Reprints of the author's previously published articles included as an appendix. / Bibliography: leaves 165-188. / xiv, 189 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / "This thesis describes a series of experiments that aimed to investigate the effects of folic acid deficiency and defects in folate metabolism on chromosome damage rates in human lymphocytes. The accumulation of chromosome damage over time is an important issue because it is thought to contribute to the mechanism of ageing and the aetiology of diseases of age such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physiology, 2002?

Software development outsourcing is a very common way to gain source for information system among government and private business. Although there are lots of advantages of software development outsourcing, if one do not really understanding outsourcing correctly, not only expected results cannot be met, there will be additional problems. From the past research data and real cases, there are lots of problems shown. There are always lots of participants involved in product development, thus conflicts are very closely associated with participants. If conflicts do not get solved immediately or root caused had not been found right away, conflicts always results in large damages to developments. For example, there are hidden conflicts with in ambiguous document format and request. When mistakes stack up and do not get solved right away, they will become potential conflicts. However, most members do not pay too much attention to the reasons how conflict occurred or to ways of solving but pay more attention on teamwork and professionalism. There were lots of research done in the past regarding the conflicts between customers and suppliers of software development outsoursing; most of them are limited in reseach conflicts of orgination and individuals. Most research methods are market research or individual interviews there is no in depth research regarding the conflict events with long period of data collection and analysis; also tracking the major factors for the root causes. This research method involoved two real cases. We observe, record, and collect data from the real events and interviews participants. We investigate the causes of conflicts between customers and outsourcing suppliers by framing theory. Then we analyzed the cognition of customers and outsourcing suppliers toward conflicts during the research period. Then, this research result came from using six main conflict frames work as conflict types : identity, characterization, fact, power, loose versus gains, process. After the data was collected, we use consistent comparison as a foundation. The purpose is to cross exam the data and found the root causes before and after conflict resolution. In software industry, when people encounter conflicts or found problems of conflict, this research helps them to understand the root cause faster and it provides great resource for project managers. By using real cases records and results as examples to find the root cause or potential problems; people could come to neutral agreement by using conflict management to satisfy both parties.

BACKGROUND: Organ transplantation is one of the best modalities for treating fatal organ failure. Despite the success of this procedure, an increasing incidence of cancer in this population has drawn the attention of public health officials in recent years. OBJECTIVES: The overall objective of this study is to conduct a detailed examination of adverse health outcomes among Canadian organ transplant recipients, with an emphasis on cancer incidence and mortality. METHODS: This project employed a retrospective cohort follow-up study design, whereby Canadian Organ Replacement Registry records were linked to the Canadian Mortality Database and the Canadian Cancer Registry Database. The study population consisted of more than 16,000 solid organ transplant recipients registered between January 1, 1981 and December 31, 1998. This study was designed to assess the risks of developing cancer, overall and site-specific, in transplant recipients in comparison to the general Canadian population using Standardized Incidence Ratios (SIR), Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMR), and Proportionate Mortality Ratios (PMR). In addition, Cox and logistic models were used to assess the effects of various risk factors on cancer incidence and mortality in transplant sub-populations, while cumulative incidence was used to study the patient survival pattern. Lastly, Population Attributable Risk (PAR) was used to quantify the impact of organ transplantation on cancer incidence and mortality. RESULTS: Among major causes of death, the highest PMRs are due to genitourinary diseases, followed by endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and infectious diseases. SIRs indicate that cancer incidence and mortality were relatively lower than that observed for other major causes of death, and slightly higher than that observed in the general Canadian population. Lastly, logistic regression results indicate that age, year of surgery, and smoking status were significant risk factors in mortality due to all causes, while the Cox regression model shows that age, sex and year of surgery were significant risk factors for cancer incidence. Overall, the PAR in this cohort was very minimal, indicating that the risk in mortality and cancer incidence due to organ transplantation is negligible. CONCLUSION: Life threatening diseases such as those of the genitourinary system, as well as endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases and infectious diseases are leading causes of death. Future research should be directed at ways of reducing incidence and subsequent mortality due to these causes.

BACKGROUND: Organ transplantation is one of the best modalities for treating fatal organ failure. Despite the success of this procedure, an increasing incidence of cancer in this population has drawn the attention of public health officials in recent years. OBJECTIVES: The overall objective of this study is to conduct a detailed examination of adverse health outcomes among Canadian organ transplant recipients, with an emphasis on cancer incidence and mortality. METHODS: This project employed a retrospective cohort follow-up study design, whereby Canadian Organ Replacement Registry records were linked to the Canadian Mortality Database and the Canadian Cancer Registry Database. The study population consisted of more than 16,000 solid organ transplant recipients registered between January 1, 1981 and December 31, 1998. This study was designed to assess the risks of developing cancer, overall and site-specific, in transplant recipients in comparison to the general Canadian population using Standardized Incidence Ratios (SIR), Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMR), and Proportionate Mortality Ratios (PMR). In addition, Cox and logistic models were used to assess the effects of various risk factors on cancer incidence and mortality in transplant sub-populations, while cumulative incidence was used to study the patient survival pattern. Lastly, Population Attributable Risk (PAR) was used to quantify the impact of organ transplantation on cancer incidence and mortality. RESULTS: Among major causes of death, the highest PMRs are due to genitourinary diseases, followed by endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and infectious diseases. SIRs indicate that cancer incidence and mortality were relatively lower than that observed for other major causes of death, and slightly higher than that observed in the general Canadian population. Lastly, logistic regression results indicate that age, year of surgery, and smoking status were significant risk factors in mortality due to all causes, while the Cox regression model shows that age, sex and year of surgery were significant risk factors for cancer incidence. Overall, the PAR in this cohort was very minimal, indicating that the risk in mortality and cancer incidence due to organ transplantation is negligible. CONCLUSION: Life threatening diseases such as those of the genitourinary system, as well as endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases and infectious diseases are leading causes of death. Future research should be directed at ways of reducing incidence and subsequent mortality due to these causes.

Syftet med min studie var att ta reda på hur kunskapsläget ser ut när det gäller ämnet stress, med hjälp av frågeställningen; Hur beskrivs och diskuteras ämnet stress av forskare i utvalda delar av forskningslitteraturen? För att ta reda på detta använde jag mig av kvalitativ metod en selektiv kunskapsöversikt. Resultat och analys redovisades i tre teman tillsammans med teorierna coping och KASAM.   Slutsatsen med studien är att största bidragande orsak till uppkomsten av stress symptom handlar om arbetsrelaterad stress med fokus på arbetsmiljön. Med hjälp av hög grad av KASAM kan individer utveckla användbara copingstrategier för att möta och hantera den skadliga stressen. / The aim of my study was to find out how the state of knowledge looks like regarding the subject of stress, using the research question; how is the topic of stress described and discussed by researchers in selected parts of the research literature? To find this out, I used qualitative method a selective research overview. Results and analysis were presented in three themes together with theories of coping and Sense of Coherence.   The main conclusion of this study is that the largest contributing factor to the occurrence of stress symptoms is about work – related stress, focusing on the work environment. By using a high level of Sense of Coherence individuals can develop useful coping – strategies for facing and dealing with the damaging stress.

War is an inefficient outcome and therefore states ought to prefer to bargain over areas of conflict instead of fighting. However, in the anarchy of international relations there is no actor with a monopoly of power to enforce contracts between states. States then face a commitment problem when bargaining to prevent war. This dissertation explores three models where this commitment problem can lead to war. The first chapter presents a model that allows for shifts in the distribution of power which play out over an arbitrary number of time periods. This leads to a sufficient condition that implies war under a broader set of conditions than previously shown in the literature. This condition implies that preventive war may be caused by relatively slow, but persistent shifts in the distribution of power. As theorized in power transition theory, differential rates of economic growth can potentially cause war under this mechanism. Relaxing the unitary actor assumption of the first chapter, the second chapter analyzes how the domestic institutional structure of countries affects the likelihood of war. We model institutional divergence by comparing an infinitely lived dictatorship to a democracy with a replaceable leader and allow a range of leader incentives within these institutional frameworks. We show that dictators, even welfare maximizing ones, may lead to war if the initial distribution of resources is highly imbalanced whereas a democracy with a forward looking electorate is always peaceful. Yet when a democratic electorate is myopic, preventive war may result. Political parties act as a mechanism to prevent this outcome. In the third chapter, I investigate adding a third actor to the bargaining model of war. In a static setting, the model uses a notion of cooperative stability to predict balancing and bandwagoning behavior in alliance formation. When extended to a dynamic setting, changes to the system that result in alliance shifting may cause war. Additionally, alliance formation need not correspond to the static solutions, suggesting that the dynamics of power are as important as the distribution of power in alliance formation. / text

This epidemiological study is a longitudinal descriptive review of the mortuary register at Benedictine Hospital, with an analysis of the trends which emerge. The descriptive component describes mortality at Benedictine Hospital during the years 1995- 2001. It describes both the actual numbers of deaths which occurred according to each sex and age group, and the causes of death as recorded in the mortuary register. The purpose of this study was twofold. First it was desired to raise AIDS awareness in the district by examining the effects of the AIDS epidemic on mortality. Second as the new district health system was being established, it was desired to develop a baseline of mortality information to be utilized for management in the Nongoma Local Municipality. In the trend analysis component of the study, first, it is assumed that most of the deaths occurred at Benedictine Hospital as it is the only health facility which handles severe illness in the Nongoma Local Municipality; therefore the number of deaths within the hospital and the population of Nongoma were used to calculate Age Specific (ASMRs) and Cause Specific Mortality Rates (CSMRs). Secondly an analysis of the age and sex distribution of deaths, ASMRs, the distribution of causes of death, and CSMRs was done. Two research questions were posed. The first research question was, has there been any change in the age distribution of death? It was demonstrated that while there was an 80% increase in the number of deaths, and although deaths increased in every age group except for the neonatal group, 80% of the increase was in the young adult ages particularly in the 20 through 39 years old age groups. By 2001 these groups were recording the largest number of deaths, 179 male deaths and 133 female deaths in the 30 through 39 years old group. Also the ASMRs of young adults had increased three to four times. The second research question was, has there been any change in the distribution of causes of death? It was demonstrated that the infectious diseases which caused the largest numbers of deaths, pulmonary tuberculosis caused 353 deaths, pneumonia 250, gastroenteritis acute and chronic 203, retro-viral disease 66, and meningitis 59, were six of the top seven causes of death in 2001. Chronic gastroenteritis, retro-viral disease, and meningitis had strengthened their position moving from the second ten into the top seven. Only trauma which was in the top five was not an infectious disease. Infectious diseases increased their share of the burden of disease from 36% in 1995 to 57% in 2001. While CSMRs for trauma and the type II non-communicable diseases were basically stable or falling, those of the infectious diseases increased three to four times. It is estimated that because the mortality pattern is similar to that of AIDS deaths in South Africa and Zimbabwe, that because it is young adult mortality that has increased and that it is infectious diseases which have increased that about 50% of mortality in Nongoma is due to AIDS. Recommendations are put forward as to how to disseminate this information and also how to institute a system to carry on monitoring mortality in Nongoma. / Thesis (M.Med.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

Šio tyrimo tikslas yra atskleisti pardavėjų – konsultantų ergonominės aplinkos ir nugaros skausmo sąsajas. Darbo objektas - darbuotojų nugaros skausmo priežastys. Buvo kelti šia uždaviniai: atskleisti ergonomikos sampratą ir jos įtaką nugaros skausmo atsiradimui teorinius aspektus; įvertinti pardavėjų – konsultantų nugaros skausmo paplitimą; atskleisti darbuotojų nugaros skausmų priežastis, kurios iškyla dėl ergonominių sąlygų; išsiaiškinti, kokiomis priemonėmis malšinamas patiriamas nugaros skausmas. / Aim of this research is to reveal links between ergonomic environment and backache suffered by shop-assistants/ consultats. Object of the Paper: cause of backaches suffered by employees.The foolowing tasks have been set: to reveal theoretical aspects of the conception of ergonomics and the influence thereof on occurrence of backaches; to evaluate prevalence of backaches suffered by shop-assistants/ consultants; to reveal the cause of backaches in employes occurring as a result of ergonomic conditions; to find out what were the means to relieve the suffered backache.

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This is an in-depth comparative study of the strategies used to counteract bullying at schools. It provides an international perspective on such strategies: Studies in South African schools are used to provide an African perspective: Australian research is used to provide an Oceanian perspective: Japanese research to provide an Asian perspective; and research conducted in England is used to provide an European perspective on bullying at schools. The extent and nature of bullying in schools was discussed in great detail, as well as the characteristics of bullies and their victims. The causes of bullying, as well as the effects of bullying on learners in the school situation are reviewed. The concept of cyberbullying was expanded upon. The role of the governments, the schools and independent organizations in combating bullying was investigated. To conclude the study, the laws concerning bullying at schools in the four countries are scrutinized and recommendations are made, based on the conclusion that bullying at school can indeed be counteracted successfully. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2008.