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Diese Studie untersucht die Bedeutung von Angiotensin II- und Endothelin-1-vermittelten Mechanismen, die im Rahmen von hämodynamischen, hormonellen und renalen Reaktionen bei einen akuten Blutverlust einsetzen. Es wurden wache Hunde mit und ohne Vorbehandlung mit Angiotensin II Typ 1 (AT1) und/oder Endothelin-A (ETA) Rezeptorblockern untersucht. Protokoll 1: Nach einer 60-minütigen Kontrollstunde wurde den Hunden 25% ihres Blutes zügig entzogen. Nach einer Stunde wurde das Blut retransfundiert und die Datenaufzeichnung für eine weitere Stunde fortgesetzt. Protokoll 2: Wie Protokoll 1, aber mit AT1 Blockade durch Losartan i.v. Protokoll 3: Wie Protokoll 1, aber mit ETA Blockade durch ABT-627 i.v. Protokoll 4: Wie Protokoll 1, aber mit kombinierter AT1 plus ETA Blockade. In der Kontrolle sinkt der arterielle Mitteldruck (MAP) nach dem Blutentzug um ~25%, das Herzzeitvolumen (HZV) um ~40%, das Urinvolumen um ~60%, während die Plasmakonzentrationen von Angiotensin II (3.1-fach), Endothelin-1 (1.13-fach), Vasopressin (116-fach) und Adrenalin (3.2-fach) ansteigen. Unter AT1 Blockade kommt es zu einem überproportionalen Abfall des arteriellen Mitteldrucks und die glomeruläre Filtrationsrate (GFR) sinkt. Beim Blutentzug unter ETA Blockade steigt Noradrenalin und nicht Adrenalin an, und der Wiederanstieg des MAP infolge Retransfusion ist unvollständig. In allen Protokollen sinkt das HZV um den gleichen Betrag. Schlussfolgerungen: Für die kurzfristige Regulation des Blutdrucks und die renale Autoregulation der GFR nach Blutverlust spielt Angiotensin II eine wichtigere Rolle als Endothelin-1. Andererseits ist ein intaktes Endothelinsystem eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die vollständige Restitution des arteriellen Mitteldrucks in der Retransfusionsphase. Darüber hinaus scheint Endothelin-1 nach dem Blutentzug die Freisetzung von Adrenalin zu erleichtern, die Freisetzung von Noradrenalin jedoch zu mildern. Die bei einem akuten Blutverlust einsetzenden Kompensationsmechanismen scheinen den Blutfluss (HZV) viel effektiver aufrecht zu erhalten als den Blutdruck (MAP), denn das HZV, nicht aber der arterielle Mitteldruck, sank in allen Protokollen um den gleichen Betrag. / This study investigates angiotensin II and endothelin-1 mediated mechanisms involved in the hemodynamic, hormonal, and renal response towards acute hypotensive hemorrhage. Conscious dogs were pretreated with angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) and/or endothelin-A (ETA) receptor blockers or not. Protocol 1. After a 60 min baseline period, 25% of the dog's blood was rapidly withdrawn. The blood was retransfused 60 min later and data recorded for another hour. Protocol 2. Likewise, but preceded by AT1 blockade with i.v. Losartan. Protocol 3. Likewise, but preceded by ETA blockade with i.v. ABT-627. Protocol 4. Likewise, but with combined AT1 plus ETA blockade. In Controls, hemorrhage decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP) by ~25%, cardiac output by ~40%, and urine volume by ~60%, increased angiotensin II (3.1-fold), endothelin-1 (1.13-fold), vasopressin (116-fold), and adrenaline concentrations (3.2-fold). Glomerular filtration rate and noradrenaline concentrations remained unchanged. During AT1 blockade, the MAP decrease was exaggerated (-40%) and glomerular filtration rate fell. During ETA blockade, noradrenaline increased after hemorrhage instead of adrenaline, and the MAP recovery after retransfusion was blunted. The decrease in cardiac output was similar in all protocols. Conclusions: Angiotensin II is more important than endothelin-1 for the short-term regulation of MAP and glomerular filtration rate after hemorrhage, whereas endothelin-1 seems necessary for complete MAP recovery after retransfusion. After hemorrhage, endothelin-1 seems to facilitate adrenaline release and to blunt noradrenaline release. Hemorrhage-induced compensatory mechanisms maintain blood flow more effectively than blood pressure, since the decrease in cardiac output - but not MAP - was similar in all protocols.

<p>Anemia is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CDK), contributes to reduced Quality of Life (QoL) and is associated with cardiovascular disease, morbidity and mortality. Epoetin raises hemoglobin (Hb) and increases QoL and physical exercise capacity. Because of concerns about safety and economics, current anemia treatment with epoetin aims to achieve subnormal Hb (110-120 g/l). Normalization of Hb may be of additional benefit regarding QoL and cardiovascular effects. The present study examines the effects of Hb normalization with epoetin on safety variables, QoL, graft function after kidney transplantation, dialysis adequacy, hemorheology, hemodynamics and cardiac autonomic function in CKD patients. </p><p>In a randomized, multicenter study comprising 416 pre-dialysis and dialysis patients no difference was observed between patients treated to a normal or a subnormal Hb level on mortality, thrombovascular events, serious adverse events, vascular access thrombosis and residual renal function. QoL was enhanced in a subgroup of hemodialysis patients. Pretransplant epoetin treatment directed toward normal Hb levels did not result in worse graft function during 6 postoperative months. Dialysis adequacy was reduced in a subgroup of hemodialysis patients after normalization of Hb. The blood flow properties of pre-dialysis patients were altered. The hemorheological investigation demonstrated that Hb normalization caused a parallel increase in hematocrit and blood viscosity without other hemorheological changes. While the total peripheral resistance index increased, the cardiac index (CI) decreased. In a separate study cardiac autonomic function, measured by heart rate variability, was decreased in pre-dialysis patients. It was improved, but not fully normalized, by Hb normalization. </p><p>On the basis of this study, Hb normalization with epoetin appears to be safe and increases QoL in hemodialysis patients though may result in lower dialysis adequacy and increased blood pressure. A reduction in CI and improved cardiac autonomic function indicate a positive effect on cardiovascular function.</p>

Anemia is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CDK), contributes to reduced Quality of Life (QoL) and is associated with cardiovascular disease, morbidity and mortality. Epoetin raises hemoglobin (Hb) and increases QoL and physical exercise capacity. Because of concerns about safety and economics, current anemia treatment with epoetin aims to achieve subnormal Hb (110-120 g/l). Normalization of Hb may be of additional benefit regarding QoL and cardiovascular effects. The present study examines the effects of Hb normalization with epoetin on safety variables, QoL, graft function after kidney transplantation, dialysis adequacy, hemorheology, hemodynamics and cardiac autonomic function in CKD patients. In a randomized, multicenter study comprising 416 pre-dialysis and dialysis patients no difference was observed between patients treated to a normal or a subnormal Hb level on mortality, thrombovascular events, serious adverse events, vascular access thrombosis and residual renal function. QoL was enhanced in a subgroup of hemodialysis patients. Pretransplant epoetin treatment directed toward normal Hb levels did not result in worse graft function during 6 postoperative months. Dialysis adequacy was reduced in a subgroup of hemodialysis patients after normalization of Hb. The blood flow properties of pre-dialysis patients were altered. The hemorheological investigation demonstrated that Hb normalization caused a parallel increase in hematocrit and blood viscosity without other hemorheological changes. While the total peripheral resistance index increased, the cardiac index (CI) decreased. In a separate study cardiac autonomic function, measured by heart rate variability, was decreased in pre-dialysis patients. It was improved, but not fully normalized, by Hb normalization. On the basis of this study, Hb normalization with epoetin appears to be safe and increases QoL in hemodialysis patients though may result in lower dialysis adequacy and increased blood pressure. A reduction in CI and improved cardiac autonomic function indicate a positive effect on cardiovascular function.

Introdução: O Débito Cardíaco Diminuído e o Volume Excessivo de Líquidos são os principais diagnósticos de Enfermagem (DE) presentes em pacientes admitidos com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) descompensada. A avaliação e determinação das características definidoras (CD) destes diagnósticos são fundamentais para orientar as intervenções de enfermagem adequadas e preconizadas para estes pacientes. A validação clínica das CD destes diagnósticos permanecem inexploradas no contexto da IC descompensada. Objetivo: Validar clinicamente as CD dos DE Débito Cardíaco Diminuído e Volume Excessivo de Líquidos em pacientes com IC descompensada. Métodos: Estudo transversal contemporâneo realizado de janeiro a junho de 2007 em hospital universitário em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Para a validação clínica utilizou-se- um instrumento contendo as CD dos diagnósticos em estudo, aplicado por duas enfermeiras peritas em cardiologia. Incluiu-se pacientes com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo  45% e que obtiveram oito ou mais pontos, conforme os critérios de Boston para classificação de IC descompensada. Para a validação do diagnóstico Volume Excessivo de Líquidos incluiu-se pacientes com disfunção sistólica ou diastólica Resultados da validação do DE Débito Cardíaco Diminuído: Incluiu-se 29 pacientes com idade média de 61 + 14 anos; 15 (51%) sexo masculino; fração de ejeção média de 28% + 9; De acordo com a taxa de fidedignidade (R) entre as peritas, as CD consideradas maiores (R ≥ 0,80) para a validação do diagnóstico foram a fadiga (R=1), a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo diminuída (R=1), a dispnéia (R=0,96), o edema (R= 0,95), a ortopnéia (R= 0,95), a dispnéia paroxística noturna (R=0,88) e a pressão venosa central elevada (R=0,85). As características consideradas como menores ou secundárias foram o ganho de peso (R=0,78), a distenção da veia jugular (R=0,74), as palpitações (R=0,71), a oligúria (R=0,67), a tosse (R=0,63), a pele fria e pegajosa (R=0,61) e as mudanças na cor da pele (R=0,52). Resultados da validação do DE Volume Excessivo de Líquidos: Incluiu-se 32 pacientes com idade média de 60,5 + 14,3 anos; 17 (53%) sexo masculino; fração de ejeção média de 31% + 11,5. Seguindo a taxa de fidedignidade (R) entre as peritas, as CD consideradas maiores (R ≥ 0,80) para a validação do diagnóstico Volume Excessivo de Líquidos foram a dispnéia (R=0,97), a ortopnéia (R=0,95), o edema (R= 0,91), o refluxo hepatojugular positivo (R=0,90), a dispnéia paroxística noturna (R=0,88), a congestão pulmonar (R=0,87) e a pressão venosa central elevada (R=0,85). As características consideradas como menores ou secundárias foram o ganho de peso (R=0,79), a hepatomegalia (R=0,78), a distenção da veia jugular (R=0,76), as crepitações (R=0,66), a oligúria (R=0,63) e o hematócrito e a hemoglobina diminuídos (R=0,51). Conclusão: Demonstrou-se neste estudo que as características definidoras com R entre 0,50 e 1 foram validadas para os diagnósticos Débito Cardíaco Diminuído e Volume Excessivo de Líquidos em pacientes com IC descompensada. / Introduction: Decreased Cardiac Output and Fluid Volume Excess are the major nursing diagnoses (ND) among patients with decompensated heart failure (DHF). The assessment and determination of the defining characteristics (DC) of those diagnoses are crucial for selecting the appropriate nursing interventions indicated for these patients. The clinical validation of the DC of those diagnoses has not been investigated in the context of DHF. Purpose: To clinically validate the DC of Decreased Cardiac Output and Fluid Volume Excess ND in patients with DHF. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted from January to June 2007 at a teaching hospital in Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A questionnaire containing the DC of the diagnoses, applied by two nurses with expertise in cardiology, was used for clinical validation. To validate Decreased Cardiac Output ND were included patients with left ventricle ejection fraction  45% whose scores, according to the Boston criteria for classification of DHF, were 8 or higher were included in the study. To validate Fluid Volume Excess ND were included patients with systolic or diastolic dysfunction. Results of validate Decreased Cardiac Output ND: A total of 29 patients with mean age of 61+14 years; 15 (51%) male patients; and patients with mean ejection fraction of 28%+9 were included. Based on the reliability index (R) between the experts, the major DC (R ≥ 0.80) for the validation of the ND were fatigue (R=1), decreased left ventricle ejection fraction (R=1), dyspnea (R=0.96), edema (R= 0.95), orthopnea (R= 0.95), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (R=0.88) and elevated central venous pressure (R=0.85). Minor or secondary characteristics were weight gain (R=0.78), jugular vein distension (R=0.74), palpitations (R=0.71), oliguria (R=0.67), cough (R=0.63), cold clammy skin (R=0.61) and changes in skin color (R=0.52). Results of validate Fluid Volume Excess ND: A total of 32 patients with mean age of 60.5+14.3 years; 17 (53%) male patients; and patients with mean ejection fraction of 31%+11.5 were included. Based on the reliability index (R) between the experts, the major DC (R ≥ 0.80) for the validation of the fluid overload ND were dyspnea (R=0.97), orthopnea (R=0.95), edema (R= 0.91), positive hepatojugular reflux (R=0.90), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (R=0.88), pulmonary congestion (R=0.87) and elevated central venous pressure (R=0.85). Minor or secondary characteristics were weight gain (R=0.79), hepatomegaly (R=0.78), jugular vein distension (R=0.76), rales (R=0.66), oliguria (R=0.63) and low hematocrit and hemoglobin levels (R=0.51).Conclusion: This study showed that the major defining characteristics with R between 0,50 and 1 were validated for the diagnoses of decreased cardiac output or Fluid Volume Excess in patients with DHF. / Introducción: Débito Cardíaco Disminuido y Volumen Excesivo de Líquidos son los principales diagnósticos de Enfermería (DE) presentes en pacientes admitidos con insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) descompensada. La evaluación y determinación de las características definidoras (CD) de estos diagnóstico son fundamentales para orientar las intervenciones de enfermería adecuadas y recomendadas a los pacientes. La validación clínica de las CD de estos diagnósticos permanece inexplorada en el contexto de la IC descompensada. Objetivo: Validar clínicamente las CD de los DE Débito Cardíaco Disminuido y Volumen Excesivo de Líquidos en pacientes con IC descompensada. Métodos: Estudio transversal contemporáneo, realizado de enero a junio de 2007, en hospital universitario en Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Para la validación clínica, se utilizó un instrumento conteniendo las CD de los diagnósticos, aplicado por dos enfermeras peritas en cardiología. Se incluyeron pacientes con fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo  45% y que obtuvieron ocho o más puntos, conforme a los criterios de Boston para la clasificación de IC descompensada. Para la validacíon de el DE Volume Excessivo de Líquidos se incluyeron pacientes com con disfunción sistólica o diastólica. Resultados de la validación de el diagnóstico Débito Cardíaco Diminuído: Se incluyeron 29 pacientes con edad media de 61±14 años; 15 (51%) del sexo masculino; fracción de eyección media del 28%±9. Conforme a la tasa de fidedignidad (R) entre las peritas, las CD consideradas mayores (R ≥ 0,80) para la validación del diagnóstico fueron la fatiga (R=1), la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo reducida (R=1), la disnea (R=0,96), el edema (R+0,95), la ortonea (R=0,95), la disnea paroxística nocturna (R=0,88) y la presión venosa central elevada (R=0,85). Las características consideradas como menores o secundarias fueron la ganancia de peso (R=0,78), la distensión de la vena yugular (R=0,74), las palpitaciones (R=0,71), la oliguria (R=0,67), la tos (R=0,63), la piel fría y pegajosa (R=0,61) y los cambios en el color de la piel (R=0,52). Resultados de la validación de el diagnóstico Volumen Excesivo de Líquidos: Se incluyeron 32 pacientes con edad media de 60,5±14,3 años; 17 (53%) del sexo masculino; fracción de eyección media de 31%±11,5. Siguiendo la tasa de fidedignidad (R) entre las peritas, las CD consideradas mayores (R ≥ 0,80) para la validación del diagnóstico Volumen Excesivo de Líquidos fueron la disnea (R=0,97), la ortonea (R=0,95), el edema (R=0,91), el reflujo hepatoyugular positivo (R=0,90), la disnea paroxística nocturna (R=0,88), la congestión pulmonar (R=0,87) y la presión venosa central elevada (R=0,85). Las características consideradas como menores o secundarias fueron la ganancia de peso (R=0,79), la hepatomegalia (R=0,78), la distensión de la vena yugular (R=0,76), las crepitaciones (R=0,66), la oliguria (R=0,63) y el hematocrito y hemoglobina disminuidos (R=0,51). Conclusión: Se demostró, en este estudio, que las características definidoras con R entre 0,50 y 1 fueron validadas para el diagnóstico Débito Cardíaco Disminuido o Volumen Excesivo de Líquidos en pacientes con IC descompensada.

Introdução: O Débito Cardíaco Diminuído e o Volume Excessivo de Líquidos são os principais diagnósticos de Enfermagem (DE) presentes em pacientes admitidos com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) descompensada. A avaliação e determinação das características definidoras (CD) destes diagnósticos são fundamentais para orientar as intervenções de enfermagem adequadas e preconizadas para estes pacientes. A validação clínica das CD destes diagnósticos permanecem inexploradas no contexto da IC descompensada. Objetivo: Validar clinicamente as CD dos DE Débito Cardíaco Diminuído e Volume Excessivo de Líquidos em pacientes com IC descompensada. Métodos: Estudo transversal contemporâneo realizado de janeiro a junho de 2007 em hospital universitário em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Para a validação clínica utilizou-se- um instrumento contendo as CD dos diagnósticos em estudo, aplicado por duas enfermeiras peritas em cardiologia. Incluiu-se pacientes com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo  45% e que obtiveram oito ou mais pontos, conforme os critérios de Boston para classificação de IC descompensada. Para a validação do diagnóstico Volume Excessivo de Líquidos incluiu-se pacientes com disfunção sistólica ou diastólica Resultados da validação do DE Débito Cardíaco Diminuído: Incluiu-se 29 pacientes com idade média de 61 + 14 anos; 15 (51%) sexo masculino; fração de ejeção média de 28% + 9; De acordo com a taxa de fidedignidade (R) entre as peritas, as CD consideradas maiores (R ≥ 0,80) para a validação do diagnóstico foram a fadiga (R=1), a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo diminuída (R=1), a dispnéia (R=0,96), o edema (R= 0,95), a ortopnéia (R= 0,95), a dispnéia paroxística noturna (R=0,88) e a pressão venosa central elevada (R=0,85). As características consideradas como menores ou secundárias foram o ganho de peso (R=0,78), a distenção da veia jugular (R=0,74), as palpitações (R=0,71), a oligúria (R=0,67), a tosse (R=0,63), a pele fria e pegajosa (R=0,61) e as mudanças na cor da pele (R=0,52). Resultados da validação do DE Volume Excessivo de Líquidos: Incluiu-se 32 pacientes com idade média de 60,5 + 14,3 anos; 17 (53%) sexo masculino; fração de ejeção média de 31% + 11,5. Seguindo a taxa de fidedignidade (R) entre as peritas, as CD consideradas maiores (R ≥ 0,80) para a validação do diagnóstico Volume Excessivo de Líquidos foram a dispnéia (R=0,97), a ortopnéia (R=0,95), o edema (R= 0,91), o refluxo hepatojugular positivo (R=0,90), a dispnéia paroxística noturna (R=0,88), a congestão pulmonar (R=0,87) e a pressão venosa central elevada (R=0,85). As características consideradas como menores ou secundárias foram o ganho de peso (R=0,79), a hepatomegalia (R=0,78), a distenção da veia jugular (R=0,76), as crepitações (R=0,66), a oligúria (R=0,63) e o hematócrito e a hemoglobina diminuídos (R=0,51). Conclusão: Demonstrou-se neste estudo que as características definidoras com R entre 0,50 e 1 foram validadas para os diagnósticos Débito Cardíaco Diminuído e Volume Excessivo de Líquidos em pacientes com IC descompensada. / Introduction: Decreased Cardiac Output and Fluid Volume Excess are the major nursing diagnoses (ND) among patients with decompensated heart failure (DHF). The assessment and determination of the defining characteristics (DC) of those diagnoses are crucial for selecting the appropriate nursing interventions indicated for these patients. The clinical validation of the DC of those diagnoses has not been investigated in the context of DHF. Purpose: To clinically validate the DC of Decreased Cardiac Output and Fluid Volume Excess ND in patients with DHF. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted from January to June 2007 at a teaching hospital in Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A questionnaire containing the DC of the diagnoses, applied by two nurses with expertise in cardiology, was used for clinical validation. To validate Decreased Cardiac Output ND were included patients with left ventricle ejection fraction  45% whose scores, according to the Boston criteria for classification of DHF, were 8 or higher were included in the study. To validate Fluid Volume Excess ND were included patients with systolic or diastolic dysfunction. Results of validate Decreased Cardiac Output ND: A total of 29 patients with mean age of 61+14 years; 15 (51%) male patients; and patients with mean ejection fraction of 28%+9 were included. Based on the reliability index (R) between the experts, the major DC (R ≥ 0.80) for the validation of the ND were fatigue (R=1), decreased left ventricle ejection fraction (R=1), dyspnea (R=0.96), edema (R= 0.95), orthopnea (R= 0.95), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (R=0.88) and elevated central venous pressure (R=0.85). Minor or secondary characteristics were weight gain (R=0.78), jugular vein distension (R=0.74), palpitations (R=0.71), oliguria (R=0.67), cough (R=0.63), cold clammy skin (R=0.61) and changes in skin color (R=0.52). Results of validate Fluid Volume Excess ND: A total of 32 patients with mean age of 60.5+14.3 years; 17 (53%) male patients; and patients with mean ejection fraction of 31%+11.5 were included. Based on the reliability index (R) between the experts, the major DC (R ≥ 0.80) for the validation of the fluid overload ND were dyspnea (R=0.97), orthopnea (R=0.95), edema (R= 0.91), positive hepatojugular reflux (R=0.90), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (R=0.88), pulmonary congestion (R=0.87) and elevated central venous pressure (R=0.85). Minor or secondary characteristics were weight gain (R=0.79), hepatomegaly (R=0.78), jugular vein distension (R=0.76), rales (R=0.66), oliguria (R=0.63) and low hematocrit and hemoglobin levels (R=0.51).Conclusion: This study showed that the major defining characteristics with R between 0,50 and 1 were validated for the diagnoses of decreased cardiac output or Fluid Volume Excess in patients with DHF. / Introducción: Débito Cardíaco Disminuido y Volumen Excesivo de Líquidos son los principales diagnósticos de Enfermería (DE) presentes en pacientes admitidos con insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) descompensada. La evaluación y determinación de las características definidoras (CD) de estos diagnóstico son fundamentales para orientar las intervenciones de enfermería adecuadas y recomendadas a los pacientes. La validación clínica de las CD de estos diagnósticos permanece inexplorada en el contexto de la IC descompensada. Objetivo: Validar clínicamente las CD de los DE Débito Cardíaco Disminuido y Volumen Excesivo de Líquidos en pacientes con IC descompensada. Métodos: Estudio transversal contemporáneo, realizado de enero a junio de 2007, en hospital universitario en Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Para la validación clínica, se utilizó un instrumento conteniendo las CD de los diagnósticos, aplicado por dos enfermeras peritas en cardiología. Se incluyeron pacientes con fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo  45% y que obtuvieron ocho o más puntos, conforme a los criterios de Boston para la clasificación de IC descompensada. Para la validacíon de el DE Volume Excessivo de Líquidos se incluyeron pacientes com con disfunción sistólica o diastólica. Resultados de la validación de el diagnóstico Débito Cardíaco Diminuído: Se incluyeron 29 pacientes con edad media de 61±14 años; 15 (51%) del sexo masculino; fracción de eyección media del 28%±9. Conforme a la tasa de fidedignidad (R) entre las peritas, las CD consideradas mayores (R ≥ 0,80) para la validación del diagnóstico fueron la fatiga (R=1), la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo reducida (R=1), la disnea (R=0,96), el edema (R+0,95), la ortonea (R=0,95), la disnea paroxística nocturna (R=0,88) y la presión venosa central elevada (R=0,85). Las características consideradas como menores o secundarias fueron la ganancia de peso (R=0,78), la distensión de la vena yugular (R=0,74), las palpitaciones (R=0,71), la oliguria (R=0,67), la tos (R=0,63), la piel fría y pegajosa (R=0,61) y los cambios en el color de la piel (R=0,52). Resultados de la validación de el diagnóstico Volumen Excesivo de Líquidos: Se incluyeron 32 pacientes con edad media de 60,5±14,3 años; 17 (53%) del sexo masculino; fracción de eyección media de 31%±11,5. Siguiendo la tasa de fidedignidad (R) entre las peritas, las CD consideradas mayores (R ≥ 0,80) para la validación del diagnóstico Volumen Excesivo de Líquidos fueron la disnea (R=0,97), la ortonea (R=0,95), el edema (R=0,91), el reflujo hepatoyugular positivo (R=0,90), la disnea paroxística nocturna (R=0,88), la congestión pulmonar (R=0,87) y la presión venosa central elevada (R=0,85). Las características consideradas como menores o secundarias fueron la ganancia de peso (R=0,79), la hepatomegalia (R=0,78), la distensión de la vena yugular (R=0,76), las crepitaciones (R=0,66), la oliguria (R=0,63) y el hematocrito y hemoglobina disminuidos (R=0,51). Conclusión: Se demostró, en este estudio, que las características definidoras con R entre 0,50 y 1 fueron validadas para el diagnóstico Débito Cardíaco Disminuido o Volumen Excesivo de Líquidos en pacientes con IC descompensada.

Introdução: O Débito Cardíaco Diminuído e o Volume Excessivo de Líquidos são os principais diagnósticos de Enfermagem (DE) presentes em pacientes admitidos com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) descompensada. A avaliação e determinação das características definidoras (CD) destes diagnósticos são fundamentais para orientar as intervenções de enfermagem adequadas e preconizadas para estes pacientes. A validação clínica das CD destes diagnósticos permanecem inexploradas no contexto da IC descompensada. Objetivo: Validar clinicamente as CD dos DE Débito Cardíaco Diminuído e Volume Excessivo de Líquidos em pacientes com IC descompensada. Métodos: Estudo transversal contemporâneo realizado de janeiro a junho de 2007 em hospital universitário em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Para a validação clínica utilizou-se- um instrumento contendo as CD dos diagnósticos em estudo, aplicado por duas enfermeiras peritas em cardiologia. Incluiu-se pacientes com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo  45% e que obtiveram oito ou mais pontos, conforme os critérios de Boston para classificação de IC descompensada. Para a validação do diagnóstico Volume Excessivo de Líquidos incluiu-se pacientes com disfunção sistólica ou diastólica Resultados da validação do DE Débito Cardíaco Diminuído: Incluiu-se 29 pacientes com idade média de 61 + 14 anos; 15 (51%) sexo masculino; fração de ejeção média de 28% + 9; De acordo com a taxa de fidedignidade (R) entre as peritas, as CD consideradas maiores (R ≥ 0,80) para a validação do diagnóstico foram a fadiga (R=1), a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo diminuída (R=1), a dispnéia (R=0,96), o edema (R= 0,95), a ortopnéia (R= 0,95), a dispnéia paroxística noturna (R=0,88) e a pressão venosa central elevada (R=0,85). As características consideradas como menores ou secundárias foram o ganho de peso (R=0,78), a distenção da veia jugular (R=0,74), as palpitações (R=0,71), a oligúria (R=0,67), a tosse (R=0,63), a pele fria e pegajosa (R=0,61) e as mudanças na cor da pele (R=0,52). Resultados da validação do DE Volume Excessivo de Líquidos: Incluiu-se 32 pacientes com idade média de 60,5 + 14,3 anos; 17 (53%) sexo masculino; fração de ejeção média de 31% + 11,5. Seguindo a taxa de fidedignidade (R) entre as peritas, as CD consideradas maiores (R ≥ 0,80) para a validação do diagnóstico Volume Excessivo de Líquidos foram a dispnéia (R=0,97), a ortopnéia (R=0,95), o edema (R= 0,91), o refluxo hepatojugular positivo (R=0,90), a dispnéia paroxística noturna (R=0,88), a congestão pulmonar (R=0,87) e a pressão venosa central elevada (R=0,85). As características consideradas como menores ou secundárias foram o ganho de peso (R=0,79), a hepatomegalia (R=0,78), a distenção da veia jugular (R=0,76), as crepitações (R=0,66), a oligúria (R=0,63) e o hematócrito e a hemoglobina diminuídos (R=0,51). Conclusão: Demonstrou-se neste estudo que as características definidoras com R entre 0,50 e 1 foram validadas para os diagnósticos Débito Cardíaco Diminuído e Volume Excessivo de Líquidos em pacientes com IC descompensada. / Introduction: Decreased Cardiac Output and Fluid Volume Excess are the major nursing diagnoses (ND) among patients with decompensated heart failure (DHF). The assessment and determination of the defining characteristics (DC) of those diagnoses are crucial for selecting the appropriate nursing interventions indicated for these patients. The clinical validation of the DC of those diagnoses has not been investigated in the context of DHF. Purpose: To clinically validate the DC of Decreased Cardiac Output and Fluid Volume Excess ND in patients with DHF. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted from January to June 2007 at a teaching hospital in Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A questionnaire containing the DC of the diagnoses, applied by two nurses with expertise in cardiology, was used for clinical validation. To validate Decreased Cardiac Output ND were included patients with left ventricle ejection fraction  45% whose scores, according to the Boston criteria for classification of DHF, were 8 or higher were included in the study. To validate Fluid Volume Excess ND were included patients with systolic or diastolic dysfunction. Results of validate Decreased Cardiac Output ND: A total of 29 patients with mean age of 61+14 years; 15 (51%) male patients; and patients with mean ejection fraction of 28%+9 were included. Based on the reliability index (R) between the experts, the major DC (R ≥ 0.80) for the validation of the ND were fatigue (R=1), decreased left ventricle ejection fraction (R=1), dyspnea (R=0.96), edema (R= 0.95), orthopnea (R= 0.95), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (R=0.88) and elevated central venous pressure (R=0.85). Minor or secondary characteristics were weight gain (R=0.78), jugular vein distension (R=0.74), palpitations (R=0.71), oliguria (R=0.67), cough (R=0.63), cold clammy skin (R=0.61) and changes in skin color (R=0.52). Results of validate Fluid Volume Excess ND: A total of 32 patients with mean age of 60.5+14.3 years; 17 (53%) male patients; and patients with mean ejection fraction of 31%+11.5 were included. Based on the reliability index (R) between the experts, the major DC (R ≥ 0.80) for the validation of the fluid overload ND were dyspnea (R=0.97), orthopnea (R=0.95), edema (R= 0.91), positive hepatojugular reflux (R=0.90), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (R=0.88), pulmonary congestion (R=0.87) and elevated central venous pressure (R=0.85). Minor or secondary characteristics were weight gain (R=0.79), hepatomegaly (R=0.78), jugular vein distension (R=0.76), rales (R=0.66), oliguria (R=0.63) and low hematocrit and hemoglobin levels (R=0.51).Conclusion: This study showed that the major defining characteristics with R between 0,50 and 1 were validated for the diagnoses of decreased cardiac output or Fluid Volume Excess in patients with DHF. / Introducción: Débito Cardíaco Disminuido y Volumen Excesivo de Líquidos son los principales diagnósticos de Enfermería (DE) presentes en pacientes admitidos con insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) descompensada. La evaluación y determinación de las características definidoras (CD) de estos diagnóstico son fundamentales para orientar las intervenciones de enfermería adecuadas y recomendadas a los pacientes. La validación clínica de las CD de estos diagnósticos permanece inexplorada en el contexto de la IC descompensada. Objetivo: Validar clínicamente las CD de los DE Débito Cardíaco Disminuido y Volumen Excesivo de Líquidos en pacientes con IC descompensada. Métodos: Estudio transversal contemporáneo, realizado de enero a junio de 2007, en hospital universitario en Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Para la validación clínica, se utilizó un instrumento conteniendo las CD de los diagnósticos, aplicado por dos enfermeras peritas en cardiología. Se incluyeron pacientes con fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo  45% y que obtuvieron ocho o más puntos, conforme a los criterios de Boston para la clasificación de IC descompensada. Para la validacíon de el DE Volume Excessivo de Líquidos se incluyeron pacientes com con disfunción sistólica o diastólica. Resultados de la validación de el diagnóstico Débito Cardíaco Diminuído: Se incluyeron 29 pacientes con edad media de 61±14 años; 15 (51%) del sexo masculino; fracción de eyección media del 28%±9. Conforme a la tasa de fidedignidad (R) entre las peritas, las CD consideradas mayores (R ≥ 0,80) para la validación del diagnóstico fueron la fatiga (R=1), la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo reducida (R=1), la disnea (R=0,96), el edema (R+0,95), la ortonea (R=0,95), la disnea paroxística nocturna (R=0,88) y la presión venosa central elevada (R=0,85). Las características consideradas como menores o secundarias fueron la ganancia de peso (R=0,78), la distensión de la vena yugular (R=0,74), las palpitaciones (R=0,71), la oliguria (R=0,67), la tos (R=0,63), la piel fría y pegajosa (R=0,61) y los cambios en el color de la piel (R=0,52). Resultados de la validación de el diagnóstico Volumen Excesivo de Líquidos: Se incluyeron 32 pacientes con edad media de 60,5±14,3 años; 17 (53%) del sexo masculino; fracción de eyección media de 31%±11,5. Siguiendo la tasa de fidedignidad (R) entre las peritas, las CD consideradas mayores (R ≥ 0,80) para la validación del diagnóstico Volumen Excesivo de Líquidos fueron la disnea (R=0,97), la ortonea (R=0,95), el edema (R=0,91), el reflujo hepatoyugular positivo (R=0,90), la disnea paroxística nocturna (R=0,88), la congestión pulmonar (R=0,87) y la presión venosa central elevada (R=0,85). Las características consideradas como menores o secundarias fueron la ganancia de peso (R=0,79), la hepatomegalia (R=0,78), la distensión de la vena yugular (R=0,76), las crepitaciones (R=0,66), la oliguria (R=0,63) y el hematocrito y hemoglobina disminuidos (R=0,51). Conclusión: Se demostró, en este estudio, que las características definidoras con R entre 0,50 y 1 fueron validadas para el diagnóstico Débito Cardíaco Disminuido o Volumen Excesivo de Líquidos en pacientes con IC descompensada.

This thesis deals with the possibility of using impedance cardiography for calculating cardiac output. Kubicek’s, Sramek‘s and Sramek-Bernstein‘s methods are discussed here. These methods were applied to a data set, obtained by measuring on subjects with implanted cardiostimulators. The subjects’ heart rate was being changed by the programing of cardiostimulators. Thanks to this procedure the measured data were not affected by artifacts, connected with the heart rate change caused by a body stress, or other influences. An influence of heart rate on a cardiac output value based on the statistical processing of the data set was studied.

No description available.

The dependence of cardiac output measurement precision on ambient temperature and cardiac output stability was assessed by concurrent continuous and bolus thermodilution methods in postoperative cardiac surgery patients. The degree of agreement between the two methods was depended on room temperature (0.1 L/min for each degree below 25 degrees C). The agreement was also closer in trials where cardiac output was stable (< 10% variation). The continuous thermodilution method shows sufficient agreement with the bolus method for use in critical care; however, improved precision of cardiac output thermodilution measurements can be achieved by use of correction factors for cardiac instability and for ambient temperature.