This thesis is a collection of four papers that explore the economics of forest carbon sequestration and optimal harvest decision, considering carbon storage in three major carbon pools: biomass, dead organic matter and wood product. The first three papers use a dynamic programming approach to determine the optimal harvest decision for a forest stand in the boreal forest of western Canada that provides both timber harvest volume and carbon sequestration services. The last paper uses an analytical model to confirm the findings in the first three papers that show that the optimal rotation age is dependent on the carbon stocks in the dead organic matter and wood product pools. In the first paper, the state of the forest at any point in time is described by stand age and the amount of carbon in the dead organic matter pool. The results of the study indicate that while optimal harvest age is relatively insensitive to carbon stocks in dead organic matter, initial carbon stock levels significantly affect economic returns to carbon management. In the second paper, the system is described by three state variables: stand age and the amount of carbon in the dead organic matter and wood product pools. The results of the study suggest that optimal behaviour of a landowner does not change much between cases where the market considers and ignores carbon storage in the wood product pool or between cases where the market considers and ignores fossil fuel carbon emissions. The third paper demonstrates that alternative baselines have little or no effect on the optimal decision, but can have a large effect on financial return to landowner. In the third paper, the forest stand is described by four state variables: the age of the stand, the initial stand age, carbon stocks in the DOM pool and the initial carbon stocks in the DOM pool. In the last paper, an analytical model is used to demonstrate that the optimal harvest decision is dependent on the initial DOM and wood product stocks. This finding is consistent with the results in the previous papers. / Forest Biology and Management

No description available.

As mudanças climáticas provocadas pelo Homem induziram a formação de um mercado que segue atividades que afirmam contemplar aspectos de desenvolvimento sustentável. O mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo (MDL) é um dos instrumentos de flexibilização estabelecido pelo protocolo de Quioto com o objetivo de facilitar o cumprimento das metas de redução de emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), definidas para os países que o ratificaram, tratando do desenvolvimento e da implantação de projetos visando à redução de emissões de gases de efeito estufa nos países em desenvolvimento, financiado pelos países desenvolvidos, em troca de créditos para serem abatidos dos seus compromissos de redução de emissões. Os projetos que se habilitarem à condição de projeto de MDL deverão cumprir uma série de procedimentos até receber a chancela da ONU e, consequentemente, certificar as reduções alcançadas. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar quais são os requisitos para a implantação de um MDL e discutir a real promoção da sustentabilidade do dispositivo, bem como a viabilidade econômica e ambiental, conforme preconiza o artigo 12 do Protocolo de Quioto. Para o cumprimento da presente tarefa foi necessária a análise dos antecedentes do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo, a saber: As mudanças climáticas globais, a Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima e o Protocolo de Quioto. Em seguida foram analisados dois projetos utilizando MDL sob dois aspectos diferenciados. O primeiro advindo de reduções de emissões em um aterro sanitário, na cidade de São Paulo, o segundo relacionado à silvicultura, no interior do mesmo Estado. / Climate change caused by man induced the formation of a market that follows activities that claim to include elements of sustainable development. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the Kyoto Protocol flexibilization instruments in order to facilitate the achievement of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission reducing goals defined for the countries which have ratified it, treating of development and implementation of projects in order to reduce GHGs emission in developing countries, financed by developed countries, in exchange for credits to be deducted from their commitments to reduce emissions. Projects that qualify for CDM project status must meet a series of procedures to receive the United Nation (UN) approval and consequently, certify the achieved reductions. This study aims to examine which are the requirements for implementation of a CDM and discuss the actual promotion of the device sustainability as well as economic and environmental viability, as defined in article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol. In fulfillment of this task it was necessary to analyze the background of the CDM, as follows: Global climate changes, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. Next, two projects were analyzed using CDM under two different aspects. The first about emission reductions in a landfill, in the city of Sao Paulo, the second related to growing eucalyptus, in the countryside of the same state.

This study analyzes the multiscalar interactions of the emerging carbon market and the social, environmental, and economic implications it may hold for small-scale landholders in the tropical rainforest. Based on a change detection analysis from a case study in Costa Rica, this report argues that 1) the scalar mismatch between national carbon trading markets and small scale agroforestry sequestration efforts is driven by insignificant land holdings; 2) secondly, the scalar mismatch limits the small scale landholders’ access to the carbon market; and 3) that in order to link global and local approaches to climate change we need to understand the local economic contexts within which these global markets are interacting. / text

As mudanças climáticas provocadas pelo Homem induziram a formação de um mercado que segue atividades que afirmam contemplar aspectos de desenvolvimento sustentável. O mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo (MDL) é um dos instrumentos de flexibilização estabelecido pelo protocolo de Quioto com o objetivo de facilitar o cumprimento das metas de redução de emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), definidas para os países que o ratificaram, tratando do desenvolvimento e da implantação de projetos visando à redução de emissões de gases de efeito estufa nos países em desenvolvimento, financiado pelos países desenvolvidos, em troca de créditos para serem abatidos dos seus compromissos de redução de emissões. Os projetos que se habilitarem à condição de projeto de MDL deverão cumprir uma série de procedimentos até receber a chancela da ONU e, consequentemente, certificar as reduções alcançadas. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar quais são os requisitos para a implantação de um MDL e discutir a real promoção da sustentabilidade do dispositivo, bem como a viabilidade econômica e ambiental, conforme preconiza o artigo 12 do Protocolo de Quioto. Para o cumprimento da presente tarefa foi necessária a análise dos antecedentes do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo, a saber: As mudanças climáticas globais, a Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima e o Protocolo de Quioto. Em seguida foram analisados dois projetos utilizando MDL sob dois aspectos diferenciados. O primeiro advindo de reduções de emissões em um aterro sanitário, na cidade de São Paulo, o segundo relacionado à silvicultura, no interior do mesmo Estado. / Climate change caused by man induced the formation of a market that follows activities that claim to include elements of sustainable development. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the Kyoto Protocol flexibilization instruments in order to facilitate the achievement of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission reducing goals defined for the countries which have ratified it, treating of development and implementation of projects in order to reduce GHGs emission in developing countries, financed by developed countries, in exchange for credits to be deducted from their commitments to reduce emissions. Projects that qualify for CDM project status must meet a series of procedures to receive the United Nation (UN) approval and consequently, certify the achieved reductions. This study aims to examine which are the requirements for implementation of a CDM and discuss the actual promotion of the device sustainability as well as economic and environmental viability, as defined in article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol. In fulfillment of this task it was necessary to analyze the background of the CDM, as follows: Global climate changes, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. Next, two projects were analyzed using CDM under two different aspects. The first about emission reductions in a landfill, in the city of Sao Paulo, the second related to growing eucalyptus, in the countryside of the same state.

nÃo hà / This work aims to make an economic analysis of the Carbon Market, as a new international commerce that, each day, atracts new parts or investors, either to assume voluntary or imposed greenhouse effect gas reducion marks, or to especulate with this marketâs price variation and opportunity. Innitially there is a brief historic description of this market dawn, as well as the fundamental principles that leaded to its creation. The economic analysis itself begins with the suppliers and demandants exclusives characteristics, as well as the price formation in this market. The main objective of this research is, however, to study the negative effects, caused mainly by de excessive and not homogeneous taxing and positive effects that appears with the motivation that some internationals taxes offer to those who preffers the technological development other to the ordinary acquisition of international CREs. / Este trabalho procura realizar uma anÃlise econÃmica no Mercado de Carbono, como um novo setor de comÃrcio internacional que, a cada dia, atrai novos investidores ou participantes, seja assumindo metas obrigatÃrias ou voluntÃrias de reduÃÃo de emissÃes de gases de efeito estufa, seja para especular com a sua oscilaÃÃo de preÃos e oportunidades. Inicialmente conta-se com uma breve descriÃÃo histÃrica do surgimento desse mercado, bem como dos princÃpios basilares que levaram a sua criaÃÃo. A anÃlise econÃmica propriamente dita inicia-se com o estudo das caracterÃsticas exclusivas de seus ofertantes e demandantes, bem como da sua formaÃÃo de preÃo. O objetivo principal dessa pesquisa Ã, no entanto, estudar os efeitos negativos, causados principalmente pela cobranÃa excessiva e nÃo homogÃnea de impostos e efeitos positivos, que sÃo evidenciados no incentivo que alguns tributos supranacionais oferecem a quem prefere o desenvolvimento tecnolÃgico definitivo à aquisiÃÃo ordinÃria de RCEs internacionais..

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Pedro Guazzelli Rosario.pdf: 1162218 bytes, checksum: 855fbaa5b332d42a896aa36fb4c5285f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-16 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Since the end of the 60's, humanity has been more concerned about its relationship with the environment. As a result, many worldwide conferences and concepts have been developed along the way. The main events were the Stockholm conferences (1972) and Rio de Janeiro (Eco- 992), the World Commission about the Environment and Development which published The Report of Our Common Future and defined sustainable development as being that which is capable of guaranteeing the necessities of present generations as well as future generations in regards to quality of life and the planet's resources. However, this is not what has been witnesses, especially in regards to the emissions of the greenhouse effect antropic gases, which have aggravated the system, the climate in relation to the increase in the planet's temperature, and its consequences. From the recognition of that fact, society began making either voluntary decisions or taking international political action. In the political sphere, agreements with the Agenda 21, the Convention of Biologic Diversity, The Convention of the Climatic Changes, and the Kyoto Protocol are the main instruments which are focused on the reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases from the different antropic actions. The aforementioned instruments together with all of their systems created a mandatory carbon market. In parallel, organized society also desiring to reduce its gas emissions and start a lower carbon economy created several voluntary carbon marktes such as Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) and the Gold Standard Foundation to mention a few. This study presents the mandatory as much as the voluntary markets and presents the Brazilian potentials with the creation of the voluntary national carbon market. / Desde o fim da década de 1960 a humanidade tem tido uma maior preocupação com a sua relação com o meio ambiente. Diante disso, muitas conferências mundiais e conceitos foram desenvolvidos, nessa trajetória os principais fatos foram as Conferências de Estocolmo (1972) e do Rio de Janeiro (Eco-1992), além delas a Comissão Mundial sobre Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento que em 1987 publica o Relatório Nosso Futuro Comum definindo o desenvolvimento sustentável como aquele capaz de garantir as necessidades das presentes e futuras gerações com relação à qualidade de vida e recursos do planeta. Porém, não é isso que se tem visto principalmente com relação às emissões antrópicas de gases de efeito estufa que têm agravado o sistema do clima em relação ao aumento da temperatura do Planeta e as suas conseqüências. A partir dessa constatação a sociedade passou a tomar decisões voluntárias ou no âmbito político internacional. Na esfera política acordos como a Agenda 21, a Convenção de Diversidade Biológica, a Convenção Quadro de Mudanças Climáticas, e o Protocolo de Quioto são os principais instrumentos que tem como objetivo a redução de emissões de gases de efeito estufa das diferentes ações antrópicas. Estes últimos instrumentos junto com todo seu sistema criaram o mercado de carbono mandatório, mas também a sociedade organizada, com o mesmo objetivo de reduzir suas emissões e criar uma economia de baixo carbono criou diversos mercados voluntários de carbono como a Bolsa do Clima de Chicago, a Fundação Gold Standard,entre outros. Este trabalho apresenta tanto os mercados mandatórios quanto os voluntários e apresenta as potencialidades brasileiras com a criação de um mercado de carbono voluntário nacional.

Carbon-based forestry (CBF) projects for the carbon market have been proposed with the aim of mitigating climate change, enhancing forest cover and improving livelihoods in developing countries. Debate has ensued regarding the validity of applying market-based mechanisms to climate mitigation in the form of CBF activities. Through in-depth interviews and focus groups, this study explores the various stakeholders’ involvement in the development of CBF projects in the Peruvian Amazon and reveals how their interests influence the types of activities that are established. Farmers’ perceptions on the carbon trade are examined and it is demonstrated that the potential of earning a carbon credit may influence farmers’ current land management practices in favor for implementing reforestation or agroforestry systems on their terrain. Regardless, the number of obstacles and the preferences of stakeholders significantly limit the ability of small-scale farmers to access and benefit from the emerging market.

Carbon-based forestry (CBF) projects for the carbon market have been proposed with the aim of mitigating climate change, enhancing forest cover and improving livelihoods in developing countries. Debate has ensued regarding the validity of applying market-based mechanisms to climate mitigation in the form of CBF activities. Through in-depth interviews and focus groups, this study explores the various stakeholders’ involvement in the development of CBF projects in the Peruvian Amazon and reveals how their interests influence the types of activities that are established. Farmers’ perceptions on the carbon trade are examined and it is demonstrated that the potential of earning a carbon credit may influence farmers’ current land management practices in favor for implementing reforestation or agroforestry systems on their terrain. Regardless, the number of obstacles and the preferences of stakeholders significantly limit the ability of small-scale farmers to access and benefit from the emerging market.

No description available.