Th.--Droit--Paris 1, 1985.

The purpose of this study is two-fold. First, I will examine the influences shaping the choices of teenagers living in an affluent society during the early days of the Cold War, specifically 1950 - 1955. I will discuss the contradictions about society, the family unit, and gender roles teenagers attempted to sort out as they moved through adolescence. Secondly, I will focus on two forms of mass media, specifically comic books and movies of the 1950s. Media has always had the power to change and shape the opinion of the youth culture who consumed it. I will discuss the lengths parents, educators, law enforcement, and government officials went to in order to blame the messages media conveyed for the behavior of this youth in revolt.

The thesis discusses the expressions of cause in Spanish and presents an analysis of the linguistics theme based on the Spanish legal texts. The fundamental aims of the thesis are to find the expressions of cause in the Spanish legal texts and to analyse it. The thesis is divided in the theoretical and the practical part. The theoretical part is focused on the linguistics characteristics of the legal texts and on the characteristics of the expressions of cause. The practical part presents an analysis of the expressions of cause based on one thousand of examples found in Spanish legal texts. The summary in Spanish is included.

The aim of this thesis is the identification and evaluation lexical expression of causal and consequential relations in the present-day French. After a theoretical introduction in which the most important terms necessary for this work will be presented, we will focus on the Czech conception of discourse relations. Based on this conception, a list of French lexical expressions of cause and consequence will be assembled. These expressions will be then searched in two corpora ? frWac and Frantext. In the practical part of this piece of writing, the given lexical expressions will be analysed with respect to their structure, position and use in a sentence and in the text. The frequency of their occurrence in both corpora will be also taken in account.

The present study evaluated the effectiveness of stimulus equivalence procedures using the instructional protocols from the PEAK-E curriculum to develop the emergence of cause and effect relational responding in two children with autism. The procedures were taken from the PEAK-E program Transitivity: Multiple Actions & Outcomes-9p to aid in clinical replication. This study utilized a multiple baseline design across participants to evaluate the functional relationship between cause and effect relations. The results suggested that direct training of an action (A) to an outcome (B) (A-B) and direct training of an outcome (B) with an action that is produced by the outcome (C) (B-C) was effective for both participants. Following A-B and B-C training, the participants demonstrated emergent relations and untrained action (A) to action (C) relations which are consistent with transitivity. The results demonstrate efficacy of stimulus equivalence procedures for training cause and effect skills as well as the PEAK-E curriculum

As companies commit an increasing number of socially irresponsible behaviors, high profile corporate transgressions have become major social problems in many countries. Corporate transgressions are defined as serious violations of social norms and standards (White, Bandura, & Bero, 2009). Corporate transgressions tend to detrimentally affect the relationship between companies and their consumers, leading to negative consumer responses to the brand and product (Aaker, 2012; Lindenmeier, Schleer, & Pricl, 2011; Ingram, Skinner, & Tayler, 2005). Many companies use short-term marketing activities to improve consumer responses; however, these recovery strategies have temporary effects (Beverland, Chung, & Kates, 2009). There is no doubt that building long-term relationships with consumers is vital for companies to promote positive responses. Cause-related marketing (CRM) has been one of the most widely used activities to build long-term relationships with consumers because it can demonstrate a company’s sincere commitment to social responsibility (Ailawadi & Keller, 2004; Gupta & Pirsch, 2006; Kotler & Keller, 2006; Nan & Heo, 2007; Varadarajan & Menon,1988). Despite the fact that CRM can help build long-term relationships with consumers, there is a dearth of empirical study on the effectiveness of CRM as a corporate crisis recovery strategy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of CRM as a recovery strategy in changing consumers’ psychological (attitudes) and behavioral (purchase intentions) responses after corporate transgressions. More specifically, this study will examine the effects of corporate commitment types (time vs financial), degrees (long-term vs short-term and large vs small amount), and fit (high vs low) conditions between a cause and a company on consumer responses. A total of 213 college students (94 women, 119 men), between the ages of 18 and 25, participated in this experimental study. The participants were randomly assigned to one of eight between-subjects treatment conditions in which they read two short scenarios about a company’s (Brand X) corporate transgression and commitment to a CRM (sponsoring the Special Olympic games or the Human Society) campaign. Manipulation checks were conducted on time commitment, financial commitment, and fit conditions. The results of CFA, using LISREL 9.1, support the reliability and validity of all measures. The composite reliabilities (Cronbach's α) of the two constructs (attitudes and purchase intentions) are .72 and .798 respectively. The average variance extracted (AVE) of the attitudes (.593) and the purchase intentions (.611). For the convergent validity, all estimated loadings of indicators for the underlying constructs are significant (the smallest t-value = 4.32, p < .05). For the discriminant validity, as indicated earlier, AVEs for two constructs are, .593 for consumer attitudes and .611 for consumer purchase intentions, are greater than the squared correlation (.454) between two constructs. In addition, the goodness-of-fit statistics show a good overall fit (χ2 = 131. 57, p > .01, CFI= .94, GFI = .93, and RMSEA = .051). The results of the current study revealed that the company’s long-term and large financial commitments to a CRM campaign significantly changed participants' psychological and behavioral responses. However, the fit conditions did not significantly affect consumers’ response changes. The 2 x 2 x 2 interaction effects revealed that the time commitments play a more significant role in changing consumer responses than financial commitments and fit conditions. Furthermore, the combination of a long-term and a large financial commitment with a high fit condition showed the most significant consumer response changes. These findings support the fact that consumers value a company’s CRM activities when they are aware of the company’s sincere commitment. Hence, it is vital for marketing managers to demonstrate their consistently support to causes, rather than making a quick decision to engage in CRM activities. In addition, the findings of this study confirm that gaining positive responses from consumers takes a great effort for companies. Thus, companies should be conscious not to commit socially irresponsible behaviors that damage their relationships with consumers.

This research provides a thorough review of the research on priming and marketing (essay 1) as well as empirically explores several unintended consequences of priming (essay 2) and the antecedents to priming effects (essay 3). In essay 1, priming research is reviewed using a classification system based on priming outcome using the ABC model of attitudes (i.e., affective, behavioral, and cognitive priming). The priming process is discussed, and types of priming in each category are reviewed before challenges in the priming process are discussed. In essay 2, non-product-centric (i.e., collateral) primes (e.g., co-branding, sponsorship, cause marketing) are explored. This research explores how collateral information works as a prime to influence product evaluations, specifically with application to cause marketing. Study 1 of essay 2 explores the consumer outcomes of collateral communication primes by showing that adding a health cause to a cookie package (i.e., the prime) significantly increases product health perceptions. Study 2 explores limits on collateral communication priming and finds that health charities on product packaging increase brand attitude and purchase intentions, while disclaimers increase processing and reduce prime effects. Study 3 explores person specific antecedents to collateral communication primes revealing that an individual's theory of mind leads to ad skepticism that, in turn, influences reaction to primes. Essay 3 specifically examines the theoretical framework underlying priming effects by examining priming from two bodies of competing theory rooted in individual and social antecedents to behavior. Study 1 of essay 3 confirms past findings and develops materials to be used in studies 2 and 3 by showing that spokesfigures are marketer-supplied cues that vary in manipulativeness, and these cues interact with other cues, such as complexity and persuasion. Study 2 provides support for individual antecedents to cue-based primes (cognitive abilities, as measured by working memory capacity, and advertising skepticism). Study 3 builds on study 2 by adding in social antecedents (theory of mind and psychological reactance) to develop a comprehensive model of consumer information processing. All together, these three essays explore the literature on priming and marketing and provide a more holistic understanding of the antecedents to priming effects. / 2016-09-29

abstract: Saying, "if Mary had watered Sam's plant, it wouldn't have died," is an ordinary way to identify Mary not watering Sam's plant as the cause of its death. But there are problems with this statement. If we identify Mary's omitted action as the cause, we seemingly admit an inordinate number of omissions as causes. For any counterfactual statement containing the omitted action is true (e.g. if Hillary Clinton had watered Sam's plant, it wouldn't have died). The statement, moreover, is mysterious because it is not clear why one protasis is more salient than any alternatives such as "if Sam hadn't gone to Bismarck." In the burgeoning field of experimental metaphysics, some theorists have tried to account for these intuitions about omissive causes. By synthesizing this data and providing a few experiments, I will suggest that judgments - and maybe metaphysics - about omissive causes necessarily have a normative feature. This understanding of omissive causes may be able to adequately resolve the problems above. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Philosophy 2013

Introdução: Hipertensão arterial é um dos principais fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular e sua falta de controle pode levar a complicações que contribuem para o aumento da mortalidade. Neste estudo foram analisadas causas de óbitos, somadas à informações clínicas do falecido a fim de fornecer subsídios para identificação da prevalência de hipertensão arterial em óbitos e seus fatores relacionados, utilizando, para tal, o método considerado padrão ouro, que é a autópsia. Objetivo:Analisar a prevalência de hipertensão arterial referida e seus fatores relacionados, em óbitos ocorridos na região metropolitana de São Paulo. Método: Estudo epidemiológico, observacional, transversal, realizado no Laboratório de Fisiopatologia no Envelhecimento, da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, localizado no Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos da Capital. Neste serviço são coletados os casos incluídos no biobanco do Grupo de Estudos do Envelhecimento, através de entrevistas clínicas com informantes do recém falecido. A amostra constou de 356 casos ocorridos entre os anos de 2004 a 2014.Os dados foram extraídos do banco de dados do grupo de estudos, pela seleção das variáveis: sociodemográficas e de identificação; local do óbito; antecedentes patológicos pessoais e familiares; fatores de risco e estilo de vida; uso de medicamentos, capacidade funcional, episódio depressivo maior e classificação socioeconômica. Hipertensão arterial foi definida como autorrelato da doença pelo informante e/ ou uso de medicamento anti-hipertensivo. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo (CAAE 53857116.7.0000.5392) e pelo grupo de estudos no envelhecimento. Foram realizadas análises descritivas de todas as variáveis e as associações bivariadas foram feitas pelo teste Qui-quadrado ou teste Fisher para variáveis categóricas e teste t-student para variáveis quantitativas, considerando estatisticamente significativo valores de p<0,05. Na análise multivariada foram incluídas todas as variáveis com valor p<0,20, utilizando para tal, a regressão logística. Resultados: Pouco mais da metade das pessoas falecidas era do sexo masculino (56,2%) e aposentados (53,7%); a maioria da raça branca (68%) e baixa escolaridade, sendo 19% analfabetos e 62,9% com apenas 1º grau incompleto; a maior parte vivia com companheiros (48%) e da classe econômica C (48,5%) e D (22,1%); a média de idade foi 70,83 (11,54) anos e média total de filhos de 3,65 (3,06). A prevalência de hipertensão foi de 66,2%. A avaliação das atividades básica e instrumental de vida diária revelou que a maioria dos participantes apresentou elevado nível de independência. A prevalência de depressão maior foi de 15,4%. A causa imediata de óbito mais frequente foi o edema pulmonar (31,1%), seguida pelas doenças isquêmicas do coração (25,0%). Porém, quando avaliada a causa básica, a aterosclerose representou a primeira causa de óbito (37,8%), e em segundo lugar a hipertensão arterial (25,6%). Na análise multivariada,verificou-se que as variáveis que mais contribuíram com a hipertensão foram antecedente pessoal de acidente vascular encefálico (OR=5,16; IC=1,98-13,50) e arritmia (OR=5,80; IC=1,26-26,93),seguido de antecedente de doença arterial coronariana (OR=4,18; IC=1,74- 10,03) e menores chances para histórico pessoal de diabetes (OR=2,69; IC=1,45-4,97), Índice de Massa Corporal (OR=1,17; IC=1,10-1,25) e sexo feminino (OR=1,96; IC=1,16-3,31). Conclusões: A prevalência de hipertensão arterial foi elevada e representou a segunda causa básica de óbito mais frequente, associando-se, principalmente, aos antecedentes pessoais de doenças. / Introduction: Hypertension is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease and its lack of control may lead to complications that contribute to the mortality increase. In this study, we analyzed the causes of deaths and the clinical information of the dead person to subsidize the identification of hypertension prevalence in death and its related factors. We used the gold standard method, the autopsy. Objective: To analyze the prevalence of self-rated hypertension and its related factors in deaths in metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil. Method: Epidemiological observational, cross-sectional study taken at the Brain Bank of the Brazilian Aging Study Group of University of São Paulo School of Medicine, located in the São Paulo City Autopsy Service. In this service, the data of the cases included in the Brain Bank is collected through clinical interviews with informants of the recently dead person. The sample was composed by 356 cases occurred between 2004 and 2014. Data was extracted from Brazilian Aging Study Group database. The selected variables were sociodemographic; death location; personal and family pathological background; risk factors and life style; drugs use, functional capacity, major depression episode and socioeconomic classification. Hypertension was defined as self-reported disease by the informant, and/or use of antihypertensive drug. The study was approved by The Research Ethics Committee of the School of Nursing of University of São Paulo (CAAE 53857116.7.0000.5392), and also by the Brazilian Aging Study Group. We made descriptive analysis of all the variables. Bivariate associations were made by chi-square test or Fisher test for categorical variables, and t-student test for quantitative variables. Statistical significant values (p<0.05) were considered. In the multivariate analysis we included all the variables (p<0.20) using logistic regression. Results: More than half of the dead people was male (56.2%) and retired (53.7%); the majority was white (68%) and had low education level - 19% were illiterate and 62.9% has not completed the elementary education; the major part of the sample used to live with their spouses (48%), and belonged to the economic class C (48.5%) and D (22.1%); the age average was 70.83 (11.54) years old and the average of number of children was 3.65 (3.06). There was a hypertension prevalence of 66.2%. The evaluation of the basic and instrumental daily living activities revealed that the majority of the participants presented high level of independence. There was a depression prevalence of 15.4%. The most frequent immediate cause of death was lung edema (31.1%) followed by ischemic heart diseases (25.0%). However, when we evaluated the basic cause, the atherosclerosis represented the first death cause (37.8%), and the hypertension was in the second position (25,6%). In the multivariate analysis, we verified that the variables that contributed the most with hypertension were personal background of stroke (OR=5.16; CI=1.98-13.50) and arrhythmia (OR=.,80; CI=1.26-26.93), followed by coronary heart disease background (OR=4.18; CI=1.74-10.03) and less chances for personal history of diabetes (OR=2.69; CI=1,.5-4.97), Body Mass Index (OR=1.17; CI=1.10-1.25) and being female (OR=1.96; CI=1.16-3.31). Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of hypertension, representing the second more frequent basic death cause, mainly when associated to the personal disease background.

Numa amostra de 997 óbitos de pacientes portadores de transtornos mentais procedeu-se a análise critica das estatísticas de mortalidade segundo causas básicas e associadas de morte por meio da comparação das causas mencionadas nos atestados de óbito originais com as causas de novo atestado refeito após consulta a todas informações disponíveis sobre os falecidos, informações estas existentes nos prontuários clínicos, resultados de exames de laboratório, relatórios de exames radiológicos, de biópsia, de autópsia e outros. O número médio de diagnósticos por atestado, após consulta às informações adicionais, aumentou de 2,08 para 4,11, número este que não variou sensivelmente com o sexo e a idade dos falecidos, observando-se entretanto variação da média de diagnósticos por atestado segundo a especialidade do médico atestante. As causas básicas dos atestados refeitos diferiram em 43,13 por cento dos casos das causas básicas selecionadas nos atestados originais. A tabulação de todas as causas, básicas e associadas, permitiu evidenciar a importância, no processo da morte, de muitas causas menos frequentes causa básica. como As principais causas de morte, básicas e associadas, de pacientes cujos transtornos mentais incluíram-se nos grupos Psicose, Transtornos da Personalidade e Outros Transtornos Mentais Não-Psicóticos e Deficiência Mental foram analisadas a partir dos diagnósticos do atestado refeito, comparando estas causas com aquelas dos atestados originais, constatando-se que, nestes atestados, os transtornos mentais são subestimados como causa de morte. Tal subestima se deve em parte a influência das disposições da Classificação Internacional de Doenças para a seleção da causa básica de morte. Foram também estudadas as principais associações de doenças naqueles casos em que as causas básicas pertenceram a grupos de causas relacionadas aos transtornos mentais. / In a sample of 997 deceased patients bearing mental disorders, a cri tical statistical analysis of the mortal i ty due to underlying and associated causes of death was undertaken by comparing the causes mentioned in the original death certificates and those registered in the renewed ones which were made up after full review of all available information on these patients by going through such sources as medica! and hospital records besides laboratory examinations, radiological, biopsy, autopsy and other results. The average number of diagnoees per certificate after the aditional information gained by the investigation went up from 2.08 to 4.11; the latter did not vary due do sex or age of the deceased but did according to the speciality of the certifying doctor. The underlying causes of death of the renewed death certificates differed from those of the original ones in 43.13 per cent of the patients. Crosstabulation of all causes of death, both the underlying and associated ones, uncovered the importance of many less frequent causes as underlying in the process of death. The main causes of death, both underlying and associated, of patients whose mental disorders were included in the groups i of Psychosis, Personality Disorders and Other Non-Psychotic Mental Disorders as well as Mental Deficiency were analysed through data obtanined from the renewed death certificates and later compared with those· registered in the original ones. An underestimation of mental disorders as causes of death in the latter was discovered. Such underestimation is partly due to the influence of arrangements in the Internacional Classification of Diseases for the selection of the underlying cause of death. The main associations of diseases were also studied in those cases where the underlying causes of death belonged to groups of causes related to mental disorders.