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INTRODUÇÃO: Cuidadores de idosos doentes ou demenciados apresentam um alto nível de estresse e morbidade. Intervenções que buscam reduzir estes riscos devem ser simples e efetivas. OBJETIVOS: Visando avaliar o impacto positivo do treinamento na percepção da qualidade de vida de cuidadores de pacientes idosos doentes ou demenciados realizamos uma revisão sistemática da literatura buscando estudos prospectivos, aleatorizados e controlados sobre qualquer tipo de treinamento de cuidadores de idosos doentes ou demenciados e a avaliação dos cuidadores quanto à sua qualidade de vida. MÉTODO: foram pesquisadas as seguintes bases de dados: Cochrane library, Medline, Embase e Lilacs. A primeira revisão encontrou 180 referências. Após avaliação das mesmas, por dois revisores independentes, quanto à qualidade da aleatorização e sigilo de alocação foram selecionados 20 estudos considerados de qualidade média e boa. Os dados extraídos pelos dois revisores foram analisados através do Revman 4.2 da Colaboração Cochrane e metanálises foram realizadas quando possível. RESULTADOS: O treinamento de cuidadores apresenta impacto positivo sobre a Depressão (p=0.001) e percepção de Sobrecarga (p=0.009) e não teve impacto sobre Memória/Atitudes (p=0.05) ou Ansiedade (p=0.10). CONCLUSÕES: O treinamento de cuidadores de pessoas idosas doentes ou demenciadas apresentou, neste estudo, impacto positivo sobre a depressão e a sobrecarga percebida, reduzindo o grau de estresse dos cuidadores. Frente ao pequeno número de artigos encontrados fazem-se necessários mais estudos prospectivos, aleatorizados e controlados para aprofundar o conhecimento destas questões. / BACKGROUND: Caregivers of sick or demented elderly people have a high level of stress and morbidity. Interventions to reduce these risks must be simple and effective. OBJECTIVES: In order to evaluate the positive impact of the training on the quality of life of caregivers of sick or demented elderly people, we performed a systematic review of literature for prospective, randomized, controlled studies about any kind of training of caregivers of sick or demented elderly patients and the evaluation of caregiver\'s about their quality of life. METHOD: We included the following databases: Cochrane library, Medline, Embase and Lilacs. The first review could find 180 references. After evaluation by two independent reviewers, in respect of quality of randomization and allocation the number of accepted ones was 20 articles with media to good quality. The data were extracted by the two reviewers and submitted to the Revman 4.2, from the Cochrane Collaboration, and metanalises were done when it was possible. RESULTS: The caregiver\'s training shows positive impact on Depression (p=0.001) and Burden perception (p=0.009) and had no impact on Memory/Attitudes (p=0.05) or Anxiety (p=0.10). CONCLUSIONS: Training of sick or demented elderly people caregivers had, in this study, a positive impact on depression and burden perception reducing the caregiver\'s stress. The little number of studies suggests the necessity to develop other high quality prospective, randomized, controlled studies in order to deepen in knowledge about these questions.

The purpose of this study was to describe the perceived information needs of parents and the processes they used to obtain information to manage the care of their child or adolescent following a kidney transplant. The sample consisted of three mothers who were the primary caregivers of their adolescent who had undergone a kidney transplant within the last year. Descriptions of parents' perceived information deficits and the processes used to manage their adolescents' care were generated from the data using a grounded theory approach. Sharing the Challenge was identified as the emerging core category. Sharing the Challenge represented the processes by which mothers, transplant recipients, and the health care team supported their shared goal of optimizing the health status of the transplant recipient. The descriptions of Sharing the Challenge and the related supporting subcategories provide a framework for understanding the processes by which mothers and transplant recipients fulfill caregiving responsibilities following a kidney transplant.

INTRODUÇÃO: Cuidadores de idosos doentes ou demenciados apresentam um alto nível de estresse e morbidade. Intervenções que buscam reduzir estes riscos devem ser simples e efetivas. OBJETIVOS: Visando avaliar o impacto positivo do treinamento na percepção da qualidade de vida de cuidadores de pacientes idosos doentes ou demenciados realizamos uma revisão sistemática da literatura buscando estudos prospectivos, aleatorizados e controlados sobre qualquer tipo de treinamento de cuidadores de idosos doentes ou demenciados e a avaliação dos cuidadores quanto à sua qualidade de vida. MÉTODO: foram pesquisadas as seguintes bases de dados: Cochrane library, Medline, Embase e Lilacs. A primeira revisão encontrou 180 referências. Após avaliação das mesmas, por dois revisores independentes, quanto à qualidade da aleatorização e sigilo de alocação foram selecionados 20 estudos considerados de qualidade média e boa. Os dados extraídos pelos dois revisores foram analisados através do Revman 4.2 da Colaboração Cochrane e metanálises foram realizadas quando possível. RESULTADOS: O treinamento de cuidadores apresenta impacto positivo sobre a Depressão (p=0.001) e percepção de Sobrecarga (p=0.009) e não teve impacto sobre Memória/Atitudes (p=0.05) ou Ansiedade (p=0.10). CONCLUSÕES: O treinamento de cuidadores de pessoas idosas doentes ou demenciadas apresentou, neste estudo, impacto positivo sobre a depressão e a sobrecarga percebida, reduzindo o grau de estresse dos cuidadores. Frente ao pequeno número de artigos encontrados fazem-se necessários mais estudos prospectivos, aleatorizados e controlados para aprofundar o conhecimento destas questões. / BACKGROUND: Caregivers of sick or demented elderly people have a high level of stress and morbidity. Interventions to reduce these risks must be simple and effective. OBJECTIVES: In order to evaluate the positive impact of the training on the quality of life of caregivers of sick or demented elderly people, we performed a systematic review of literature for prospective, randomized, controlled studies about any kind of training of caregivers of sick or demented elderly patients and the evaluation of caregiver\'s about their quality of life. METHOD: We included the following databases: Cochrane library, Medline, Embase and Lilacs. The first review could find 180 references. After evaluation by two independent reviewers, in respect of quality of randomization and allocation the number of accepted ones was 20 articles with media to good quality. The data were extracted by the two reviewers and submitted to the Revman 4.2, from the Cochrane Collaboration, and metanalises were done when it was possible. RESULTS: The caregiver\'s training shows positive impact on Depression (p=0.001) and Burden perception (p=0.009) and had no impact on Memory/Attitudes (p=0.05) or Anxiety (p=0.10). CONCLUSIONS: Training of sick or demented elderly people caregivers had, in this study, a positive impact on depression and burden perception reducing the caregiver\'s stress. The little number of studies suggests the necessity to develop other high quality prospective, randomized, controlled studies in order to deepen in knowledge about these questions.

The changing structures of families and the increase in the number of child headed families are progressively becoming noticeable both nationally and internationally. Reviewed literature has confirmed that the increasing trend in orphan status among school going age over the period 2002-2009, is of major concern. A growing body of literature also indicates that child headed families and orphan hood are becoming common phenomena in many African countries in general and South Africa in particular. This scenario presents certain challenges especially on the orphaned children‘s learning and schooling experiences as well as their behavioural and social interaction patterns. The phenomenon calls for greater educational support for such learners at school and home. Increasingly, teachers and schools world over are expected to respond to the changing educational environment and contextual realities of schooling that include the orphaned learners who head households. The aim of this thesis was to address the behavioural challenges that orphaned learners who head household experience and to develop a psycho-educational programme to support their learning. A qualitative instrumental case study research design was used with a study sample of 30 orphaned learners living in child headed household aged 10 to 16 years, ten Life Orientation Teachers, four members of School Management Team, eight members of School Based Support Team (SBST) and four Social Workers who were purposively sampled to participate in the study. The study was conducted in 15 classes located at four schools (3 secondary, 1 primary) in Taledi Area, Mamusa Circuit located in Ipelegeng Township of Schweizer Reneke town under Dr R.S. Ruth Momphati District-North West Province, South Africa. In order to answer the research question, data was collected using a variety of data collection techniques. These were semi structured interviews, observations and documentary analysis. Data obtained was analysed using the interpretational analysis method to determine the common themes and sub themes describing the behavioural challenges that the orphaned learners experience during schooling in the playgrounds and in the classroom. Data analysed revealed that although orphaned learners are socially strong with regard to interaction with their peers, they experience learning difficulties in the classroom leading to underperformance and grade repeating. The study also noted that orphaned learners exhibit negative conduct behaviours and negative social interaction patterns with their LO teachers and members of the school management team. The study also revealed that emotional problems and lack of material support are common phenomena amongst these learners. The study arrived at the recommendation that a psycho-educational programme to address the behavioural challenges be developed to enhance the academic performance of the learners. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

The study focuses on the experiences of learners who live in child-headed households at Osizweni Township. Through a qualitative inquiry I sampled five households purposively. Data was collected using interviews and questionnaires. These categories emerged after data analysis: needs of learners, psychological experiences, relationships with social support systems and the role change from childhood to adulthood. The findings revealed that children experienced extreme financial constraints after the death of parents resulting in inadequate basic and educational needs. These children were traumatized and left emotionally vulnerable, living in fear and isolation constantly. Relatives did not offer any support to these children but support from the school, community and siblings was evident. These children made huge adjustments assuming parental responsibilities and this affected their academic performance. It is recommended that more study is required on the development of a Community Support Centre to educate learners and parents on how to support these children. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

The changing structures of families and the increase in the number of child headed families are progressively becoming noticeable both nationally and internationally. Reviewed literature has confirmed that the increasing trend in orphan status among school going age over the period 2002-2009, is of major concern. A growing body of literature also indicates that child headed families and orphan hood are becoming common phenomena in many African countries in general and South Africa in particular. This scenario presents certain challenges especially on the orphaned children‘s learning and schooling experiences as well as their behavioural and social interaction patterns. The phenomenon calls for greater educational support for such learners at school and home. Increasingly, teachers and schools world over are expected to respond to the changing educational environment and contextual realities of schooling that include the orphaned learners who head households. The aim of this thesis was to address the behavioural challenges that orphaned learners who head household experience and to develop a psycho-educational programme to support their learning. A qualitative instrumental case study research design was used with a study sample of 30 orphaned learners living in child headed household aged 10 to 16 years, ten Life Orientation Teachers, four members of School Management Team, eight members of School Based Support Team (SBST) and four Social Workers who were purposively sampled to participate in the study. The study was conducted in 15 classes located at four schools (3 secondary, 1 primary) in Taledi Area, Mamusa Circuit located in Ipelegeng Township of Schweizer Reneke town under Dr R.S. Ruth Momphati District-North West Province, South Africa. In order to answer the research question, data was collected using a variety of data collection techniques. These were semi structured interviews, observations and documentary analysis. Data obtained was analysed using the interpretational analysis method to determine the common themes and sub themes describing the behavioural challenges that the orphaned learners experience during schooling in the playgrounds and in the classroom. Data analysed revealed that although orphaned learners are socially strong with regard to interaction with their peers, they experience learning difficulties in the classroom leading to underperformance and grade repeating. The study also noted that orphaned learners exhibit negative conduct behaviours and negative social interaction patterns with their LO teachers and members of the school management team. The study also revealed that emotional problems and lack of material support are common phenomena amongst these learners. The study arrived at the recommendation that a psycho-educational programme to address the behavioural challenges be developed to enhance the academic performance of the learners. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

Children heading their households are not a new phenomenon in South Africa. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has been the number one cause behind the emergence of many child-headed households in sub-Saharan Africa. This qualitative research inquiry was guided by an interpretivist epistemology. Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory was used as the theoretical framework that guided this study. A case study design was used with un-structured interviews being the primary method of data collection. Participatory task-based methods in the form of metaphors and story writing, informal observations, questionnaires and field notes augmented the data generation process. Purposive sampling procedures were used and two participants were chosen for this study. Thematic analysis of data generated the themes and sub-themes which provided insight into the lives of children in the role of parents. Findings of this study reveal that orphaned and vulnerable children in the role of parents have the task of taking care of their siblings by providing food, washing their clothes, sending them to school and helping with their homework. They also have the added task of making decisions in the home and providing parental guidance to their younger siblings in the absence of their parents. Children in this study also experienced poverty and faced stigma and discrimination from relatives, peers, neighbors and members in the community / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

Children heading their households are not a new phenomenon in South Africa. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has been the number one cause behind the emergence of many child-headed households in sub-Saharan Africa. This qualitative research inquiry was guided by an interpretivist epistemology. Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory was used as the theoretical framework that guided this study. A case study design was used with un-structured interviews being the primary method of data collection. Participatory task-based methods in the form of metaphors and story writing, informal observations, questionnaires and field notes augmented the data generation process. Purposive sampling procedures were used and two participants were chosen for this study. Thematic analysis of data generated the themes and sub-themes which provided insight into the lives of children in the role of parents. Findings of this study reveal that orphaned and vulnerable children in the role of parents have the task of taking care of their siblings by providing food, washing their clothes, sending them to school and helping with their homework. They also have the added task of making decisions in the home and providing parental guidance to their younger siblings in the absence of their parents. Children in this study also experienced poverty and faced stigma and discrimination from relatives, peers, neighbors and members in the community / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)