O objetivo deste trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento e aplicação de um software de simulação para o processo de lingotamento contínuo que seja capaz de simular com precisão e confiabilidade a solidificação de tarugos de aço, possibilitando a otimização do processo de fabricação dos produtos siderúrgicos. Para a validação do software, utilizou-se de resultados obtidos experimentalmente de medições de temperaturas em planta e de amostras de aços lingotados. As medidas de temperatura foram realizadas com a inserção de termopares ao longo da parede de moldes e com uso de pirômetro óptico posicionado em diferentes regiões da máquina de LC. O modelo desenvolvido mostrou-se bastante coerente e preciso quando seus resultados foram comparados com os dados experimentais do processo. Foram analisados lingotes de seção quadrada de 240 mm, 180 mm e 150 mm. Com a simulação de uma seqüência de corridas monitoradas foi possível obter resultados para ajuste de parâmetros térmicos como os coeficientes de transferência de calor nas interfaces metal/molde e metal/ambiente. Posteriormente, aferições foram realizadas com dados reais de processo e com outros programas numéricos da literatura aplicados ao processo de LC. Com o programa de simulação devidamente aferido, correlações numéricas e experimentais foram realizadas para verificar a influência de parâmetros térmicos (ρ, c, k, TL, TS), parâmetros de processo (TV, VL, CQ) e parâmetros estruturais (λ1, λ2, TCE) na evolução da casca solidificada e perfil térmico dos tarugos. Dessa forma, equações empíricas que correlacionam esses parâmetros foram analisadas e posteriormente adotadas no programa numérico. / The development and application of simulation software for the continuous casting process is proposed in this work. The heat transfer and solidification models were validated with experimental results of temperature measurements in an industrial plant as well as with steel billets samples. Thermocouples embedded in the mold walls were used to measure temperatures along the mold length and non-contact pyrometers positioned at different locations along the machine were used to monitored the strand surface temperatures. The model seemed to predict quite accurately the continuous casting simulation when calculated results were compared with experimental measurements. In this study, steel billet with square section of 240 mm, 180 mm and 150 mm were analyzed. Some of the monitored heats were used to adjust thermal parameters as the heat transfer coefficients. After, the model results were compared with results from a heat transfer model of literature. With the simulation software properly calibrated, numerical and experimental correlations were performed to analyze the influence of thermal parameters (ρ, c, k, TL, TS), process parameters (TV, VL, CQ) and structural parameters (λ1, λ2, TCE) in the evolution of solidified shell and thermal profile of the billets. Therefore, empirical equations that correlate these parameters were analyzed and subsequently adopted in the numerical model.

O objetivo deste trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento e aplicação de um software de simulação para o processo de lingotamento contínuo que seja capaz de simular com precisão e confiabilidade a solidificação de tarugos de aço, possibilitando a otimização do processo de fabricação dos produtos siderúrgicos. Para a validação do software, utilizou-se de resultados obtidos experimentalmente de medições de temperaturas em planta e de amostras de aços lingotados. As medidas de temperatura foram realizadas com a inserção de termopares ao longo da parede de moldes e com uso de pirômetro óptico posicionado em diferentes regiões da máquina de LC. O modelo desenvolvido mostrou-se bastante coerente e preciso quando seus resultados foram comparados com os dados experimentais do processo. Foram analisados lingotes de seção quadrada de 240 mm, 180 mm e 150 mm. Com a simulação de uma seqüência de corridas monitoradas foi possível obter resultados para ajuste de parâmetros térmicos como os coeficientes de transferência de calor nas interfaces metal/molde e metal/ambiente. Posteriormente, aferições foram realizadas com dados reais de processo e com outros programas numéricos da literatura aplicados ao processo de LC. Com o programa de simulação devidamente aferido, correlações numéricas e experimentais foram realizadas para verificar a influência de parâmetros térmicos (ρ, c, k, TL, TS), parâmetros de processo (TV, VL, CQ) e parâmetros estruturais (λ1, λ2, TCE) na evolução da casca solidificada e perfil térmico dos tarugos. Dessa forma, equações empíricas que correlacionam esses parâmetros foram analisadas e posteriormente adotadas no programa numérico. / The development and application of simulation software for the continuous casting process is proposed in this work. The heat transfer and solidification models were validated with experimental results of temperature measurements in an industrial plant as well as with steel billets samples. Thermocouples embedded in the mold walls were used to measure temperatures along the mold length and non-contact pyrometers positioned at different locations along the machine were used to monitored the strand surface temperatures. The model seemed to predict quite accurately the continuous casting simulation when calculated results were compared with experimental measurements. In this study, steel billet with square section of 240 mm, 180 mm and 150 mm were analyzed. Some of the monitored heats were used to adjust thermal parameters as the heat transfer coefficients. After, the model results were compared with results from a heat transfer model of literature. With the simulation software properly calibrated, numerical and experimental correlations were performed to analyze the influence of thermal parameters (ρ, c, k, TL, TS), process parameters (TV, VL, CQ) and structural parameters (λ1, λ2, TCE) in the evolution of solidified shell and thermal profile of the billets. Therefore, empirical equations that correlate these parameters were analyzed and subsequently adopted in the numerical model.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo a obtenção de equações empíricas permitindo a correlação da morfologia estrutural de aços com os parâmetros de solidificação: variação dos espaçamentos dendríticos secundários com a posição (l2xP) e variação dos espaçamentos dendríticos secundários com as taxas de resfriamento (l2x •T), como também o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para determinação do início de transição colunarequiaxial e sua relação com a seção e composição química do aço. Para isso foram utilizadas técnicas de metalografia e um sistema de aquisição de imagens para a análise de macro e microestrutura (transição colunar-equiaxial, espaçamentos dendríticos secundários), de aços especiais obtidos por lingotamento contínuo. Foram selecionadas amostras retiradas de lingotes com três diferentes seções: 150x150mm, 180x180mm e 240x240 mm, englobando aços com diferentes valores de carbono equivalente, totalizando nove qualidades analisadas. Simulações foram geradas empregando um software do lingotamento contínuo (InALC), obtendo-se resultados das condições de solidificação em relação a taxas de resfriamento ( •T), para os parâmetros operacionais (composição química, velocidades e temperaturas de lingotamento). As equações dos parâmetros microestruturais obtidas experimentalmente foram implementadas no software InALC+, permitindo simulações também com previsão estrutural para os aços analisados. Pode-se concluir que o aumento da seção proporcionou maiores zonas colunares, independente da composição química dos aços, e que para um teor de carbono equivalente de 0,11%Ceq observou-se uma relação direta e linear entre os valores de início de TCE, tamanho da seção e taxa de resfriamento. As equações para EDS em função da distância para aços com valores de Ceq iguais apresentaram maiores valores na seção de 240 mm e 180 mm, seguidos pela seção de 150 mm. Nas equações de EDS em função da taxa de resfriamento simulada para aços com valores de Ceq iguais a 0,11%Ceq, os maiores valores de EDS ocorrem na seção 150mm, seguido pela seção 240mm e 180mm. Na comparação dos aços com valores de carbono equivalente em torno de 0,40%Ceq, o valor de EDS apresentou um aumento em função do aumento das seções. Em comparação a aços de mesma seção, as equações apresentaram um aumento do valor de EDS em função do aumento do Ceq. / The objective of this study was to obtain empirical equations permitting the relationships between as-cast structural morphology and solidification conditions: variation of the secondary dendrite arm spacings with positions (l2xP), variation of the secondary dendrite arm spacings with cooling rates (l2x • T ), as well as to develop a methodology to determine the start of the colunar-equiaxed transition and its correlation with mold section and chemical composition of the steel. Metallographic techniques and image acquisition system were used to analyze both macrostructures and microstructures (colunar-equiaxed transition and secondary dendrite arm spacings) of special steels produced by continuous casting. Transversal specimens were cut from the solidified ingots with different sections: 150x150mm, 180x180mm e 240x240mm, and with different equivalent carbon, totalizing nine steel types. Based on a heat transfer and solidification mathematical model of the continuous casting process (InALC+), results have been developed correlating the cooling rates as a function of operational parameters (chemical composition, casting speed and casting temperature). The correlation of these expressions with experimental equations relating dendrite spacings and colunar-equiaxed transition were implemented into the InALC+ software, providing an insight into the preview of structural characteristics for special steels. It can be concluded that the increasing of the section lead to bigger columnar zones, independent of the chemical compositions of the steels, and for 0.11%Ceq it was observed a direct and linear relation between the initial of the columnar-equiaxed transition, strand section and cooling rate. The expressions for SDAS in function of the distance for steels with equals Ceq presented bigger values for 240 and 180 mm, followed by 150 mm. In the expressions for SDAS in function of the simulated cooling rate for steels with 0.11%Ceq the bigger values were observed to 150 mm followed by 240 and 180 mm. In the comparison between the steels with 0.40% Ceq the SDAS values presented an increase in function of the increase of the section. For the same section the expression presented an increase in the SDAS value in function of the increase of the Ceq.

Ripple marks and oscillation marks are undesirable defects which occur on the surface of solidified steel produced industrially in the ingot and the continuous casting processes, respectively; these defects are characterized by more or less evenly spaced indentations on the metal surface. Although the mechanisms for their formation are thought to be qualitatively understood, there is still considerable scope for improvement as regards quantitative mathematical modeling. In this thesis, models for the two processes are developed. For the case of ripple marks, transient twodimensional (2D) momentum and heat transfer in ingot casting is considered, and a criterion is derived, in terms of the process parameters, that can help to inform how to avoid such marks. For the case of oscillation marks in continuous casting, a novel numerical formulation for a transient 2D model is developed with the aim of tracking the spatial location of the first point of molten steel to solidify, since this determines the profile of the final oscillation mark. In both cases, the models are nondimensionalized, and the sizes of the dimensionless parameters that appear are used to derive asymptotically reduced models, with a view to not only clarifying the qualitative behavior, but also as a means to reducing the computational expense; both finite-difference and finite-element methods are used to solve the resulting model equations. One of the conclusions is that, although experimentalists and metallurgists have, in the past, treated the two cases as being linked, the present modeling approach shows quite clearly, and perhaps for the first time, how they quantitatively differ. / Marcas de ondulação e marcas de oscilação são defeitos indesejáveis que ocorrem na superfície do lingote de aço solidificado produzido industrialmente; esses defeitos são caracterizados por recortes mais ou menos uniformemente espaçados na superfície do metal. Embora se acredite que os mecanismos para sua formação sejam entendidos qualitativamente, ainda há considerável espaço para melhorias no que diz respeito à modelagem matemática quantitativa. Nesta tese, os modelos para os dois processos são desenvolvidos. Para o caso de marcas de ondulação, considera-se a transferência bidimensional e transitória (2D) de calor e de momento no lingotamento, e um critério é derivado, em termos dos parâmetros do processo, que pode ajudar a informar como evitar tais marcas. Para o caso de marcas de oscilação em lingotamento contínuo, uma nova formulação numérica para um modelo 2D transiente é desenvolvida com o objetivo de rastrear a localização espacial do primeiro ponto de aço fundido para solidificar, pois isso determina o perfil da marca final de oscilação. Em ambos os casos, os modelos são adimensionalizados, e os tamanhos dos parâmetros adimensionais que aparecem são usados para derivar modelos assintoticamente reduzidos, visando não apenas esclarecer o comportamento qualitativo, mas também como meio de reduzir o gasto computacional; ambos os métodos de diferenças finitas e elementos finitos são usados para resolver as equações do modelos resultantes. Uma das conclusões é que, embora os experimentalistas e metalúrgicos tenham, no passado, tratado os dois casos como estando ligados, a presente abordagem de modelagem mostra claramente, e talvez pela primeira vez, como eles diferem quantitativamente.

In this thesis an equation of heat conduction including phase and structural changes is derived, involving various boundary conditions. It seems to be the most suitable to calculate the equation by enthalpy method. In this equation not only enthalpy occurs, but also the temperature, and in consequence the relationship between these variables is quite complicated. In this paper I use the values measured or calculated using solidifcation models. The calculation is implemented in Matlab Simulink, which is a very popular blocks scheme in common practice of regulation. The calculation is based on steady state set up with help of experts and as a result, the program could be put into practice. The program calculates the intensity of cooling according to the initial casting speed, casting inlet temperature and the desired temperature curves. The rate of inuence of cooling can be changed according to the given criteria. The thesis compares the surface temperatures and cooling in the case of a predictive controller is or is not applied in the program.

<p>Continuous caster moulds are the last and most important stage in the steelmaking process, where inclusions can either be generated or removed. With increasing casting speed using conventional immersion nozzles critical problems, such as unstable bulk mould flow have been noticed. Mould flux entrapment due to vortex and shearing action from the oscillating surface waves have become of particular concern. It is therefore necessary to have a calm inlet flow at the entrance of the mould. Recently, it has been acknowledged that a swirl blade placed at the upstream of the immersion nozzle effectively resolves the problems arising from unstable bulk mould flow. Therefore, to increase the knowledge of effect of swirling flow on the flow pattern in the mould, fundamental mathematical models of a billet mould equipped with a swirl blade in the nozzle have been developed. The model was used to study the effect of divergent angle of the immersion nozzle and mould aspect ratio on the flow field and temperature distribution inside billets moulds. Data from water model experiments were used to verify the mathematical model predictions. A fairly good agreement was found between physical modeling data and predictions, which ensured that the numerical model is reliable. Thereafter, the differences between square and round billet moulds were studied. Next, the effect of changing aspect ratio of the rectangular mould on the fluid flow and heat transfer, while keeping mould surface area constant, was studied. Two types of immersion nozzles, bottomless and conventional, were also analyzed during the research. The model moulds were changed gradually from a square billet with an aspect ratio of 1x1 to a rectangular billet with an aspect ratio of 3x1. First, the temperature and velocity distributions were calculated. Later, unsteady calculations were done to determine velocity fluctuations on the meniscus level for two types of nozzles and several moulds geometries.</p>

This thesis deals with creation of breakout prediction model implemented via artificial neural network in MATLAB, hence it contains theoretical description of artificial neural networks and also presents how the networks were used for the breakout prediction problem. In addition, models of heat conduction through the mold wall were created and used for generating neccesary data for proper training of artificial neural network. The thesis contains proper description of used numerical methods for solving the heat conduction problems. In the thesis are presented partial results and also results of testing created artificial neural network with usage of real data.

Continuous caster moulds are the last and most important stage in the steelmaking process, where inclusions can either be generated or removed. With increasing casting speed using conventional immersion nozzles critical problems, such as unstable bulk mould flow have been noticed. Mould flux entrapment due to vortex and shearing action from the oscillating surface waves have become of particular concern. It is therefore necessary to have a calm inlet flow at the entrance of the mould. Recently, it has been acknowledged that a swirl blade placed at the upstream of the immersion nozzle effectively resolves the problems arising from unstable bulk mould flow. Therefore, to increase the knowledge of effect of swirling flow on the flow pattern in the mould, fundamental mathematical models of a billet mould equipped with a swirl blade in the nozzle have been developed. The model was used to study the effect of divergent angle of the immersion nozzle and mould aspect ratio on the flow field and temperature distribution inside billets moulds. Data from water model experiments were used to verify the mathematical model predictions. A fairly good agreement was found between physical modeling data and predictions, which ensured that the numerical model is reliable. Thereafter, the differences between square and round billet moulds were studied. Next, the effect of changing aspect ratio of the rectangular mould on the fluid flow and heat transfer, while keeping mould surface area constant, was studied. Two types of immersion nozzles, bottomless and conventional, were also analyzed during the research. The model moulds were changed gradually from a square billet with an aspect ratio of 1x1 to a rectangular billet with an aspect ratio of 3x1. First, the temperature and velocity distributions were calculated. Later, unsteady calculations were done to determine velocity fluctuations on the meniscus level for two types of nozzles and several moulds geometries. / <p>QC 20101110</p>

Beim kontinuierlichen Stranggießen von Stahl werden elektromagnetische Felder zur Strömungsbeeinflussung eingesetzt. In dieser Arbeit wird die Wirkung eines statischen Magnetfeldes auf die Kokillenströmung in einem Modellexperiment untersucht. Das statische Magnetfeld strukturiert die Strömung um, kann lokal die Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten erhöhen und verändert die Ausbildung und Anzahl der für Brammenkokillen typischen großskaligen Wirbel. Es zeigt sich weiterhin, dass die elektrische Leitfähigkeit der Kokillenwände einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Wirkung einer elektromagnetischen Bremse hat. Unter isolierenden Wänden werden räumliche Oszillationen des Flüssigmetallstrahles initiiert und es bildet sich zwischen den beiden Kokillenhälften eine asymmetrische Strömung aus. Leitfähige Wände verhindern die Oszillationen und die Kokillenströmung ist symmetrisch. Eine eindeutige bremsende Wirkung der elektromagnetischen Bremse auf den Durchfluss konnte jedoch in beiden Fällen nicht festgestellt werden.

Beim kontinuierlichen Stranggießen von Stahl werden elektromagnetische Felder zur Strömungsbeeinflussung eingesetzt. In dieser Arbeit wird die Wirkung eines statischen Magnetfeldes auf die Kokillenströmung in einem Modellexperiment untersucht. Das statische Magnetfeld strukturiert die Strömung um, kann lokal die Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten erhöhen und verändert die Ausbildung und Anzahl der für Brammenkokillen typischen großskaligen Wirbel. Es zeigt sich weiterhin, dass die elektrische Leitfähigkeit der Kokillenwände einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Wirkung einer elektromagnetischen Bremse hat. Unter isolierenden Wänden werden räumliche Oszillationen des Flüssigmetallstrahles initiiert und es bildet sich zwischen den beiden Kokillenhälften eine asymmetrische Strömung aus. Leitfähige Wände verhindern die Oszillationen und die Kokillenströmung ist symmetrisch. Eine eindeutige bremsende Wirkung der elektromagnetischen Bremse auf den Durchfluss konnte jedoch in beiden Fällen nicht festgestellt werden.