L’utilisation et la valorisation de ressources renouvelables dans le domaine de la chimie connait un intérêt grandissant pour remplacer les ressources fossiles. Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit de thèse est axé sur deux ressources bio-sourcées utilisées pour la préparation de thermodurcissables bio-sourcés : huile végétale et biomasse lignocellulosique. La première partie concerne les polybenzoxazines. A partir d’un monomère à base de phénol, le caractère bio-sourcé est progressivement augmenté par substitution du phenol par du cardanol. Le cardanol est un dérivé phénolique bio-sourcé extrait de l’huile de coque de noix de cajou. Une première étude se concentre sur les effets apportés par cette chaine alkyle sur la réactivité et les propriétés finales du matériau. Par la suite, la réaction de polymérisation du composé de référence est évaluée par des études cinétiques, corrélées aux analyses thermo-mécaniques pour une meilleure compréhension de la réaction de polymérisation. La seconde partie de cette thèse se concentre sur la préparation de composites totalement bio-sourcés, avec des microfibrilles de cellulose (MFC) modifiées pour obtenir des dialdehyde cellulose (DAC). Le poly(alcool furfruylique) (PFA) est une matrice bio-sourcée polymérisée à partir d’alcool furfurylique (FA) et d’anhydride maléique, tous deux obtenus à partir du HMF. Les propriétés du PFA peuvent être modifiées en y incorporant un renfort, tel que la cellulose. La modification de MFC par oxydation génère des fonctions aldéhydes réactives qui améliorent la compatibilité avec la matrice. Cette étude compare différents composites préparés à partir de MFC oxydée à différents DO pour déterminer quel DO entraine une meilleure compatibilité. Pour finir, des matériaux préparés à partir d’une unique source de cellulose, les « all cellulose composites », ont fait l’objet de la dernière étude. Deux différents renforts furaniques ont été utilisés pour contrer les problèmes de sensibilité à l’humidité de la cellulose, et donc augmenter l’hydrophobicité. / To reduce the use of finite petroleum-based resources, interest has grown regarding the valorization of renewable resources in chemistry. The work presented in this thesis focused on two bio-based resources: plant oil and lignocellulosic biomass, for the preparation of greener thermoset materials. The first part discussed about polybenzoxazine thermosets. The bio-based content was gradually increased through substitution of petro-based phenol by bio-based cardanol. Cardanol is a natural phenolic derivative extracted from the cashew nutshell liquid. A first study focused on the effect of this aliphatic side chain and how it can tune the reactivity and the final thermo-mechanical properties of the materials. In the following study the reactivity of polymerization of di-phenol monomer was investigated using advanced isoconversional analyses and thermo-mechanical analyses for a better understanding of the polymerization reaction. The second part discussed about the preparation of fully bio-based composites using modified cellulose microfibrils (MFC). Poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA) is a bio-based matrix obtained after polymerization of furfruyl alcohol (FA) with maleic anhydride, both obtained from HMF. The PFA properties can be modified by the introduction of cellulose as a filler. MFC was modified by oxidation to lead to reactive dialdehyde functions. By varying the degree of oxidation (DO), the properties of different composites were studied to determine the most adequate DO for the better PFA/MFC compatibility and the most adequate PFA/MFC ratio. Finally, the last study of this thesis focused on the concept of “all cellulose composites” (ACC), and particularly how to reduce the moisture sensitivity of these materials. Two different furanic compounds were used as cross-linkers to increase the hydrophobicity: a first compound with one furan ring and a second with two furan rings.

Submitted by Cibele Nogueira (cibelenogueira@ufgd.edu.br) on 2016-04-26T17:32:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) TERESACOSSA.pdf: 1899784 bytes, checksum: 186ef513138e7780ef8c162d163aeb00 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T17:32:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) TERESACOSSA.pdf: 1899784 bytes, checksum: 186ef513138e7780ef8c162d163aeb00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / The increasing search for renewable and biodegradable chemical intermediates makes cardanol one of the most important and promissing component on cashew industry. The cardanol was extracted, distilled, hydrogenated and carried out in brief the following intermediates, hydrogenated and folowing intermediats were synthesized: saturated chain chlorohydrin (CCS) (6a), unsaturated chain chlorohydrin (CCI) (6a-d), unsaturated chain epoxide (ECS) (7a), unsaturated chain epoxide (ECI) (7a-d), saturated chain diol (DCS ) (9a), unsaturated chain diol (DCI) (9a-d), derived from saturated chain 4-amino antipyrine (DAACS) (10a), derived from unsaturated chain amino antipyrine DACI (10a-d), saturated chain morpholine derivative (DMCS) (11a), methoxylated diol saturated chain DMTS (12a), methoxylated unsaturated chain diol DMTCI (12a-d), the complex of Cu(II) saturated chain diol, (Cu(II)-DCS) (13a), complex of Cu(II) unsaturated chain diol (Cu(II)-DCI) (13a-d), Cu(II) complex with amino antipyrine saturated chain derivative (Cu(II)-DAACS) (14a) and Cu(II) complex with amino antipyrine unsaturated chain derivative (Cu(II)-DAACI) (14a-d). The synthesized compounds were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared vibrational spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), thermogravimetry (TG) and mass spectroscopy (ME). The compounds (9a) DCS, DCI (9a-d), DAACS (10a), DAACI (10a-d), Cu(II)-DCS (13a), Cu(II)-DCI (13a-d), Cu(II)-DAACS (14a) and Cu(II)-DAACI (14a-d) were subjected to bioassay toxicity with Aedes aegypti (strain Rockefeller). The bioassay analysis showed insecticidal activity/larvicide promising for compounds DS (9a), Cu(II)-DCS (13a) and Cu(II)-DAACS (14a) with the LC50 40.19 mg L-1 (ppm), 38.84 mg L-1 (ppm) and 59.41 mg L-1 (ppm), respectively in 24 hours exposure. The compounds (9a), (9a-d) and (10a) also showed promising activity against the larvae of the 3rd and 4th stage of Anopheles aquasalis, and had the following LC50: 9.65 mg L-1; 23.36 mg L-1 and 52, 55 mg L-1 respectively. / A busca crescente por fontes de intermediários químicos que sejam renováveis e biodegradáveis faz do cardanol alquil fenol um dos constituintes mais importantes e promissores da indústria de castanha de caju e da sua cadeia produtiva. O cardanol foi extraído, destilado, hidrogenado e realizadas as sínteses dos seguintes intermediários: cloridrina de cadeia saturada (CCS) (6a), cloridrina de cadeia insaturada (CCI) (6a-d), epóxido de cadeia saturada (ECS) (7a), epóxido de cadeia insaturada (ECI) (7a-d), diol de cadeia saturada (DCS) (9a), diol de cadeia insaturada (DCI) (9a-d), derivado de 4-amino antipirina de cadeia saturada (DAACS) (10a), derivados de 4-amino antipirina de cadeia insaturada (DAACI) (10a-d), derivado de morfolina de cadeia saturada (DMCS) (11a), diol metoxilado de cadeia saturada (DMTCS) (12a), diol metoxilado de cadeia insaturada (DMTCI) (12a-d), complexo de Cu(II)-diol de cadeia saturada (Cu(II)-DCS) (13a), complexo de Cu(II)-diol cadeia insaturada (Cu(II)-DCI) (13a-d), complexo de Cu(II) com derivados de amino antipirina de cadeia saturada (Cu(II)-DAACS) (14a) e complexo de Cu(II) com derivados de 4-amino antipirina de cadeia insaturada (Cu(II)-DAACI) (14a-d). Os compostos sintetizados foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN), espectroscopia vibracional do infravermelho (IV), espectroscopia eletrônica de ultravioleta-visível (UV-Vis), termogravimetria (TG) e espectroscopia de massas (EM). Os compostos DCS (9a), DCI (9a-d), DAACS (10a), DAACI (10a-d), Cu(II)-DCS (13a), Cu(II)-DCI (13a-d), Cu(II)-DAACS (14a) e Cu(II)-DAACI (14a-d) foram utilizados para realização dos bioensaios de toxicidade com larvas de Aedes aegypti de 3o e 4o estádios (Rockefeller). A análise de toxicidade mostrou atividade inseticida/larvicida promissora para os compostos DCS (9a), Cu(II)-DCS (13a) e Cu(II)-DAACS (14a) com as CL50 40,19 mg L-1 (ppm), 38,84 mg L-1 (ppm) e 59,41 mg L-1 (ppm), respectivamente por 24 horas de exposição para Aedes aegypti. Os compostos (9a), (9a-d) e (10a) também mostraram atividade promissora contra as larvas do 3o e 4o estádio de Anopheles aquasalis tendo apresentado as seguintes CL50: 9,65 mgL-1; 23,36 mgL-1 e 52,55 mgL-1 respetivamente.

SILVA, André Leandro. Nanobiocompósitos superparamagnéticos para aplicação como antenas ressoadoras dielétricas. 2014. 126 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Quimica Orgânica e Inorgânica, Programa de Pós-Graduação e Biotecnologia, Renorbio - Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Fortaleza-CE, 2014. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-05-20T13:09:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_alsilva.pdf: 6480806 bytes, checksum: 946e32810e24c5137dfbba52bfd30bb8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-05-20T13:10:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_alsilva.pdf: 6480806 bytes, checksum: 946e32810e24c5137dfbba52bfd30bb8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-20T13:10:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_alsilva.pdf: 6480806 bytes, checksum: 946e32810e24c5137dfbba52bfd30bb8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / There is a growing global interest for the development of green technologies that allow the use of products with less damage to environment, as well as for maximum and sustainable use of natural resources. The main aim of this study was to develop superparamagnetic nanobiocomposites for application as dielectric resonator antennas. For this purpose, a biobased thermoset plastic was prepared by using cardanol as an alternative to petrochemical phenol. This thermoset plastic was used as a polymer matrix and biocomposites were prepared by using 15 wt% of untreated and modified sponge gourd fibers by chemical treatment (NaOH 5, 10, and 15 wt% and NaClO 1 wt%) as dispersed phase. For the nanobiocomposites preparation, besides the sponge gourd fibers insertion, the thermoset plastic were also impregnated with magnetite nanoparticles in different contents (1, 5, and 10 wt%). Techniques of Thermogravimetry (TG), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Optical Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Mössbauer Spectroscopy, Tensile testing, Dielectric measurements, Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM) and Biodegradation in simulated soil were performed for characterization. The results showed that alkaline treatment improved the thermal stability and the crystallinity index of the sponge gourd fiber. The crosslinking agent used (Diethylenetriamine) was efficient and enabled complete cure for all materials. The biocomposites reinforced by treated fiber showed better thermal stability, superior performance in Tensile testing and greater biodegradation rates, when compared to the biocomposite reinforced by raw fiber. The magnetite particles exhibited nanometric size, high purity and crystallinity, and superparamagnetic character. All nanobiocomposites showed superparamagnetic behavior, excellent thermal stability, good biodegradation rates, and better mechanical strength for the material with magnetite 10 wt%. All dielectric resonators antennas exhibited satisfactory return loss and suitability for commercial and technological applications, especially for performance in broadband. / É crescente o interesse mundial pelo desenvolvimento de tecnologias chamadas “verdes” que possibilitem o uso de produtos com menor impacto ao meio ambiente, assim como também se fortalecem as políticas de incentivo ao aproveitamento máximo e sustentável dos recursos naturais. O principal objetivo desse estudo foi desenvolver nanobiocompósitos superparamagnéticos para aplicação como antenas ressoadoras dielétricas. Para tal, um plástico termorrígido biobaseado foi preparado utilizando o cardanol em alternativa aos fenóis petroquímicos. Esse plástico termorrígido foi utilizado como matriz para o preparo de biocompósitos, utilizando 15% em massa de fibra de bucha bruta e também modificada por tratamento químico (NaOH 5, 10 e 15% e NaClO 1%) como fase dispersa. Para o preparo dos nanobiocompósitos, além da fibra de bucha, nanopartículas de magnetita, sintetizadas pelo método da coprecipitação, foram impregnadas no plástico termorrígido em diferentes teores de 1, 5 e 10% em massa. Técnicas de Termogravimetria (TG), Calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), Análise dinâmico-mecânica (DMA), Microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), Microscopia óptica, Microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), Difração de raios X (DRX), Espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Espectroscopia Mössbauer, Ensaios de resistência à tração, Medidas dielétricas, Magnetometria de amostra vibrante (VSM) e Biodegradação em solo simulado foram utilizadas para caracterização. Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento alcalino melhorou a estabilidade térmica e o índice de cristalinidade da fibra de bucha. O agente reticulador utilizado (DETA) mostrou-se eficiente, possibilitando a cura completa dos materiais. Os biocompósitos com fibra tratada apresentaram maior estabilidade térmica, resistência à tração superior e melhor índice de biodegradação em relação ao biocompósito com fibra natural. A magnetita sintetizada exibiu tamanho nanométrico, além de alta pureza, alta cristalinidade e caráter superparamagnético. Todos os nanobiocompósitos exibiram superparamagnetismo e mostraram excelente estabilidade térmica, boas taxas de biodegradação e melhor resistência mecânica para o material com 10% de magnetita. Todas as antenas ressoadoras dielétricas preparadas apresentaram perda de retorno satisfatória e, portanto, adequação para fins comerciais e tecnológicos, com maior potencial para atuação em banda larga.

Récemment, les polymères obtenus à partir de ressources renouvelables ont connus un véritable engouement pour le remplacement de matériaux obtenus à partir de ressources pétrolières. L'objectif de notre étude a été de développer de nouveaux systèmes bio-sourcés réactifs, plus précisément des systèmes époxy, pour des applications dans le domaine des matériaux composites. Le monomère le plus souvent utilisé pour formuler des réseaux époxy est le diglycidyl éther de bisphenol A, DGEBA, obtenu à partir du bisphenol A et de l’épichlorhydrine. L’intérêt pour le remplacement du bisphénol A par un précurseur bio-sourcé est accentué par la toxicité de ce dernier. Dans cette étude, nous avons étudié différents systèmes obtenus à partir de prépolymères époxy bio-sourcés et les avons comparés à un système classique à base de DGEBA en utilisant l'isophorone diamine (IPD) comme agent durcisseur. Parmi les différents prépolymères époxy bio-sourcés étudiés, certains ont été obtenus à partir de dérivés polysaccharides tels que le sorbitol et l'isosorbide. Le sorbitol polyglycidyl éther est disponible commercialement, tandis que le diglycidyl éther d'isosorbide a été synthétisé soit par une voie classique faisant intervenir l’épichlorhydrine soit par l'intermédiaire du diallyle isosorbide. Un autre prépolymère époxy dérivé du cardanol a été étudié et est aussi un produit commercial. Les structures chimiques de ces prépolymères époxy bio-sourcés ont été analysées. Les phénomènes de gélification et de réticulation des systèmes obtenus à partir de ces prépolymères et de l’IPD ont été étudiés. L’influence de la structure du prépolymère bio-sourcé et de l'agent de réticulation (classique ou dérivé de ressources renouvelables) sur les propriétés des réseaux ainsi que l'absorption d'eau par ces réseaux ont également été discutés. / In recent years, bio-based polymers derived from renewable resources have become increasingly important as sustainable and eco-efficient products which can replace the products based on petrochemical-derived stocks. The objective of our work was to develop novel bio-based reactive systems suitable for high performance composite materials especially epoxy systems. The most commonly used starting monomer to formulate epoxy networks is the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, DGEBA, derived from bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin. Bio-based epichlorohydrin is commercially available. So the challenge to obtain a fully bio-based epoxy prepolymer is to replace bisphenol A by a bio-based precursor. Another interest for replacing bisphenol A by a bio-based precursor is that bisphenol A has been known to have estrogenic properties. In this study, we studied different bio-based epoxy systems and compared them to a classical DGEBA based system using, in a first step, isophorone diamine (IPD) as conventional curing agent. Bio-based epoxy prepolymers were derived from natural sugars, sorbitol and isosorbide respectively. Sorbitol polyglycidyl ether is available commercially, while isosorbide diglycidyl ether was synthesized either via conventional epoxidation (i.e. using epichlorohydrin) or via the diallyl isosorbide intermediate. Another bio-based epoxy prepolymer was derived from cardanol and is also a commercial product. Chemical structure of the bio-based epoxy prepolymers were analyzed by different analytical methods, gelation and crosslinking reactions were studied using rheological measurements and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. Properties of the cured networks were evaluated using dynamic mechanical analysis and thermo gravimetric analysis. Influence of the bio-based epoxy prepolymer structure on the system properties as well as the influence of the crosslinking agent structure (either derived from renewable resources or bio-based ones) was discussed. Water absorption of the bio-based networks was also studied.

Cardanols are more and more used in the industry of polymers, resins, coatings, friction materials, etc. At right conditions, these lipid-like chemicals can undergo metathesis reaction. The main aim of the diploma thesis is an analysis of products of cardanol metathesis by HPLC-MS/MS. Standard 3,3'-hexadec-8-en-1,16-diyldiphenol, one of the main products of cardanol metathesis, was prepared for quantitative HPLC analysis. The standard was prepared in two steps. The first step was cardanol ethenolysis to give 3-(non-8-enyl)phenol. The second step was self-metathesis of 3-(non-8- enyl)phenol to give 3,3'-hexadec-8-en-1,16-diyldiphenol. The standard was characterised by HPLC/MS, MS/MS, EI-MS, UV/VIS, IR, Raman a NMR spectroscopy. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to the study of a mechanism of double-bond localization method in long chain hydrocarbons by acetonitrile APCI-MS. The formation of adducts [M + 55]+ , which are the key substances of this method, was studied using simple alkene models by MS and MS/MS. At the end, the structure and the mechanism of the formation of adducts [M + 55]+ were suggested. Key words: Cardanol, olefin metathesis, HPLC-MS, double-bond localization, APCI, acetonitrile

Submitted by PPG Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais (engenharia.pg.materiais@pucrs.br) on 2018-08-03T11:41:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Raiane Valenti Goncalves_Tese de doutorado.pdf: 4511385 bytes, checksum: ab531101c975ccd215f44d53f020cd71 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-08-06T13:49:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Raiane Valenti Goncalves_Tese de doutorado.pdf: 4511385 bytes, checksum: ab531101c975ccd215f44d53f020cd71 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T14:35:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raiane Valenti Goncalves_Tese de doutorado.pdf: 4511385 bytes, checksum: ab531101c975ccd215f44d53f020cd71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Due to environmetal and social concerns about synthetic polymers, studies on the preparation of polymers based on renewable sources have been explored by academia and industry. In this context, the use of cashew industry residues rich in phenolic compounds, such as cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) and its derivative, cardanol, in the synthesis of polymeric materials may be a less aggressive alternative to environment. This work aims to prepare polymeric materials using phenols from the CNSL. The influence of phenols in nanostructured polyaniline (PAni) synthesis were evaluated. Hybrid materials based on PAni doped with cardanol and derivatives of graphene, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), were also prepared. In addition, the influence of cardanol and PAni doped with cardanol on the thermal properties of benzoxazine resins was investigated. The polymeric materials were characterized by FTIR, UV-vis, FESEM, TEM, XRD, TGA, DSC and four-point methodology for determination of electrical conductivity. From these results, it was found that cardanol and CNSL acted as primary dopants in the synthesis of conductive PAni (electrical conductivity in order 10-1 S.cm-1). CNSL acted as soft template and plasticizer for the conventional synthesis of nanofibers PAni doped with hydrochloric acid. The methodology developed for preparation of cardanol doped PAni combined with both GO and rGO was able to prepare conductive (electrical conductivity in order 100 S.cm-1) and nanostructured hybrid materials. Furthermore, cardanol and PAni doped with cardanol were incorporated into the benzoxazine matrix to form materials with thermal stability and crosslink density greater than those of the benzoxazine resin. / Devido ?s preocupa??es ambientais e sociais relacionadas aos pol?meros sint?ticos, os estudos sobre a prepara??o de pol?meros derivados de fontes renov?veis t?m sido explorados pela academia e ind?stria. Dentro desse contexto, o uso de res?duos da ind?stria do caju ricos em compostos fen?licos, tais como, o l?quido da casca da castanha de caju (LCC) e o seu derivado, o cardanol, na s?ntese de materiais polim?ricos pode ser uma alternativa menos agressiva ao meio ambiente. Este trabalho visa preparar materiais polim?ricos empregando fen?is provenientes do LCC. A influ?ncia da presen?a dos fen?is na s?ntese da polianilina (PAni) nanoestruturada foi avaliada. Materiais h?bridos baseados em PAni dopada com cardanol e derivados do grafeno, ?xido de grafeno (OG) e ?xido de grafeno reduzido (OGR), tamb?m foram preparados. Ainda, foi investigada a influ?ncia do cardanol e da PAni dopada com cardanol nas propriedades t?rmicas das resinas benzoxazinas. Os materiais polim?ricos foram caracterizados por FTIR, UV-vis, MEV-FEG, MET, DRX, TGA, DSC e metodologia de quatro pontas para determina??o de condutividade el?trica. A partir dos resultados, foi constatado que o cardanol e o LCC atuaram como dopantes prim?rios nas s?nteses de PAni condutiva (condutividade el?trica na ordem 10-1 S.cm-1). Al?m disso, o LCC atuou como soft template e plastificante para as s?nteses convencionais de nanofibras de PAni dopadas com ?cido clor?drico. A metodologia desenvolvida para o preparo de PAni dopada com cardanol combinada tanto com OG quanto com OGR foi capaz de preparar materiais h?bridos nanoestruturados e condutores (condutividade el?trica na ordem 100 S.cm-1). Ainda, cardanol e PAni dopada com cardanol foram incorporados a matriz de benzoxazina formando materiais com estabilidade t?rmica e densidade de reticula??o superiores ?quelas t?picas da resina benzoxazina.

In recent years, bio-based polymers derived from renewable resources have become increasingly important as sustainable and eco-efficient products which can replace the products based on petrochemical-derived stocks. The objective of our work was to develop novel bio-based reactive systems suitable for high performance composite materials especially epoxy systems. The most commonly used starting monomer to formulate epoxy networks is the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, DGEBA, derived from bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin. Bio-based epichlorohydrin is commercially available. So the challenge to obtain a fully bio-based epoxy prepolymer is to replace bisphenol A by a bio-based precursor. Another interest for replacing bisphenol A by a bio-based precursor is that bisphenol A has been known to have estrogenic properties. In this study, we studied different bio-based epoxy systems and compared them to a classical DGEBA based system using, in a first step, isophorone diamine (IPD) as conventional curing agent. Bio-based epoxy prepolymers were derived from natural sugars, sorbitol and isosorbide respectively. Sorbitol polyglycidyl ether is available commercially, while isosorbide diglycidyl ether was synthesized either via conventional epoxidation (i.e. using epichlorohydrin) or via the diallyl isosorbide intermediate. Another bio-based epoxy prepolymer was derived from cardanol and is also a commercial product. Chemical structure of the bio-based epoxy prepolymers were analyzed by different analytical methods, gelation and crosslinking reactions were studied using rheological measurements and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. Properties of the cured networks were evaluated using dynamic mechanical analysis and thermo gravimetric analysis. Influence of the bio-based epoxy prepolymer structure on the system properties as well as the influence of the crosslinking agent structure (either derived from renewable resources or bio-based ones) was discussed. Water absorption of the bio-based networks was also studied.

No description available.

No description available.