A ortodontia pressupõe o uso de artefatos. Os bráquetes são ligados por fios ortodônticos, denominado arcos, para que possam ser movimentados juntamente com os dentes por sistemas de molas e ancoragens de vários materiais unidos por diferentes processos. Isto propicia uma pilha galvânica e liberação de níquel pelo aparelho. Atualmente existem materiais livres de níquel, porém os aços inoxidáveis possuem menor custo e maior facilidade de uso. A alergia ao níquel contido no aço inoxidável do aparelho causa desconforto e, em alguns casos, a interrupção do tratamento. Tal alergia provém dos íons de níquel liberados pelo aço inoxidável e transportados pela saliva até os tecidos do paciente. Este trabalho teve por objetivo aplicar a técnica dos anodos de sacrifício utilizada para a proteção catódica de estruturas metálicas expostas a meios salinos. Esta técnica foi aplicada na proteção do aço inoxidável e suas combinações com outros metais usados em tratamentos ortodônticos. Foram efetuadas várias combinações de anodos de sacrifício e eletrólitos em duas etapas de testes, com arranjos compostos por uma banda soldada com solda prata a um meio arco pré-contornado mais cinco bráquetes presos nele por um fio de amarril. Na primeira etapa foram avaliados quatro anodos de sacrifício amarrados aos arranjos e soluções aquosas com três salinidades obtendo-se em torno de cinquenta por cento de redução na liberação de níquel. A segunda etapa foi melhor sucedida e, a quantidade de níquel liberada, ficou abaixo do limite de detecção do equipamento de absorção atômica eletroquímica que foi utilizado neste trabalho. Nessa segunda etapa foram utilizados anodos de zinco e magnésio para a proteção e soro fisiológico com e sem fluoreto de sódio. O contato elétrico dos anodos de sacrifício com o aço inoxidável foi melhorado e, possivelmente, causou a menor liberação de níquel nesta etapa. Isto valida o método de proteção catódica na diminuição da liberação de níquel pelos aparelhos ortodônticos de aço inoxidável. / Orthodontics involves the use of artifacts. The orthodontic brackets are connected by wires, called arches, so that they can be moved together with the teeth by springs and anchoring systems of different materials together by different processes. This possibly creates a galvanic cell, and release of nickel by the device. Currently there are nickel-free materials. However stainless steels have lower value and ease of use. Allergy to nickel contained in the stainless steel unit causes discomfort and in some cases to discontinuation of treatment. This allergy comes from nickel ions released by stainless steel through the patient's saliva. This study aimed to apply the technique of sacrificial anodes used for cathodic protection of steel structures exposed to saline. This technique was applied to the stainless steel protection and their combinations with other metals used in orthodontic treatments. Various combinations of sacrificial anodes and electrolytes were made. Two stages of tests were carried out and arrangements consist of a welded band with silver solder in the middle pre-skirted five brackets bow stuck in it with amarril wire. In the first stage were evaluated four anodes sacrifice tied to the arrangements and aqueous solutions with various salinities yielding around fifty percent reduction in nickel release. The second step was more successful and the amount of nickel released, was below the detection limit of electrochemical atomic absorption device used in this work. In the second stage we used zinc and magnesium anodes for the protection and saline with and without sodium fluoride. The electrical contact of sacrificial anodes with stainless steel has been improved and possibly caused the lower nickel release at this stage. This validates the method of cathodic protection in the reduction of the release of nickel stainless steel orthodontic appliances.

Orientador: Eugênio José Zoqui / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T10:27:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cicero_RenatodeSouza_M.pdf: 4231594 bytes, checksum: f0889ace44452237f6ef4aac57f6652d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: As tubulações de alumínio de saída de água dos motores diesel estão apresentando cavitação, devido ao seu design. Atualmente a tubulação de alumínio de saída de água recebe a anodização dura, porém a liga Al - Si - 10 Mg não é favorável a anodização por ter o silício. O silício, por sua vez, dificulta a formação da camada de óxido e com isso a camada de anodização não será uniforme, principalmente na região interna da tubulação de água. A camada de anodização está sendo mal depositada devido ao processo ser manual e com isso as tubulações de água que apresentaram cavitação foram analisadas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura, a fim de caracterizar a espessura da camada anodizada. Observou-se comparativamente que a camada de anodização não é uniforme. A pintura KTL é um tratamento superficial que consiste em um processo de três etapas, sendo a primeira de um pré-tratamento: desengraxe, lavagem, decapagem e fosfatização. A segunda é a Pintura Eletroforética Catódica (KTL) e por último a terceira que é a cura acelerada em estufa com temperatura e tempo controlado. A pintura KTL foi realizada pela teoria da eletroquímica que se subdivide em quatro fenômenos: Eletrólise, Eletroforese, Eletrocoagulação e por fim a eletroosmose. Na análise realizada comparativamente a camada de KTL é uniforme em toda a extensão da tubulação de alumínio de saída de água dos motores Diesel. Com este resultado comparativo, a pintura KTL se faz necessária na tubulação de alumínio (Al - Si - 10 Mg) de saída de água dos motores Diesel para que se minimize o efeito da cavitação / Abstract: The pipes aluminum water outlet of the diesel engines is experiencing cavitation, due to its design. currently, aluminum pipe water outlet receives the hard anodized, but the Al - Si - Mg 10 is not favorable to have the anodizing because silicio. The silicio, in turn, hinders the formation of the oxide layer and thus the layer of anodizing is not uniform, especially in the inner water pipe. Water pipes that had cavitation were examined in a scanning electron microscope in order to characterize the thickness of the anodized layer. It was noted that the comparatively anodizing layer is not uniform. KTL painting is a surface treatment that consists of a three-step process, the first being a pre-treatment: degreasing, washing, pickling and phosphating. The second is the Cathodic Electrophoretic Painting (KTL) and finally the third which is accelerated healing in a greenhouse with controlled temperature and time. KTL painting was done by the theory of electrochemistry which is divided into four phenomena: Electrolysis, Electrophoresis, Electro coagulation and finally the electroosmosis. In the analysis performed compared to KTL layer is uniform throughout the length of aluminum pipe water outlet of diesel engines. With this result comparison, KTL painting is needed in the tubing of aluminum (Al - Si - 10 Mg) output of diesel engines for water to minimize the effect of cavitation / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Automobilistica

Dutos metálicos revestidos, enterrados e protegidos catodicamente, quando são instalados nas proximidades de linhas de transmissão e distribuição de energia elétrica, vêm apresentando problemas de corrosão, sendo esta atribuída às interferências de corrente alternada dispersas no solo. São muitos os critérios propostos na literatura para verificar se um duto está ou não sujeito a esse tipo de problema, mas tais critérios são contraditórios e ineficientes, uma vez que não levam em conta parâmetros termodinâmicos e não contemplam o acoplamento dos potenciais originados de corrente contínua com os potenciais oriundos de corrente alternada. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a corrosão causada por corrente alternada, selecionar um critério seguro de verificação da probabilidade de ocorrência dessa corrosão e desenvolver uma nova metodologia para a obtenção dos parâmetros necessários para a aplicação do critério proposto. Com base em uma ampla pesquisa bibliográfica, em resultados experimentais obtidos em laboratório e em campo, foi possível a seleção do seguinte mecanismo: a corrosão por corrente alternada é decorrente da oscilação do potencial da interface duto/solo que, dependendo do valor do pH nas suas vizinhanças, leva o sistema alternadamente ao domínio da corrosão e da imunidade ou alternadamente ao domínio da formação de óxidos (com e sem passivação) e da imunidade. Nessas condições, a corrosão do aço-carbono ocorre devido à irreversibilidade da reação Fe2+ + 2e- Fe, nos casos de alcalinização limitada, e à impossibilidade de formação de uma camada passiva protetora decorrente da flutuação de potencial entre o domínio de formação de óxidos e da imunidade, nos casos de alcalinização moderada. Como critério de verificação da ocorrência ou não de interferência de corrente alternada em dutos enterrados e catodicamente protegidos foi proposta, neste estudo, a obtenção da forma de onda do acoplamento entre os potencias originados de corrente contínua e os oriundos de corrente alternada sem a influência da queda ôhmica e a comparação do potencial de pico dessa forma de onda com o potencial estabelecido como limite aceitável do sistema de proteção catódica tradicional. Esta proposição foi feita com base na termodinâmica, o que garante que a previsão seja usada com mais segurança. Finalmente, foi desenvolvida uma sonda que, juntamente com uma instrumentação adequada, é capaz de fornecer a forma de onda do referido acoplamento em dutos enterrados e catodicamente protegidos, sem a interferência da queda ôhmica. / Corrosion problems have been observed in cathodically protected pipelines installed in the vicinity of high voltage power lines or electrical distribution systems. Many of these problems have been attributed to interferences coming from stray alternating currents. In the literature, there are many criteria proposed aiming at verifying the AC corrosion probability. However, such criteria are contradictory and ineffective since they do not take into account thermodynamic parameters and do not include the coupling of potential coming from direct current and the potential due to stray alternating current. The aim of this work was to study pipeline corrosion induced by stray alternating current, to select a safe criterion for the probability of this corrosion and to develop a new methodology for obtaining the required parameters for the application of the selected criterion. A broad literature review and the results obtained from a series of tests and analyses have allowed choosing the following mechanism: AC corrosion is a result of the fluctuation of the pipe/soil potential which, depending on the pH of the soil near the pipe, takes the system alternatively to the corrosion and to the immunity domains or alternatively to the oxide formation (with or without passivation) and to the immunity domains. Under these conditions, the corrosion of carbon steel occurs due to the irreversibility of the reaction Fe2+ + 2e- Fe reaction in cases of limited alkalinization and due to the impossibility of forming a protective passive layer caused by the potential fluctuation between the oxide formation and the immunity domains in cases of moderate alkalinization. In this study, a method to obtain the waveform of the AC+DC potential, without the ohmic drop, was proposed. The comparison of the peak potential of the AC + DC waveform with the potential value established as an acceptable threshold for traditional cathodic protection systems was used as a criterion for AC corrosion assessment. This criterion is proposed based on thermodynamic principles which ensure that the prediction is reliable. Finally, a probe was developed. This probe, along with a proper instrumentation, is able to provide the desired waveform for a safe application of the proposed criterion.

This investigation determined that severe corrosion of steel can occur in the submerged portions of reinforced concrete structures in marine environments. Field studies of decommissioned pilings from actual bridges revealed multiple instances of strong corrosion localization, showing appreciable local loss of steel cross-section. Quantitative understanding of the phenomenon and its causes was developed and articulated in the form of a predictive model. The predictive model output was consistent with both the corrosion rate estimates and the extent of corrosion localization observed in the field observations. The most likely explanation for the observed phenomena that emerged from the understanding and modeling is that cathodic reaction rates under oxygen diffusional limitation that are negligible in cases of uniform corrosion can nevertheless support substantial corrosion rates if the corrosion becomes localized. A dynamic evolution form of the model was created based on the proposition that much of the steel in the submerged concrete zone remained in the passive condition given cathodic prevention that resulted from favorable macrocell coupling with regions of the steel that had experienced corrosion first. The model output also matched observations from the field, supporting the plausibility of the proposed scenario. The modeling also projected that corrosion in the submerged zone could be virtually eliminated via the use of sacrificial anode cathodic protection; the rate of corrosion damage progression in the low elevation zone above water could also be significantly reduced. Continuation work should be conducted to define an alternative to the prevalent limit-state i.e., visible external cracks and spalls, for submerged reinforced concrete structures. Work should also be conducted to determine the possible structural consequences of this form of corrosion and to assess the technical feasibility and cost/benefit aspects of incorporating protective anodes in new pile construction.

En France, l‟ensemble des canalisations exploitées pour GDF Suez et Total représente un linéaire de 37 000 km de conduites enterrées en acier. Ces canalisations sont protégées de la corrosion externe par un double système de protection : un revêtement de type hydrocarboné ou polyéthylène et une protection cathodique (PC) par courant imposé. Les normes EN 12954 : 2001 et ISO 15589-1 : 2003 préconisent des valeurs seuils de potentiels de protection, dépendant de critères caractérisant le sol. Cependant, selon les spécificités locales du sol et de l‟environnement, ces valeurs indicatives peuvent s‟avérer insuffisantes ou excessives, voire non applicables. De plus, il est nécessaire de connaître la cinétique de corrosion résiduelle pour évaluer l‟efficacité du système de protection cathodique.Un travail de laboratoire a donc été initié par GDF SUEZ et TOTAL dans le but d‟améliorer le suivi de l‟application des critères de protection cathodique en (i) développant des outils et des méthodes pour estimer la corrosivité du sol par la mesure de paramètres physico-chimiques et électrochimiques et (ii) en identifiant les conditions « justes et nécessaires » pour garantir une vitesse de corrosion négligeable au cas par cas.Des coupons d‟acier ont été enfouis dans des « soil boxes » pendant 2,5 mois, avec ou sans PC. Les « soil boxes » étaient remplies avec différents sols prélevés lors de fouilles. L‟évolution en fonction du temps du système était suivi de façon hebdomadaire par la mesure du pH, de la conductivité du sol, du taux d‟humidité, du potentiel redox et du potentiel d‟abandon. Les vitesses de corrosion déduites des méthodes électrochimiques, i.e. la voltamétrie et la spectroscopie d‟impédance, ont été comparées avec les mesures de perte de masse.Les résultats montrent, d‟une part, que l‟analyse de la corrosivité du sol peut être réalisée avec la mesure de 3 paramètres prépondérants : résistivité, potentiel redox du sol et potentiel d‟abandon de l‟acier. Ces paramètres sont mesurables sur le terrain et permettent une bonne première estimation immédiate de la corrosivité du sol. D‟autre part l‟enregistrement de courbes de polarisation sur des coupons reliés à la canalisation, c‟est-à-dire sous PC, peut permettre de suivre l‟évolution des vitesses de corrosion résiduelle sous PC. / Buried gas transmission lines are protected against external corrosion by organic coatings. Cathodic protection (CP) is designed and operated with the aim to mitigate corrosion where coating is faulty. The EN 12954: 2001 standard specifies reference values of the protection potentials according to soil conditions. However some kind of soils, like silt and clay with high resistivity, are not considered by this standard. Moreover, it is necessary to estimate the residual dissolution rate of the structure under CP so as to quantify and optimize the efficiency of the CP system setup.A laboratory study has been initiated by GDF SUEZ and TOTAL with the general aim to improve guidance on cathodic protection criteria by (i) developing tools and methods to estimate soil corrosivity from electrochemical and physico-chemical parameters and (ii) identifying the “necessary and sufficient” conditions to guaranty a negligible corrosion rate on a case by case.Steel coupons were buried in soil boxes for 2.5 months, with or without CP. The soil boxes were filled with various soil media from the field. The evolution with time of the corrosion systems was followed by weekly measurements of physico-chemical and electrochemical parameters: pH, soil conductivity, humidity level, redox potential of soils and open circuit potential of steel coupons. The corrosion rates deduced from electrochemical methods, i.e. voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, were compared to weight loss measurements.Results show, on one hand, that soil corrosivity could be estimated by the measurements of 3 main parameters: soil resistivity, redox potential of soil and open circuit potential of steel. These parameters could be measured on the field and could immediately give a first good estimation of the soil corrosivity. On the second hand, a detailed analysis of the polarization curves led to an estimation of residual corrosion rates of coupons under CP. The decrease with time of this residual corrosion phenomenon could be followed and quantified. In the experimental conditions considered here, the efficiency of the CP could be demonstrated. Moreover, the methodology could allow adjusting the protection potential, if necessary.

Under normal conditions, cathodically protected mild steel in seawater is protected by a precipitated film of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide, the so-called calcareous film. This study has attempted to investigate the dynamics of calcareous deposit formation during cathodic protection and the composition of calcareous deposits formed under different applied current densities, and also the role played by the initial current density in forming a good quality calcareous deposit. In addition, an under protection situation can occur where current demand values are under estimated, or where structures are approaching the end of their design lives. In these conditions, a calcareous film might well occur but complete protection is probably not possible. These situations have also been studied. At low insufficient current densities where steel corrosion is still occurring, a clear correlation exists between the iron containing corrosion product and the overlaying magnesium hydroxide layer. Such effects have also been investigated using pH titration analysis, where the effect of co-precipitation of the iron and magnesium oxides/hydroxides has been shown. At higher current densities a layered precipitate has been shown to occur consisting of an inner magnesium containing layer and an outer calcium containing layer. At obvious overprotection current densities, the mechanical stresses involved in hydrogen evolution are assumed to give rise to film cracking. To augment and compliment the study on calcareous calcium/magnesium films formed during cathodic protection, a calcium-magnesium containing pigment has also been investigated in aqueous solutions at open circuit as a possible corrosion inhibitor. Another study looked at the same inhibitor in conjunction with a sacrificial zinc anode. Very effective inhibition has been shown with the film containing not only magnesium, calcium and phosphorous but also zinc. In all the investigations electrochemical methods have been used together with various surface analytical techniques.

Content of this diploma thesis is project of the digital control design for a thyristor source with GSM communication. Designed for corrosion protection. The work contain design of the whole device from the initial proposals of the electro diagrams up to finished product. It describes the events that arise in corrosion, explains the principle of operating a thyristor as a power switch. It also describes the creation and structure of a simple menu using the STM32 microprocessor. It explains the principle of controlling a source. Next, it deals with controlled rectifiers using a thyristor.

Master’s thesis deals with the problems of the inner surface finish design for the CASTOR container. In the theoretical part are analyzed properties of metallic surfaces with their defects and various options of surface finishes for increased protection. The practical part of the thesis is focused on the design of appropriate technologies for specific requirements of the surface finish for the CASTOR container, creating test samples and their evaluation.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21062号 / 工博第4426号 / 新制||工||1688(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 河野 広隆, 准教授 服部 篤史, 准教授 山本 貴士 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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