This work introduces the site of Catalina Huanca and presents the results of research conducted on its Monticulos 6 and 7 between 2006-2008. Archaeological intervention has permitted the identication of the scope of local politicalprocesses that developed there in prehistory. Around 550 AD, Lima society began the planned construction of this extensive public center in the middle Rimac Valley, representing an enormous investment of work and organization. An analysis of the architectural sequence of Monticulo 7 has illustrated that during the course of 150 years, the settlement’s buldings were continually renovated, reproducing original architectural schematics and therefore the same ideological principles that sustained local power. Later, towards 700-750 AD, the site’s buldings were buried and abandoned following a number of human sacrices, above which was recorded a thick strata of silt. After 750 AD, one of the mounds of the settlement (Monticulo 6) was reutilized as a cemetery for a population whose material culture was found to be associated with the Huari phenomenon. / Se presenta una introducción del sitio Catalina Huanca así como los resultados de las investigaciones realizadas en los Montículos 6 y 7 durante los años 2006-2008. Tales intervenciones nos han permitido identicar el desarrollo de procesos políticos locales. Así, alrededor del año 550 d.C., la sociedad Lima inicia la construcción planicada de un extenso centro público en el valle medio del Rímac, el cual implicó una enorme inversión de trabajo y organización. El análisis de la secuencia arquitectónica del Montículo 7 nos indica que durante un trascurso de 150 años, los edicios del asentamiento fueron renovados continuamente, reproduciendo las plantas arquitectónicas originales y por lo tanto los mismos principios que sustentaban la ideología del poder local. Luego, hacia los años 700-750 d.C. los edicios son sepultados y abandonados tras eventos de sacricios humanos, después de lo cual se registran gruesos estratos de limo.A partir del 750 d.C. uno de los montículos del asentamiento (Montículo 6) es reutilizado como cementerio de una población cuya cultura material se encuentra asociada al fenómeno wari.

This article analyzes the nature of economic relations which began with the use of credit. In particular, it will study an important seventeenth century limanian family: the Guerra de la Daga. Two members of that family, Lucía and Clara, founders of the monastery of Santa Catalina in Lima, invested their capital in that monastery and guarantied its autonomy with respect to the administration of convent goods. To insure their control, they saturated the patrimony of their brother Antonio, owner of a mayorazgo, with different loans. This situation redefined family relationships between the founding abbesses and their brothers and descendants. / Este artículo analiza la naturaleza de las relaciones económicas nacidas a partir del crédito. Se estudia el caso de una importante familia limeña del siglo XVII: los Guerra de la Daga. Dos de sus miembros, Lucía y Clara, fundadoras del monasterio de Santa Catalina de Lima, invirtieron sus capitales en la dotación del mismo y procuraron la autonomía en la administración de los bienes conventuales. Para afianzar su poder, saturaron el patrimonio de su hermano Antonio, propietario de un mayorazgo, por medio de diversos préstamos. Esta situación redefiniría las relaciones parentales entre las abadesas fundadoras, de un lado, y sus hermanos y los descendientes de estos, del otro.

No description available.

No description available.

El presente estudio titulado “Selección del método de explotación para la veta piedad de La Mina Catalina Huanca”, involucra criterios técnicos y económicos orientados a la selección del método optimo para la explotación de la Veta Piedad como una alternativa de solución al problema del alto costo y la baja productividad de los métodos de explotación en vetas. Se fundamenta en el análisis de las condiciones geológicas, geométricas e hidrogeológicas y el estudio geomecánico de la veta Piedad y su entorno físico como base para seleccionar técnicamente los métodos aplicables para la explotación de la veta Piedad (tabla Nº 20). Posteriormente estos métodos se evalúan bajo consideraciones económicas (dilución, recuperación de reservas geológicas, valor del mineral y costo de producción) como se aprecia en la tabla Nº 29. En base a estas consideraciones se realiza la evaluación económica empleando los criterios del “VAN” y “TIR” (tablas Nº 30, 31 y figura Nº 17) cuyo análisis finalmente permitirá seleccionar el método optimo para la explotación de la veta Piedad.

Modern critical works on the seventeenth-century Extremaduran author Catalina Clara Ramírez de Guzmán are sparse, with the exception of recent interest manifested by a small group of feminist scholars in the United States. Apart from intermittent mentions of her poetry, she is virtually unknown among British Hispanists. This thesis seeks to fill many existing gaps in knowledge on her by providing a broader critical assessment of her surviving poetry than has been available thus far, particularly by situating it and its author within their historical, literary and social contexts and drawing thematic and stylistic analogies with works by other authors, male and female. Part I will concentrate primarily on historical aspects. It will establish the reputation enjoyed by the poet in her day and review references to her work in modern critical literature. It will also provide a detailed reconstruction of the poet's family antecedents and discuss the evidence of a literary community in her home city during the period in which she was active as a writer. Part II will focus on the poetry itself, specifically a consideration of the thematic content of a broad representative selection of Ramírez de Guzmán's verses, which were not published until nearly two centuries after her death, and an examination of her interaction with the genres of occasional verse, verse portraiture and burlesque and satirical poetry, all of which will be discussed against the background of their respective traditions.

No description available.

Disturbance events can alter habitat properties, leading to species displacement, isolation and/or local extinction. In addition, introduced species have been recognized as a threat to biodiversity of native species. Understanding the interacting impacts of fire on native and introduced wildlife species, and the influence on a native species of competition with an introduced species after ecosystem change is critical. Tree squirrels are indicators of forest health; we used two species to determine thresholds and assess behavioral responses to determine adaption to habitat alterations. We studied native Arizona gray squirrels (Sciurus arizonensis), which are believed to favor riparian habitat, and introduced Abert's squirrels (S. aberti), which prefer open parklike ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, USA. We examined how native but reportedly declining Arizona gray squirrels and introduced Abert's squirrels use areas within widespread fires that burned the study area in 2002-3. Fires burned in a mosaic pattern of unburned, low, moderate, and high burn severity patches. To determine how fire may affect squirrel habitat and behavior, we examined how fire altered habitat use and occupancy, and used distance sampling to determine squirrel abundance, distribution and use within a mosaic of burn severities. Occupancy and habitat use indicate that introduced Abert's squirrels are better adapted to post-fire conditions whereas native Arizona gray squirrels may be adversely impacted by fire disturbance. Our results suggest that Arizona gray squirrel populations may be locally imperiled due to post-fire habitat alteration and loss exacerbated by competition with Abert's squirrels. Abert's squirrels predominantly occupied unburned ponderosa pine and mixed conifer zones with open understories. In contrast, Arizona gray squirrels were documented at only four sites and primarily occupied unburned to low burn riparian areas with dense understories. Abert's squirrels predominately nest and feed in unburned coniferous areas whereas Arizona gray squirrels nest in unburned to low burn nonconiferous areas. Arizona gray squirrels have a reduced distribution and potentially in decline but only remain at lower elevations on the Santa Catalina Mountains. Fire management and restoration efforts should include examination of the differential impacts of fire on native and invasive species.

No description available.

No description available.