Texte remanié de: Doctoral diss.--University of Stockholm. / Bibliogr. p. 277-283.

A partir d’une ethnographie de la circulation des travailleurs manuels originaires d’un village du Télangana, en Andhra Pradesh, cette recherche explore les mondes sociaux, politiques et économiques des travailleurs migrants en Inde, les dynamiques et le quotidien des rapports sociaux intercastes et interclasses. Basée sur un terrain mené tant sur les espaces de travail et de vie (en zone rurale et urbaine, dans le secteur de la construction) qu’au village, cette étude contribue aux débats sur la transformation des relations de travail par l’analyse de l’asservissement pour dettes, de l’emploi journalier, du patronage, de la médiation et de l’ascension des basses castes. L’examen des contextes sociaux et culturels des expériences du travail et de la migration, des liens de caste et de classe, du labeur, de la dette, de la confiance et des manières de résister et de dominer fournit matière à une critique de la scission théorique entre travail libre et non libre, au profit d’un continuum des formes de travail et de migration, basé sur des dépendances multiples et gradées. Cette approche rend ainsi compte des micro-hiérarchies et des rapports à la mobilité sociale et à l’autorité. Cette recherche s’intéresse ensuite aux dimensions politiques et sociales du retour des travailleurs migrants et à leurs quêtes de dépendances et de protections, multiples et temporaires, au village. Le quotidien des rapports de pouvoir et des relations intercastes et interclasses est examiné à partir des pratiques et des discours d’un intermédiaire politique, des contestations publiques et de la camaraderie en état d’ébriété, des espoirs de mobilité sociale des jeunes migrants scolarisés, et lors d’un conflit politico-religieux. L’étude des logiques de domination, d’acceptation et de résistance des travailleurs exprimées dans les luttes pour l’accès aux ressources du village contrôlées par les dominants (parti politique, crédit, programmes de développement gouvernementaux et ONG) montre de quelles manières s’entremêlent la politisation des basses castes et la recomposition des rapports de clientélisme au village. / Based on a detailed ethnography of circulation of labourers, originated from a village of Telangana (Andhra Pradesh) and employed in rural and urban construction work, this thesis explores the social, political and economical worlds of labour migrants and the dynamics and everydayness of intercastes and classes relationships. Through a fieldwork carried out on both spaces of work and life at the destination places and village setting, this research contributes to debates on the transformation of labour relations in contemporary India by examining issues such as bonded labour, daily wage work, patron-client relations, mediation and low-caste ascendancy. The study of social and cultural contexts of labour and migration experiences, toil, debt, recruitment, trust and modes of resistance and domination brings material for a critic of theoretical divide between free and unfree labour. It shows how an approach through the continuum of labour and migration forms gives a better account of micro-hierarchies, dependency, social mobility and authority. This research then explores the social and political dimensions of the return of migrants and their quest for multiple and temporary protection and dependency taking place in the village. The everydayness of power relationships and the reinvestment of migrants into village activities are examined through the practices and discourses of a political intermediary, the public contestation and friendship after alcohol consumption, the aspirations of rural youth and political-religious conflicts. This sheds new light on the logics of acceptation, domination and resistance around access to local resources (development programs, NGO’s, political parties) cornered by dominant groups and on the overlapping of the politicisation of low-caste and of the reconstruction of patronage in the village.

Thèse 3 cycle--Lettres--Paris X, 1977. / Bibliogr. p. 241-253. Index. Thèse soutenue sous le titre : "Une Caste de Sannyāsi dans un village du Népal central"

Th. doct. / Bibliogr. p. 239-254.

Texte remanié de: Thesis Ph. D.--Canberra--Australian National University, 2005. / Bibliogr. p. 223-232.

Nous avons cherché à mieux connaître les potentialités ontogéniques des ouvriers de R. santonensis (espèce introduite) et R. grassei (espèce endémique) à se différencier en reproducteurs secondaires néoténiques, ainsi que les mécanismes physiologiques sous jacents à cette différenciation. Les conséquences de cette production de reproducteurs seront discutées dans le cas de processus invasifs. Les insectes sociaux introduits présentent des modifications de leur structure sociale, ce qui leur confère des capacités invasives importantes. Chez R. santonensis, ces modifications consécutives à une introduction portent sur la capacité à produire des néoténiques. Ces néoténiques sont capables de pondre abondamment et les larves de se développer rapidement. L’Hormone Juvénile semble impliquée dans cette potentialité. Après avoir confirmé l’introduction de R. urbis, nous montrons que, dans un nouveau milieu, la structure coloniale est de type étendu avec une reproduction par bouturage. / No summary available

The thesis is based on data collected during a twenty months period of fieldwork undertaken in Calcutta, India. The main concern is with the effects of processes of urbanisation on middle-class women's lives in a heterogeneous neighbourhood. While focusing on members of the Bengali Hindu majority comparative material drawn from data referring to the Bengali Christian and Marwari communities is incorporated. Initially the socio-economic history of different castes and communities and in particular the Subarnabanik Bene (goldsmiths and sellers of gold) occupational and ritual patterns as well as educational standards are investigated. In the following chapters the effects of socio-economic change on marriage patterns (love- and arranged marriages) and their evaluation as well as various types of marriage transactions undertaken are described and interpreted. In the course of the remaining chapters household structures, women's work in the domestic sphere and female employment as well as redefined concepts relating to segregation and seclusion are analysed. Throughout the thesis various aspects of women's ritual activities, reproductive behaviour and kinship relations are investigated in a rapidly changing urban setting. Within the given context concepts of gender- and community-identity are explored and the influence of long-term and recent economic changes are analysed. Different meanings of phenomena like dowry, seclusion or the joint family and ideologies employed to legitimise the same are described with reference to traditional and modern practice. The domestic sphere identified with women and kinship is interpreted as linked to concepts of status within the urban setting where caste and community affiliation are among a number of defining features of group affiliation such as class and regional origin. Relations between gender and community are explored within the context of the locality and its history. As an overall hypothesis the flexibility and modern content of assumedly traditional concepts and practices is demonstrated.

Texte remanié de: Th. Ph.D--University of Dehli. / Notes bibliogr. Index.

Diss.--Philosophische Fakultät I--Zürich--Universität, 1989.

Orientador: Anita Jocelyne Marsaioli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T12:24:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pianaro_Adriana_M.pdf: 2518438 bytes, checksum: 3b5f12bf2a708bd9e45fb606bde6a3a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A vida social das abelhas é marcada pela presença de várias substâncias produzidas por suas glândulas exócrinas e endócrinas ou coletadas na natureza. Estes compostos são empregados principalmente por operárias, machos e rainha no reconhecimento de seus companheiros de colônia, acasalamento, defesa do ninho e marcadores de percurso. Entre as abelhas sociais brasileiras, as pertencentes à subfamília Meliponinae (Apoidea: Apidae) são extremamente importantes para a flora nativa, pois contribuem com 40-90% da polinização. Estas abelhas são denominadas meliponíneos ou abelhas indígenas sem ferrão, distribuídas em mais de 300 espécies que vivem exclusivamente nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Os meliponíneos vivem em colônias permanentes com divisões de castas (operárias, machos e rainha) e, por isso, produzem uma gama de substâncias responsáveis pelas divisões de tarefas e para manter a ordem dentro da colônia. Com a finalidade de contribuir na descoberta dos compostos utilizados na comunicação das abelhas brasileiras, este trabalho abordou três tópicos, revelando: 1) a "guerra" química desencadeada pela Melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811 (Apidae: Meliponinae) contra as operárias invasoras de Melipona rufiventris Lepeletier, 1836 (Apidae: Meliponinae), sendo que as principais armas químicas foram a alteração da composição da cera de M. scutellaris, com grande produção de acetato de triacontanila, e a adição de terpenos e compostos fenólicos no batume, o que provavelmente acabou tornando o ninho pouco confortável e expulsando as operárias invasoras; 2) a diferenciação química das operárias e dos machos de Nannotrigona testaceicornis Lepeletier, 1836 (Apidae: Meliponinae) é principalmente relacionada a presença de acetato de geranil-geranila (operárias) e Z-9-nonacoseno (machos) em seus abdomes, e em Plebeia droryana Friese, 1900 (Apidae: Meliponinae), o tetradecanal (operárias) e um éster desconhecido (machos). As composições químicas das cabeças também diferenciam machos e operárias de ambas espécies: os constituintes principais nas operárias de P. doryana são a-copaeno, Ar-curcumeno, d-cadineno, 1-cis-calameneno e Z-9-octacoseno e nos machos de P. doryana são o 2-nonanol, dois ácidos alifáticos lineares (C14 e C16) e o acetato de octadecanila. Os constituintes das cabeças dos machos e das operárias de N. testaceicornis podem ser distinguidos pela presença de nonanal, a-copaeno, pentadecano, dois Z-9-alcenos (C23 e C25) e octadecenoato de hexadecenila (operárias). As ceras cuticulares das operárias de N. testaceicornis possuem dois Z-9-alcenos (C25 e C28), enquanto que as dos machos possuíam o 2-fenil-tridecano. Em P. droryana, as ceras cuticulares das operárias possuíam a-copaeno, Ar-curcumeno, 1-cis-calameneno, geranil-linalol, esqualeno e acetato de nerolidol, enquanto o hentriacontano está presente somente nos machos; e 3) a importância do óleo floral de Lophanthera lactescens Ducke (Malpighiaceae) para as operárias de Tetragonisca angustula Latreille, 1811 (Apidae: Meliponinae) e fêmeas de Centris trigonoides Lepeletier, 1841 (Anthophoridae: Centridini), as quais utilizam o mesmo no ninho. A coleta do óleo floral por estas abelhas foi confirmada analisando a parte externa dos abdomens das mesmas. O óleo floral tem como componente principal o ácido 3-acetoxi-octadecanóico. Trata-se do primeiro relato de coleta de óleos florais por operárias de Tetragonisca angustula. Estes estudos revelaram alguns compostos que são responsáveis pelas relações entre castas, espécies e planta/polinizador, mas muitas espécies de abelhas brasileiras ainda precisam ser estudadas para uma melhor compreensão de suas relações complexas e suas comunicações químicas / Abstract: The social life of bees is marked for the presence of many substances produced by their exocrine and endocrine glands or collected in the environment. These compounds are employed mainly for queen, male, and worker bees in the recognition systems of colony individuals, copulation, nest defense, and odor trail markers. Among the Brazilian social bees, the subfamily Meliponinae (Apoidea: Apidae) is extremely important for native flora, because the Meliponinae bees contribute with 40-90% of the pollinization. These bees are known as meliponine bees or stingless native bees. There are more than 300 species distributed exclusively in tropical and subtropical regions. The meliponine bees exist in permanent colonies with divisions of castes (workers, males and queen) and, therefore, they produce a great diversity of substances responsible for divisions of jobs to maintain the colony organization. The aim of this work was to contribute in the discovery of the compounds employed in chemical communication of Brazilian bees. Three main topics were investigated and revealed: 1) the chemical "war" unchained by Melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811 (Apidae: Meliponinae) against the invader workers of Melipona rufiventris Lepeletier, 1836 (Apidae: Meliponinae), then the main weapons are related with wax composition alteration with large production of triacontanyl acetate by M. scutellaris. The batumen composition was also altered with the addition of terpenes and phenolic compounds that probably change the odor of M. scutellaris nest producing an uncomfortable atmosphere which induces the invader workers departure; 2) the chemical differentiation of workers and males Nannotrigona testaceicornis Lepeletier, 1836 (Apidae: Meliponinae) is mainly related for geranyl-geranyl acetate (workers) and Z-9-nonacosene (males) present in their abdomens, and in Plebeia droryana Friese, 1900 (Apidae: Meliponinae), there is tetradecanal in workers' abdomens and an unknown ester in the males' abdomens. The heads chemical compositions can also differentiate males and workers in both species: the main constituents in P. droryana workers are a-copaene, Ar-curcumene, d-cadinene, 1-cis-calamenene, and Z-9-octacosene and in males are 2-nonanol, two linear aliphatic acids (C14 and C16), and octadecanyl acetate. The heads of males and workers N. testaceicornis can be distinguished by the presence of nonanal, a-copaene, pentadecane, two Z-9-alkenes (C23 and C25), and hexadecenyl octadecenoate (workers). The cuticular waxes of N. testaceicornis workers have two Z-9-alkenes (C25 and C28), and the males have 2-phenyl-tridecane. In P. droryana, the cuticular waxes of workers have a-copaene, Ar-curcumene, 1-cis-calamenene, geranyl-linalool, squalene, and nerolidol acetate, while hentriacontane is present in the males waxes; and 3) the importance of Lophanthera lactescens Ducke (Malpighiaceae) floral oil to Tetragonisca angustula Latreille, 1811 (Apidae: Meliponinae) workers and Centris trigonoides Lepeletier, 1841 (Anthophoridae: Centridini) females, which is used in their nest construction. Confirmation that these bees gather the floral oil was obtained by analyzing their abdomens (external part), which revealed the presence of 3-acetoxy-octadecanoic acid, the main constituent of floral oil. Floral oil gathering by Tetragonisca angustula workers was not previously reported. We have thus revealed some compounds that are responsible for the relationships among castes, species and plant/pollinator, but many other Brazilian bees should be studied for a better understanding of their complex relationships and their chemical communications / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química