15 day old Sprague Dawley rat pups using barium sulfate. Ten day old rat pups that remained with and without the dam had a total gastrointestinal transit time of 13.8 ± 0.9 hr and 9.3 ± 0.7 hr, respectively. This decrease (p<0.05) in total gastrointestinal transit time in the absence of the dam was age dependent, as it was not observed (p>0.05) in the 15 day old rat pup litter. The immunological impact of an exogenous sCD14 source was examined in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Pre-treatment of CD14+ monocytes with sCD14 had a protective effect, one of reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β) when challenged with LPS. 14C was absorbed by neonate rats upon ingestion of [14C]CD14 and exposure to relatively high concentrations of rCD14 led to a reduction in inflammation. This may be beneficial to initial gut colonization in breast-fed newborns. / Alexander Graham Bell NSERC CGS M scholarship. Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences, Summer in Japan Fellowship. Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Institute of Nutrition Metabolism and Diabetes Grant #82816 “Fate and function of breast milk and recombinant human CD14 at mammary and newborn gastrointestinal mucosal epithelia”.