Esta tese buscou como tema de pesquisa a defesa da concorrência no mercado varejista de combustível líquido, cujo enfoque principal foi o desenvolvimento de um filtro georreferenciado, como ferramenta de auxílio na detecção de indícios de cartel, aplicado ao combustível gasolina comum. O problema de práticas anticoncorrencias em mercados que operem sob livre concorrência tem sido discutido ao longo do tempo tanto pela literatura quanto pelos operadores de política antitruste. No Brasil, a defesa da concorrência, no âmbito administrativo, está sob a responsabilidade do Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência – SBDC, o qual utiliza um filtro nas investigações sobre denúncias de cartel no mercado varejista de combustível líquido, através de averiguação preliminar, a fim de identificar indícios de evidências econômicas sobre a prática de cartel. A tese abordou três pontos principais. O primeiro envolveu a formação de uma base de dados, através das averiguações preliminares disponibilizadas pelo SBDC, com o intuito de analisar os critérios que compõem o filtro. Sugere-se que este filtro seja reavaliado, devido à falta de hierarquia entre os critérios que o compõem, bem como a alteração da periodicidade dos dados. O segundo diz respeito à aplicação, com base na Teoria dos Jogos, de um jogo sequencial de interação estratégica entre o revendedor varejista, o consumidor e o SBDC. O resultado do jogo mostrou que o revendedor ficará desmotivado a formar um cartel se a chance de ser pego e punido realmente existir. Por fim, o terceiro, consistiu na inclusão do georreferenciamento aos filtros utilizados na literatura para detectar cartéis. Isso foi realizado através de uma análise comparativa do filtro atual com o filtro georreferenciado para o município de Porto Alegre, durante o período de março de 2007 a março de 2008. Ambos filtros indicaram indício de cartel. No entanto, o filtro georreferenciado mostrou um melhor refinamento sobre o comportamento dos revendedores, ao indicar indício de cartel na área de maior densidade urbana do município, assim como gerar um ranking dos revendedores. / This thesis research the defense of competition among fuel retail market and had like objective the development of georeference screen to be used like aid tool to detect vestige of cartel. The problem of anticompetition practices had been discussed by the time even in literature like the antitruste authorits. In Brazil, Brazilian System of Competition Defense (SBDC) are responsable about defense of competition, in administration ambict, and in initial investigation used a filter to detect vestiges of cartels. This tool search economic evidences to find out cartel. This proposition studied three points. First we organized data basis considering preliminary inquiry made by SBDC to study the rules that form this screen. We suggest that this screen had to be revisal due lack of hierarchy in your rules such as period data. Second we proposed a strategic interaction in sequential game between gasoline retail market, consumer and SBDC, based in Games Theory. The result of this game showed that gasoline retail market will not be motivated to organize cartel if he knows that this pratice could be detected and punished. Finally we included in filter used in literature the georeferencing through comparision among screen actually used and georeference screen applied to Porto Alegre, in period of march 2007 to march 2008. Both indicate vestiges of cartel. Nevertheless, the georeference one showed best refinement about behaviour gasoline retail market to indicate collusion in areas of higher density population in the city just as form a ranking of retailers.

Esta tese buscou como tema de pesquisa a defesa da concorrência no mercado varejista de combustível líquido, cujo enfoque principal foi o desenvolvimento de um filtro georreferenciado, como ferramenta de auxílio na detecção de indícios de cartel, aplicado ao combustível gasolina comum. O problema de práticas anticoncorrencias em mercados que operem sob livre concorrência tem sido discutido ao longo do tempo tanto pela literatura quanto pelos operadores de política antitruste. No Brasil, a defesa da concorrência, no âmbito administrativo, está sob a responsabilidade do Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência – SBDC, o qual utiliza um filtro nas investigações sobre denúncias de cartel no mercado varejista de combustível líquido, através de averiguação preliminar, a fim de identificar indícios de evidências econômicas sobre a prática de cartel. A tese abordou três pontos principais. O primeiro envolveu a formação de uma base de dados, através das averiguações preliminares disponibilizadas pelo SBDC, com o intuito de analisar os critérios que compõem o filtro. Sugere-se que este filtro seja reavaliado, devido à falta de hierarquia entre os critérios que o compõem, bem como a alteração da periodicidade dos dados. O segundo diz respeito à aplicação, com base na Teoria dos Jogos, de um jogo sequencial de interação estratégica entre o revendedor varejista, o consumidor e o SBDC. O resultado do jogo mostrou que o revendedor ficará desmotivado a formar um cartel se a chance de ser pego e punido realmente existir. Por fim, o terceiro, consistiu na inclusão do georreferenciamento aos filtros utilizados na literatura para detectar cartéis. Isso foi realizado através de uma análise comparativa do filtro atual com o filtro georreferenciado para o município de Porto Alegre, durante o período de março de 2007 a março de 2008. Ambos filtros indicaram indício de cartel. No entanto, o filtro georreferenciado mostrou um melhor refinamento sobre o comportamento dos revendedores, ao indicar indício de cartel na área de maior densidade urbana do município, assim como gerar um ranking dos revendedores. / This thesis research the defense of competition among fuel retail market and had like objective the development of georeference screen to be used like aid tool to detect vestige of cartel. The problem of anticompetition practices had been discussed by the time even in literature like the antitruste authorits. In Brazil, Brazilian System of Competition Defense (SBDC) are responsable about defense of competition, in administration ambict, and in initial investigation used a filter to detect vestiges of cartels. This tool search economic evidences to find out cartel. This proposition studied three points. First we organized data basis considering preliminary inquiry made by SBDC to study the rules that form this screen. We suggest that this screen had to be revisal due lack of hierarchy in your rules such as period data. Second we proposed a strategic interaction in sequential game between gasoline retail market, consumer and SBDC, based in Games Theory. The result of this game showed that gasoline retail market will not be motivated to organize cartel if he knows that this pratice could be detected and punished. Finally we included in filter used in literature the georeferencing through comparision among screen actually used and georeference screen applied to Porto Alegre, in period of march 2007 to march 2008. Both indicate vestiges of cartel. Nevertheless, the georeference one showed best refinement about behaviour gasoline retail market to indicate collusion in areas of higher density population in the city just as form a ranking of retailers.

The aim of this thesis named "Protection of Economic Competition - Agreements to Obstruct Competition" is to analyse a theme of agreements distoring economic competition at the point of view of a substantive law of the Czech Republic and European Union. These agreements oftenly called as cartels represents one of the most dangerous anti-competitive practicies that leeds to a monopolization of free markets and in consequence of that to a damage of other undertakings and even consumers. This area of law is typical for its generality when the essential influence is reserved for a judicature. For that reason there is layed a great emphasis on the decisions of the European Commission, courts and also national competition authorities in this thesis. The soft law regulation by means of various White books and Notices issued by the European Commission and national competition authorities is not neglected. In Chapter One there is an introduction to this thesis. Chapter Two concentrates on the theme of agreements to obstruct competition in general. It describes a nature of the agreements and their elemental features and outlines a history of this therm. Chapter Three illustrates a relationship between the agreements and other anti- competite practicies - abusing of a dominant position and mergers and pointed...

Viena iš ūkio subjektų bendradarbiavimo formų, reglamentuojama Europos Bendrijos ir Lietuvos konkurencijos teisėje, yra horizontalieji ūkio subjektų susitarimai. Pagrindinės normos, reglamentuojančios horizontaliuosius susitarimus, įtvirtintos Europos Bendrijos sutartyje, o minėtas normas detalizuoja gausybė antrinių teisės aktų. Lietuvai įstojus į Europos Sąjungą tapo privaloma taikyti Europos Bendrijos sutartį ir daugelį kitų teisės aktų, todėl iškyla būtinybė gilintis į horizontaliuosius susitarimus reglamentuojančias teisės normas. Šiame darbe analizuojami pagrindiniai Europos Bendrijos ir Lietuvos teisės aktai, reglamentuojantys horizontaliuosius susitarimus. Vadovaujantis Europos Teisingumo teismo, Europos Komisijos praktika, atskleidžiamas minėtuose teisės aktuose įtvirtintų teisės normų turinys. Darbe pateikiama horizontaliojo susitarimo sąvoka bei nagrinėjami pagrindiniai horizontaliojo susitarimo požymiai, aptariami konkurencijos teisės draudžiami susitarimai, o taip pat išimtys iš draudžiamų horizontaliųjų susitarimų. Autorius aptaria konkurencijos teisės reformą išimčių taikymo srityje bei atskleidžia pagrindines horizontaliųjų susitarimų reglamentavimo tendencijas. / Horizontal agreements are one of cooperation forms regulated by the competition law in European Community and the Republic of Lithuania. The main rules, regulating horizontal agreements, are placed into the Treaty of European Community. These rules are supplemented by many secondary laws. Since Lithuania became a member of The European Union, it is obliged to apply the Treaty of European Community and many other legal instruments. Therefore, it is mandatory to analyze the rules of law on the horizontal agreements. This work includes analysis of the basic rules of the competition law in European Community and the Republic of Lithuania, those concerned to the horizontal agreements. The author, following the Case – law of the European Court of Justice and legislature of the European Commission, reveals the content of the rules in the above – mentioned instruments. The author provides the concept of the horizontal agreements, examines the main features of the horizontal agreements. This work also includes analysis of different type of horizontal agreements. First of all, the author deals with so called “object”- type agreements which are likely to infringe competition rules. Secondly, the author analyses so called “co-operation” agreements, which usually benefit from the exception.

This thesis examines the current state of violence in Mexico that is largely attributed to drug cartel violence. In addition to noting the role of organized crime in Mexico, I include the role the United States has played in the drug industry and the increase of drug-related violence in Mexico. I analyze the implications of US gun laws and the involvement of the DEA in Mexico, along with the efficacy of such measures like NAFTA and the Mérida Initiative.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:17:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo3588_1.pdf: 7698767 bytes, checksum: 57dae74dce47688fc1c9e41722add177 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Esta dissertação visa investigar os fatores estruturais que estão relacionados com o mercado de Álcool combustível e Gasolina C na etapa de revenda do mercado da Região Metropolitana do Recife. Para que isto fosse possível foi realizada uma análise de toda estrutura da produção da gasolina e do álcool combustível, desde as refinarias e usinas até as revendas. A motivação desse estudo se deu pela observação dos problemas enfrentados com a sonegação de impostos e adulteração. Algumas práticas lícitas como o marketing realizado por grandes empresas deste setor foram investigadas e apresentadas nesse trabalho. Além disso, através de uma pesquisa feita a partir dos preços de revenda e das distribuidoras da Região Metropolitana do Recife, procurou-se estruturar o comportamento do mercado de combustíveis desta região. Nesta dissertação existem informações como: quantidade de postos em Pernambuco e RMR, quantidade de distribuidoras, mapeamento por áreas e setores de toda capital pernambucana, análise do percentual de empresas que atuam em cada setor. Além dos estudos de preços de setores em relação aos preços em Pernambuco, Brasil e entre os próprios setores. Ainda é discorrido sobre a existência ou não de cartel na RMR

Cartel agreements constitute a distortion to consumer ́s welfare and economics environment itself by yielding higher profits without risks to those who engage in anticompetitive behavior. Therefore the purpose of this master thesis is to analyze the aspects of sanctioning cartels under Czech and European law especially with regard to the many recent changes in legislation regulating the protection of competition. The thesis is composed of fifteen chapters. Chapter one defines cartels and their characteristics. Second chapter builds on the first by introducing, the types of prohibited agreements. The background in history of competition regulation and its upcoming challenges is provided in chapter three followed by explanation of the reasons why it is necessary to prosecute competitors who engage in anticompetitive conduct in chapter four. Since these reasons have changed several times in history as have the views of the regulator on the need of market regulation, it is important to explore the issue of inconsistency as they still remain topic of discussion even nowadays. Chapter five provides overview of the institutions whose task it is to enforce competition law. After these background chapters, in chapter six the focus shifts towards liability aspects of cartels and the process of sanctioning...

The purpose of my thesis is to show the harmful effect of cartels and the need to sanction them. In particular, I am going to consider which public sanctions for the cartel participants are suitable for the Czech legal and economic environment with regard to the deterrence effect. My hypothesis is that criminal sanctions typical for the US antitrust law will not work in the Czech Republic and they should rather be replaced by another individual sanction -- disqualification of the directors who are responsible for the cartel. The combination of the corporate fines and disqualification of the directors as the individual sanction could successfully deal with the corporate governance issues resulting from the different interests of the shareholders on one hand and the managers on the other and as a result deter both sides of the relationship shareholder-manager from concluding the cartel agreement.

The diploma thesis addresses the issue of the effect of the introduction of leniency program and its reforms on the European competition policy and above all of its effect on investigation of forbidden cartel agreements. Leniency program is currently one of the main tools being implemented in fighting cartels. It works by providing immunity to the first company that provides relevant proof of the cartels existence. This work has three main goals. Firstly it aims to analyse the effectiveness of the leniency program and its reforms when it comes to uncovering cartels. The second goal is to unveil the European Commissions strategy concerning granting leniency and its development over the time. The last goal is to provide a quality analysis of all three forms of leniency and their mutual comparison. This diploma thesis is divided into four chapters: two theoretical and two practical chapters. The first one explains the issue of cartel agreements, individual types of cartels, investigation and its methods and the principals of imposing fines. The analysis of the leniency program itself, its introduction in 1996 and the following reforms in 2002 and 2006 will be the main topics of the second chapter. The third chapter contains the analysis of all Commissions decisions against cartels from 1993 till April 2016. It contains data relating to the development of number of decisions, the amount of fines, the size of the cartels and the percentage of the leniency granted in this period. The forth and the last chapter will focus on a case study of the LCD cartel and on the basis of theoretical findings contained in the first two chapters it will uncover the principles of this particular cartel and the investigation procedures.

La calidad e importancia del diseño gráfico desarrollado en Alemania en la primera mitad del siglo XX está fuera de toda duda, así como sus aportaciones al panorama gráfico internacional. La Segunda Guerra Mundial y la división de Alemania tras la firma de la Capitulación supusieron una gran brecha en la evolución del mismo. El objeto de la presente investigación es determinar la evolución del lenguaje visual -y con ello de los diferentes elementos del diseño gráfico- dentro de la República Democrática Alemana, en relación con la evolución experimentada en los años previos y con el sistema social y político existente. Para lograrlo, tras un análisis cualitativo basado en la bibliografía disponible, se procede al análisis del lenguaje visual de una muestra de 525 carteles desarrollados a lo largo de toda la historia de la RDA. A fin de realizar una investigación metódica diseñaremos un sistema de análisis del lenguaje visual propio, tomando como punto de partida los sistemas de análisis existentes más relevantes. Paralelamente analizaremos la tipografía diseñada y producida dentro de la VEB Typoart, siendo esta la única empresa dedicada al desarrollo de tipos. Los datos obtenidos nos permiten establecer una evolución y periodización del diseño y su relación tanto con la evolución del diseño previo a 1945 como con los acontecimientos socio-políticos más relevantes. / Gutiérrez Rodríguez, E. (2012). INFLUENCIA DE LA SBZ/RDA EN LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LOS ELEMENTOS DEL DISEÑO GRÁFICO EN ALEMANIA: COMPOSICIÓN, TIPOGRAFÍA E IMAGEN. UNA PROPUESTA METODOLÓGICA [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/15229 / Palancia