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Rezultatai ir aptarimas: Darbas atliktas 2011-2014 metais LSMU Veterinarijos akademijos Gyvulininkystės katedroje ir X gyvulių skerdykloje. Darbui panaudota 2011-2012 metais gyvulių skerdykloje paskerstų galvijų duomenys: 423 buliai, 492 telyčios ir 3975 karvės. Duomenys statistiniam tyrimui buvo susisteminti: galvijų svoris suskirstytas 50 kg intervalais, amžius suskirstytas 2 mėn. intervalais. Tyrimo metu nustatėme, kad galvijų masės didėjimas didino skerdenų išeigą. Bulių grupėje koreliacinis ryšys tarp priešskerdiminės masės ir skerdenos išeigos buvo didžiausias r=0,4 (p<0,001), lyginant su telyčių (r=0,3; p<0,001) ir karvių (r=0,2; p<0,01) minėtais rodikliais. Galvijų masė įtakoja skerdenų kokybę. Didėjant gyvulio masei, didėja jų raumeningumas bei riebumas ir jie priskiriami aukštesnei skerdenų klasifikacijos klasei. Bulių, telyčių ir karvių grupėse riebumo ir raumeningumo klasės yra susijusios ir statistiškai reikšmingos (p<0,01-p<0,001). Didėjant galvijų amžiui didėja ir jų skerdenų išeigos. Bulių ir telyčių grupėse koreliacinis ryšys tarp jų amžiaus ir skerdenos išeigos yra silpnas (r=0,1; p<0,05), tačiau vis tiktai didėjant amžiui pastebimas skerdenos išeigos didėjimas (p<0,05). Analizuojant koreliacinius ryšius tarp karvių amžiaus ir skerdenos išeigos yra nustatytas neigiamas ryšys (r=-0,3; p<0,01). Tai rodo, kad didėjant karvių amžiui skerdenos išeiga mažėja. Galvijų amžius turi teigiamos įtakos bulių ir telyčių svoriui bei skerdenų kokybei. Esant didesnei gyvulio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The outcomes and considerations: The paper was carried out from 2011 to 2014, in LSMU Veterinary Academy, Livestock Department and X cattle slaughterhouse. For the paper was used the data of slaughtered cattle in the slaughterhouse from 2011 to 2012 : 423 bulls, 492 heifers and 3975 cows. The data was systematised for the statistics research: the weight of the cattle was divided at 50 kg intervals, the age was divided at 2 month intervals. In the research was established that the increase of the mass of the cow increased the yield of the carcass meat. The correliation between the mass of the meat before the slaughter has taken place and the carcass meat was the greatest in the group of bulls r=0.4 (p<0.001), in comparison to the group of heifers (r=0.3; p<0.001) and cows (r=0.2; p<0.01) above the pointed out quality indicators. The mass of the cattle influences the quality of the carcass meat. The increase of cattle mass increases their muscularity and fatness and as a result they are attributed to the higher carcass meat classification class. In the groups of bulls, heifers and cows the fatness and muscularity classes are connected and significant for statistics (p<0.01; p<0.001). When cattle grow older the carcass meat yield increases. In the groups of bulls and hifers the correlation between their age and carcass meat yield is weak (r=0.1; p<0.05), however, when the cattle grow older there is observed an insignificant increase in the carcass meat yield (p<0.05). While... [to full text]

<p>Istraživanje je sprovedeno u cilju utvrđivanja prisustva i ra&scaron;irenosti infekcije sa Salmonella enterica u populaciji divljih svinja u lovnim gazdinstvima u Republici Srbiji, kao i uticaju procesa lova i obrade trupova divljih svinja na njihov mikrobiolo&scaron;ki status. U pogledu jednog od najznačajnijih alimentarnih patogena u divljih svinja, Salmonella enterica, ukupno je ispitano 425 jedinki, odstreljenih u 12 lovnih gazdinstava. Ukupna prevalencija Salmonella je iznosila 4,2%. Najvi&scaron;e izolata je dobijeno iz fecesa (13, odnosno 3,1%), dok je iz brisa kože i povr&scaron;ine mesa trupova dobijeno 3 (0,7%) odnosno 4 izolata (0,9%) i samo 1 izolat iz mezenterijalnog limfnog čvora (0,2%). Serotipizacijom izolata Salmonella enterica potvrđeni su serotipovi S. Enteritidis (71.4% od ukupnog broja izolata), S. Typhimurium (23,8%) i S. Infantis (samo jedan izolat, 4,8%). Salmonella enterica je statistički značajno če&scaron;će utvrđena kod životinja iz otvorenog lovi&scaron;ta, kao i kod jedinki ženskog pola starijih od 36 meseci i težih od 75 kg. Molekularnom karakterizacijom izolata Salmonella enterica metodom elektroforeze u pulsirajućem polju (PFGE) utvrđeni su identični profil S. Typhimurium iz fecesa i na povr&scaron;ini mesa trupa iste divlje svinje, &scaron;to ukazuje na prenos ovog patogena sa fecesa na meso trupa tokom evisceracije. Takođe su metodom PFGE utvrđeni identični i/ili visoko srodni profili Salmonella enterica kod divljih svinja poreklom iz različitih lovi&scaron;ta i između divljih svinja, domaćih svinja i živine poreklom sa farmi u okolini lovi&scaron;ta. Ovo ukazuje na postojanje genetske veze, kao i mogućnost postojanja epidemiolo&scaron;ke veze između divljih svinja i domaćih životinja u pogledu ovog patogena. Utvrđena je visoka mikrobiolo&scaron;ka kontaminacija kože i mesa trupova divljih svinja bakterijama indikatorima op&scaron;te i fekalne kontaminacije. Na osnovu uzorkovanih 210 divljih svinja, izlovljenih u 8 lovi&scaron;ta, prosečan ukupan broj bakterija (ACC) utvrđen na koži bio je je 5,2 log10 cfu/cm2, a broj Enterobacteriaceae (EBC) 3,6 log10 cfu/cm2. Prosečan ACC utvrđen na mesu trupova iznosio je 5,4 log10 cfu/cm2, a EBC 3,8 log10 cfu/cm2. Vi&scaron;i nivo mikrobiolo&scaron;ke kontaminacije na mesu trupova divljih svinja u odnosu na kožu ukazuje da drugi izvori kontaminacije (prolivanje sadržaja creva kao posledice ustreljivanja u abdomen i druge nehigijenske procedure tokom obrade trupova) igraju važniju ulogu u kontaminaciji mesa trupova nego koža. Na mikrobiolo&scaron;ki status trupova su najvi&scaron;e uticale procedure lova i obrade trupova, pa je na nivou pojedinih lovi&scaron;ta utvrđena statistički značajna razlika između trupova ispravno odstreljenih životinja i onih pogođenih u abdomen. Na vi&scaron;i nivo mikrobiolo&scaron;ke kontaminacije sa ACC i EBC su takođe uticale procedura evisceracije na terenu na otvorenom u ležećem položaju na zemlji i bez dostupne čiste vode, kao i veoma nehigijenska praksa pranja kože i unutra&scaron;njih povr&scaron;ina trupova nakon obavljene evisceracije. Rezultati ovog istraživanja značajno doprinose razumevanju epidemiologije Salmonella enterica u divljih svinja u Srbiji i rizičnih faktora koji utiču na njeno &scaron;irenje i mogućnost prenosa na ljude alimentarnim putem, kao i uticaja procesa lova i obrade trupova divljih svinja na njihov mikrobiolo&scaron;ki status. Oni takođe predstavljaju i naučnu osnovu za dalji razvoj strategija za kontrolu S. enterica u populaciji divljih svinja u Srbiji i sveukupne mikrobiolo&scaron;ke kontaminacije mesa trupova.</p> / <p>The presence and distribution of Salmonella enterica infection in wild boar population in hunting estates in Serbia was studied, as well as the impact of hunting and carcass dressing procedures on their microbiological conditions.&nbsp; With respect to the main foodborne pathogen from wild boars, Salmonella enterica, the total number of 425 wild boars, originating from 12 hunting estates, was examined. The overall Salmonella prevalence was 4.2%. Isolates were recovered from faeces (13, representing 3.1%), while fewer from skin and carcass meat swabs, i.e. 3 (0.7%) and 4 (0.9%) respectively and only one isolate from mesenteric lymph node (0.2%). Serotyping of S. enterica isolates confirmed serotypes S. Enteritidis (71.4% of total numbers of isolates), S. Typhimurium (23.8%) and S. Infantis (only one isolate, 4.8%). Salmonella enterica was more often found in animals originating from open hunting estates, and from females older than 36 months weighing &gt;75 kg. Molecular characterisation of S. enterica isolates using Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed identical profile of S. Typhimurium from the faeces and carcass meat surface of the same animal, indicating transmission of this pathogen from the faeces to carcass meat during evisceration. Also, identical and/or highly related profiles of S. enterica were determined from wild boars from different hunting estates and between wild boars and domestic pigs and poultry from nearby farms in close proximity to hunting estates. This indicate the existence of genetic link, and possibility of epidemiological link as well between wild boars and domestic animals in respect to this microbial pathogen. High microbial contamination of wild boar skin and carcass meat with indicators of general and faecal contamination was found. Based on 210 sampled wild boars from eight hunting estates, the mean aerobic colony counts (ACC) on wild boar skin was 5,2 log10 cfu/cm2 and Enterobacteriaceae counts (EBC) 3,6 log10 cfu/cm2. The mean ACC on carcass meat was 5,4 log10 cfu/cm2, and EBC 3,8 log10 cfu/cm2. Higher levels of microbial contamination on wild boar carcass meat comparing to the skin indicate that sources other than skin (such as gut content spilage due to abdominal shot, as well as other unhygienic carcass dressing procedures) play important role in carcass meat contamination. Hunting and dressing procedures mostly influenced carcass meat microbial conditions, hence statistically significant difference was observed between properly shot animals and animals shot in abdominal region, as shown on the individual hunting estate level. Other procedures also had an influence on the higher carcass meat microbial contamination with ACC and EBC, such as evisceration in the field in lying position on the ground and without access to a clean water, as well as very unhygienic practice of washing skin and interior carcass surfaces after completed evisceration. The results from this study significantly contribute to the understanding of Salmonella enterica epidemiology in wild boars in Serbia and risk factors that contribute to its spread and transmission to humans, as well as to the impact of hunting and carcass dressing procedures on their microbial status. These results are also sound scientific basis for further development of control strategies for S. enterica in wild boar population in Serbia and control of overall microbial contamination on wild boar carcass meat.</p>