Nesta dissertação, buscamos lançar luz sobre a contradição, declarada por Schopenhauer como sendo aparente, entre a necessidade que rege a conduta humana por meio dos motivos e do caráter, e a liberdade no fenômeno, implicada na possibilidade de negação da Vontade por indivíduos singulares. Percorremos algumas obras de Schopenhauer, investigando as condições que desvendam essa contradição aparente. Assim, examinamos, por um lado, a recusa ao livre-arbítrio, e por outro, o modo como Schopenhauer explica como o indivíduo pode, através do conhecimento, subtrair-se à lei da motivação e, pela supressão da sua vontade individual, restabelecer o livre-arbítrio. / In this dissertation, we seek to shed light on the contradiction stated by Schopenhauer as apparent between the need that rules the human conduct through the motives and character, and freedom in the phenomenon, implied the possibility of denial of the will in single individuals. We have gone through some of the Schopenhauers work, investigating the conditions that reveal this apparent contradiction. Thus, we examine on the one hand, the denial of free will, and on the other hand, the way Schopenhauer explains how individuals can, through knowledge, escape the law of motivation and, through the suppression of their choice, restore free will.

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a relação de causalidade entre crédito rural e produto agropecuário. Utilizando dados municipais do período 1999-2004, aplicou-se a metodologia de Granger e Huang (1997), que permite identificar o sentido da causalidade entre duas variáveis em um contexto de painel. Contrariamente à grande parte da literatura que estudou as relações de causalidade entre sistema financeiro e crescimento econômico, este trabalho não identificou a causalidade partindo da variável financeira para o produto. Em geral, os resultados apontaram causalidade unidirecional, partindo do Produto Interno Bruto da agropecuária para o crédito rural. / The main goal of this essay is to evaluate the causal relations between rural credit and agricultural output. Using municipal data for the period 1999-2004, we have implemented the Granger and Huang (1997) methodology, which allows us to identify the causality direction between two variables in a data panel context. Differently from a large part of the literature that has studied causal relations between finance and growth, this work did not find causality from the financial variable towards output. Instead, the results draw attention to unidirectional causality from agricultural output to rural credit.

Orientador: Evely Boruchovitch / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T10:54:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcia_NataliaRodovalho_M.pdf: 1658191 bytes, checksum: 98e1e4f067eccf2126bb541363091fa0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: As atribuições de causalidade para o sucesso e o fracasso escolar dizem respeito às interpretações individuais sobre as causas do desempenho acadêmico. Por sua vez, a resiliência é compreendida como a capacidade dos seres humanos de enfrentar positivamente as situações adversas. No campo educacional, o estudo desses construtos é relevante, pois apresentam relações com fatores importantes referentes à aprendizagem autorregulada e de qualidade. Assim, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivos identificar as atribuições de causalidade para o sucesso e o fracasso escolar e a resiliência em estudantes do Ensino Fundamental, verificar as relações desses construtos com as variáveis demográficas e a correlação existente entre as atribuições causais e a resiliência, na amostra. Buscou-se também conhecer as dificuldades encontradas pelos participantes no ambiente escolar e as estratégias de enfrentamento utilizadas para superá-las. A amostra foi composta por 275 alunos matriculados nos 5º, 6º, 7º, 8º e 9º anos, de ambos os sexos, de uma escola pública da cidade de Monte Carmelo - MG. Os dados foram coletados por meio da aplicação de questões abertas sobre as dificuldades no ambiente escolar, de uma Escala de Avaliação das Atribuições de Causalidade para Sucesso e Fracasso Escolar, e de uma Escala de Resiliência para Crianças e Adolescentes. As questões abertas foram avaliadas por meio da análise categorial; e os dados objetivos foram analisados de acordo com os procedimentos da estatística descritiva e inferencial. Os resultados mostraram que os alunos relataram como principais dificuldades enfrentadas na escola as relacionadas à aprendizagem e ao relacionamento interpessoal e mencionaram o uso de diversas estratégias de enfrentamento para superá-las, tais como: utilização de boas estratégias de estudo e de aprendizagem e investimento nas relações interpessoais. No que concerne às atribuições causais, a maioria dos participantes disse acreditar que causas internas e controláveis são responsáveis pelo sucesso e pelo fracasso escolar. Quanto à resiliência observou-se que uma quantidade expressiva dos estudantes reportou as características que facilitam a superação das adversidades. Foram encontradas correlações significantes, positivas e negativas, entre atribuição de causalidade e resiliência e também entre esses construtos e as variáveis demográficas. Espera-se que o presente estudo possa contribuir para melhor compreensão das atribuições causais e das características da resiliência em alunos da Educação Básica. Tem-se a expectativa de que esta pesquisa possa colaborar para a ampliação do conhecimento na área e que instigue novos estudos. Pretende-se, ainda, que este trabalho possa trazer importantes implicações educacionais, especialmente sobre a prática docente, no sentido de promover nos alunos uma reflexão sobre as causas do desempenho escolar e estimulá-los em direção ao desenvolvimento de características individuais que facilitem a superação das adversidades. / Abstract: The causal attributions for success and failure in school refer to individual interpretations about the causes of academic performance. In turn, resilience refers to the ability of humans to cope positively with adverse situations. In the educational field, the study of these constructs is relevant, because have related to important factors about the self-regulated learning process and quality. This study aimed to identify the causal attributions for success and failure in school, as well as resilience in elementary school students. It also aimed to examine the relationship between these constructs and the demographic variables along with the correlation between causal attributions and resilience in the sample. We also looked for information about the difficulties found by the participants and the coping strategies used to overcome these difficulties in the school environment. The sample involved 275 male and female students enrolled in 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th grades of a public school in the city of Monte Carmelo, in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data were collected through the application of open questions about the difficulties in the school environment, a Scale of Causality Attributions for Success and School Failure, and a Resilience Scale for Children and Adolescents. The open questions were evaluated through categorical analysis and the objective data were analyzed according to the procedures of descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that the major difficulties faced by students in the school environment were related to learning and interpersonal relationship. They also mentioned the use of various coping strategies to overcome these difficulties, such as the use of good study and learning strategies, and investment in interpersonal relationship. Regarding the causal attributions, most participants said they believe that internal and controllable causes are responsible for school success and failure. With respect to resilience, we observed that a significant number of students reported features that help them overcome the adversities. Positive and negative significant correlations were found between causal attribution and resilience, and also between these constructs and demographic variables. We hope that this study will contribute to a better understanding of causal attributions and characteristics of resilience in elementary education students. We expect that this research will contribute to the expansion of knowledge in the area and instigate further studies. With this study, we also intend to provide important educational implications, especially on the teaching practice, in order to help students reflect on the causes of school performance, and to encourage the development of individual characteristics that help them overcome adversities. / Mestrado / Psicologia Educacional / Mestra em Educação

[pt] Neste trabalho fazemos uma revisita à causalidade no sentido de Granger aplicada às Séries Temporais bivariadas no domínio do tempo e da freqüência. Um programa computacional foi escrito usando a linguagem Pascal para, testando casos reais e simulados, construir modelos de causalidade/feedback, que são então analisados no ambiente espectral, com ênfase maior à discussão da coerência e da fase de causalidade. / [en] In this work causality in the sense defined by Granger is revisited. Applications to bivariante temporal systems in time domain and frequency-domain were analysed, using a computer program written in Pascal. After this, spectral methods were developed, with special emphasis on phase and causality-coerence.

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / South Africa has a high rate of children’s burn injuries with 1300 deaths annually. These burn injuries are considered preventable and South African research has identified this as a priority concern. South African childhood burn injury studies have mainly focused on expert and parents’/caregivers’ descriptions and accounts. Despite their particular vulnerability, children’s perspectives have not been consistently accommodated in the identification of childhood injury risk phenomena or in the development and implementation of safety interventions. Using a qualitative approach this study investigates children’s perceptions of causation and prevention of burn injuries. Study data was collected from Khayelitsha, Site C and Philippi, Samora Machel in Cape Town as these areas have reported elevated rates of thermal and fire-related burn injuries. Study data were collected using three isiXhosa focus group discussions based on a convenience sample of 10 – 11 years old children ranging between 4 – 6 participants per group. They were selected based on verbal ability, age, residential area and ability to speak either English or isiXhosa. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the results. The themes demonstrate that children appreciate the magnitude of burns in their communities and attribute the problem to factors ranging from themselves, their social conditions and mostly their parents/caregivers. The children emphasized the importance of parental supervision and risk avoidance by the child and adults in prevention. This study recommends an integrated approach to burn injury prevention interventions and calls for the inclusion of children in studies concerning the wellbeing and safety of children.

In his paper, The Paradoxes of Time Travel, David Lewis posits a defense for the possibility of time travel by arguing that the grandfather 'paradox' is not, in fact, paradoxical at all. Two alternative solutions to the grandfather paradox are discussed in this paper. The first is a result of Paul Horwich’s reply to Lewis and aims to pit the Lewisian conception of compatibility against Horwich’s improbability defense. Proposed by Nicholas Smith and C.G. Goddu, this theory explains that any attempt at backward time travel will lead to the creation of long strings of improbable coincidences. An alternative thesis of the multiverse is also discussed, wherein it was proposed that instead of traveling into his past, the time traveler enters an alternate, yet completely identical universe. The multiverse thesis did not stand up to any philosophical critique, and it was posited that the thesis changes the nature of the question entirely. It is evident that Lewis’ discussion of the grandfather paradox raises several fundamentally interesting philosophical questions regarding the logical and causal irregularities of changing the past. This paper aims to adress some of these questions through a metaphysical analysis of Lewis' view, backwards causality, and the nature of time itself.

This thesis is about the causal relationship between interest rates. In chapter 1, with the help of time-series econometrics and by applying linear Granger causality tests based on the Toda-Yamamoto approach, the linear causality directions between the federal funds rate and five different interest rates during the last seven business cycles in the U.S. are investigated. We also examine the linear Granger causality directions between the overnight rate and five other interest rates during the last three business cycles in Canada. In chapter 2, the Diks and Panchenko Granger causality test is applied to explore the nonlinear causality effects between the short-term and long-term interest rates. By combining nonlinear causality effects with the linear ones which are found in the first chapter, it is seen that during the related periods in the U.S. and Canada, the most common Granger causality direction between short-term and long-term interest rates is a bidirectional one. Moreover, our findings show that during recent periods, the federal funds rate and overnight rate Granger cause other interest rates significantly. In chapter 3, the rolling window strategy is employed to detect the linear and nonlinear Granger causality relationship between the federal funds rate and the 10-year government bond rate, during different time horizons, investigating whether these causalities change with the passing of time. Our findings show that during different time horizons, there is a significant two-way Granger causality relationship between these interest rates. Although we have a different interpretation of the existence of bidirectional causation between short-term and long-term interest rates, this conclusion provides some support to some post-Keynesian structuralists viewpoints like Pollin (2008). However, Pollin's claim indicating that with the passing of time the significant causality effects of the federal funds rate to the market rates becomes insignificant is not supported by the current thesis findings because our results demonstrate that these causality effects have not been diminishing over the most recent business cycles.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous interrogeons sur les réalisations linguistiques des relations causales selon une approche sémantique et pragmatique du discours. Bien que la causalité occupe une place centrale dans les théories du discours, il n’existe pas de consensus quant aux relations qui lui sont associées. Confrontant les propositions faites dans la littérature avec nos observations sur des données attestées, nous proposons de contribuer à l’enrichissement d’une théorie du discours spécifique : la SDRT (Segmented Discourse Representation Theory). Cette thèse se situe donc à l’interface entre linguistique de corpus et linguistique théorique. Les analyses qui y sont menées s’appuient sur le corpus EXPLICADIS, corpus de français écrit constitué spécifiquement pour répondre à l’objectif visé. L’annotation de ce corpus en relations de discours causales nous a ainsi autorisée à procéder à l’analyse de ces relations selon une approche originale qui consiste à prendre pour point de départ la relation elle-même et non ses marqueurs. Cette approche nous a permis d’offrir une vision unificatrice de la causalité en caractérisant les relations de discours qui lui sont liées dans le cadre théorique de la SDRT. Elle nous a également permis de mener des études quantitatives et comparatives sur corpus. Notre travail dresse, en outre, un panorama des moyens d’expression de la causalité observés à l’écrit en français. / The purpose of this thesis is to study the linguistic realizations of causal relations, according to a semantic and pragmatic approach of discourse structure. Even though causality is a central phenomenon in most theoretical frameworks on discourse, to date there is no consensus on the relations associated to it. Confronting the hypotheses put forward in the literature with our own observations on the basis of attested data, we offer to enrich a specific discourse theoretical model, i.e. SDRT (Segmented Discourse Representation Theory). Therefore, this study stands at the interface between corpus linguistics and theoretical linguistics. The analyses we carried out are based on the EXPLICADIS corpus, which is a written French corpus built specifically to meet the objective. Annotating this corpus with causal discourse relations allowed us to analyze these using an original approach which consists in starting from the relation itself rather than its markers. This approach provided us with the opportunity to offer a unified vision of causality by characterizing the different discourse causal relations in the framework of SDRT. It also provided us with the opportunity to conduct quantitative and comparative corpus studies. Our work also includes an overview of the different means of expression of causality that are documented in written French.

This dissertation firstly examines literature connected to this topic in chapter 2. Secondly, chapter 3 summarizes necessary methodology and data used throughout the dissertation. Thirdly, it compares the results of military expenditure made by Cobb-Douglas-Solow production function forecast and an Auto regressive model, in chapter 4. Fourthly, in the chapter 5, with a better performing model, it forecasters the military expenditure from 2015 to 2024 for France, Germany, UK and Italy, because they represent more than 65% of European military expenditure and should give us an idea about the course of the European expenditure as a whole. Also, it compares forecasted expenditure of European NATO countries and USA with Canada for the same period. Finally, in chapter 6, we examine whether there is Granger causality between MS and GDP. Simply, if MS Granger causes GDP and vice versa. It was found that AR is a better performing forecasting technique than CDS and that Granger causality results are ambiguous. GDP Granger causes MS only for France and Italy and there is no evidence of opposite causality.

Failure detection and isolation (FDI) is essential for reliable operations of complex autonomous systems or other systems where continuous observation or maintenance thereof is either very costly or for any other reason not easily accessible. Beneficial for the model based FDI is that there is no need for fault data to detect and isolate a fault in contrary to design by data clustering. However, it is limited by the accuracy and complexity of the model used. As models grow more complex, or have multiple interconnections, problems with the traditional methods for FDI emerge. The main objective of this thesis is to utilise the automated methodology presented in [Svärd, 2012] to create a model based FDI system for the Columbus air loop. A small but crucial part of the life support on board the European space laboratory Columbus. The process of creating a model based FDI, from creation of the model equations, validation thereof to the design of residuals, test quantities and evaluation logic is handled in this work. Although the latter parts only briefly which leaves room for future work. This work indicate that the methodology presented is capable to create quite decent model based FDI systems even with poor sensor placement and limited information of the actual design. [] Carl Svärd. Methods for Automated Design of Fault Detection and Isolation Systems with Automotive Applications. PhD thesis, Linköping University, Vehicular Systems, The Institute of Technology, 2012