O conforto acústico é um fator que, ultimamente, tem ganhado importância na indústria automobilística, especialmente porque o ruído de freio tem se apresentado como uma das principais causas de desconforto acústico para os usuários. Com isso, o material de atrito é alvo de contínuas pesquisas, com intenção de reduzir os ruídos, mas o sistema de freio também tem responsabilidade no ruído. O ruído de freio tipo squeal ocorre em altas frequências e destaca-se por ser o ruído de freio mais economicamente importante, pois gera elevados custos de acionamento da garantia do veículo. O squeal é induzido pelo efeito do atrito, existindo técnicas de simulação numérica para avaliar esse fenômeno, que se baseiam na análise de autovalores complexos (CEA) do sistema de freio. Os trabalhos encontrados na literatura tratam quase exclusivamente sobre sistemas de freio a disco. Diante disso, esse trabalho visa apresentar uma metodologia de análise de instabilidade dinâmica em sistemas de freio a tambor, considerando os efeitos de amortecimento. É utilizado o programa ANSYS e o Método dos Elementos Finitos para realizar esse estudo. Ao longo do trabalho são apresentadas discussões sobre fatores de influência nas frequências auto excitadas, como amortecimento, coeficiente de atrito e pressão de acionamento. A técnica de CEA é aplicada a dois sistemas de freio a tambor, com geometrias diferentes, sendo os dois casos validados através da comparação com resultados veiculares. Os modelos numéricos são ferramentas muito úteis, e a referida análise fornece grande vantagem no desenvolvimento de um sistema de freio acusticamente confortável. No entanto, os parâmetros de entrada no modelo numérico precisam ser coerentes e cuidadosamente definidos. A metodologia se mostrou adequada para avaliar o fenômeno de acoplamento modal induzido por atrito. / Acoustic comfort has become increasingly important nowadays, especially because brake noise is one of the major causes of acoustic discomfort to the users. Thus, the friction material is a continuous research target, intended to reduce noise, but bearing in mind that the brake system also has responsibility in noise. The squeal noise occurs at high frequencies and stands out for being the most economically important type of brake noise, because it generates high costs of the activation of the vehicle warranty. Squeal noise is induced by friction, and there are numerical simulation techniques to assess this phenomenon, which are based on the complex eigenvalues analysis (CEA). Studies in the literature deal almost exclusively on disc brake systems. Therefore, the present work addresses the dynamic instability analysis methodology applied to drum brake systems, where the damping effect is considered. It is used ANSYS and the Finite Element Method program to perform this study. The influence of damping, friction coefficient and working pressure on the self-excited frequencies of the brake system are discussed throughout this work. CEA technique is applied to two drum brake systems, which have different geometries. These two cases are validated by comparison with results obtained in vehicle tests. The numerical models are very useful tools, and this analysis provides great advantage in developing an acoustically comfortable brake system. However, the input parameters in the numerical model must be carefully defined and consistent. The methodology proved to be adequate to evaluate the modal coupling phenomenon induced by friction in drum brake systems.

O conforto acústico é um fator que, ultimamente, tem ganhado importância na indústria automobilística, especialmente porque o ruído de freio tem se apresentado como uma das principais causas de desconforto acústico para os usuários. Com isso, o material de atrito é alvo de contínuas pesquisas, com intenção de reduzir os ruídos, mas o sistema de freio também tem responsabilidade no ruído. O ruído de freio tipo squeal ocorre em altas frequências e destaca-se por ser o ruído de freio mais economicamente importante, pois gera elevados custos de acionamento da garantia do veículo. O squeal é induzido pelo efeito do atrito, existindo técnicas de simulação numérica para avaliar esse fenômeno, que se baseiam na análise de autovalores complexos (CEA) do sistema de freio. Os trabalhos encontrados na literatura tratam quase exclusivamente sobre sistemas de freio a disco. Diante disso, esse trabalho visa apresentar uma metodologia de análise de instabilidade dinâmica em sistemas de freio a tambor, considerando os efeitos de amortecimento. É utilizado o programa ANSYS e o Método dos Elementos Finitos para realizar esse estudo. Ao longo do trabalho são apresentadas discussões sobre fatores de influência nas frequências auto excitadas, como amortecimento, coeficiente de atrito e pressão de acionamento. A técnica de CEA é aplicada a dois sistemas de freio a tambor, com geometrias diferentes, sendo os dois casos validados através da comparação com resultados veiculares. Os modelos numéricos são ferramentas muito úteis, e a referida análise fornece grande vantagem no desenvolvimento de um sistema de freio acusticamente confortável. No entanto, os parâmetros de entrada no modelo numérico precisam ser coerentes e cuidadosamente definidos. A metodologia se mostrou adequada para avaliar o fenômeno de acoplamento modal induzido por atrito. / Acoustic comfort has become increasingly important nowadays, especially because brake noise is one of the major causes of acoustic discomfort to the users. Thus, the friction material is a continuous research target, intended to reduce noise, but bearing in mind that the brake system also has responsibility in noise. The squeal noise occurs at high frequencies and stands out for being the most economically important type of brake noise, because it generates high costs of the activation of the vehicle warranty. Squeal noise is induced by friction, and there are numerical simulation techniques to assess this phenomenon, which are based on the complex eigenvalues analysis (CEA). Studies in the literature deal almost exclusively on disc brake systems. Therefore, the present work addresses the dynamic instability analysis methodology applied to drum brake systems, where the damping effect is considered. It is used ANSYS and the Finite Element Method program to perform this study. The influence of damping, friction coefficient and working pressure on the self-excited frequencies of the brake system are discussed throughout this work. CEA technique is applied to two drum brake systems, which have different geometries. These two cases are validated by comparison with results obtained in vehicle tests. The numerical models are very useful tools, and this analysis provides great advantage in developing an acoustically comfortable brake system. However, the input parameters in the numerical model must be carefully defined and consistent. The methodology proved to be adequate to evaluate the modal coupling phenomenon induced by friction in drum brake systems.

Submitted by Heitor Rapela Medeiros (heitor.rapela@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-05T11:56:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE EDUARDO MIRANDA.pdf: 2611440 bytes, checksum: 384523bdcce6e6522c15f4327ec24b72 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T11:56:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE EDUARDO MIRANDA.pdf: 2611440 bytes, checksum: 384523bdcce6e6522c15f4327ec24b72 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-28 / casos novos por ano nos EUA e, em 2012, 17.700 casos novos no Brasil. Foi ressaltada a necessidade de estudos experimentais e novas abordagens com uso de quimioterápicos e agentes biológicos. A Peritonectomia com Quimioterapia Hipertérmica Intraperitoneal e Citoredução (HIPEC) tem sido usada como recurso de tratamento atual. O Brasil tem a maior biodiversidade do planeta e o Departamento de Antibióticos (DA) da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) acumula considerável experiência científica com o uso experimental de derivados de plantas no tratamento de tumores. A partir de estudo experimental prévio do DA, quando se avaliou o efeito antineoplásico do Extrato Alcoólico da planta Plectranthus amboinicus (Pa), foi feito o presente estudo em camundongos Albinos Suiços da espécie Mus Musculus , nos quais foi realizada indução da forma ascítica do carcinoma de Ehrlich (CEA) a partir da injeção intraperitoneal (ip) . O experimento compreendeu um grupo tratado de 6 animais (G1) e outro controle (G2) de igual número avaliados num período de 9 dias . No dia 1 (D1) foi feita a injeção ip, em G1 e G2, de 0,3 ml de líquido ascítico com CEA. A partir desta data foi feita avaliação de parâmetros clínicos , como peso, piloereção, mobilidade e medições abdominais longitudinais e transversas. Do D3 até o D9 foi feita injeção diária ip de 200 mg/kg de Extrato Aquoso de Pa (EAPa) no G1. No G2 foi feita, no mesmo período, injeção ip de 0,5 ml de solução fisiológica a 0.9 %. No D9 os animais foram sacrificados e analisados: volume da ascite, presença de implante tumoral na parede abdominal, aspecto da ascite. Foram encaminhadas amostras, de G1 e G2, para estudo citométrico e citomorfológico. Foram avaliados na citometria o número de leucócitos totais, mononucleares e polimorfonucleares, além da contagem das células de CEA. Na citologia foram avaliados aumento do volume nuclear, hipercromasia, alterações da relação núcleo-citoplasma, irregularidades do contorno nuclear, cromatina com distribuição irregular, nucléolos anormais ou múltiplos e mitoses atípicas. Observou-se aumento significativo de peso no G2, que todos os animais do G1 apresentaram piloereção e a mobilidade foi igual em G1 e G2. Constatado maior medição abdominal transversal no G2. Foi observado significante menor volume de ascite no G1 e que 66% dos animais do G2 tiveram implantes tumorais na parede abdominal contra nenhum no G1. Foi observado um maior número de leucócitos e de células tumorais no G2. Os aspectos citomorfológicos foram iguais em ambos os grupos. Conclui-se que o EAPa promoveu menor aumento do peso dos animais, toxidade tolerável, e não causou alterações da mobilidade. No G1 houve menor aumento de uma medição abdominal e não houve implantes na parede abdominal. Também constatou-se que o EAPa promoveu melhor controle da ascite e menor contagem de celular tumorais no líquido ascítico. Não houve diferenças citomorfológicas entre os dois grupos. Conclue-se que o EAPa produz efeito antineoplásico na forma ascítica do carcinoma de Ehrlich.

In this paper, metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) technique is used to lower the detection limit of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) which is able to be utilized in forecasting the risk of having certain kinds of cancers, especially colon and rectal cancer. By incubating silver nanocubes (Ag NCs) on the surface of the chips, the detection limit goes down to below 1ng/mL of CEA. Also, when combining MEF with surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, the incubation time between antigen and antibody will decrease significantly with the fluorescence signal keeping similar or higher level.

In Sweden, there are both public roads and civic roads. The civic roads are managed by the people who utilize them. These roads go most through forests and farmlands but also in urban detached areas and are supposed to have a lower cost than with governmental management. Previous regulation has put out the reinvestment in the civic roads in urban areas and left them in a bad shape. I have studied an attempt to reinstall the civic road management system for such urban areas in Leksand. Based on the theory of public goods and common pool resources, I have made a Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) to see if the civic road management system will be effective in the long run compared to municipality management. I found that if it works, the civic road management system is the most effective due to the marginal excess tax burden that harms the municipality management. However, the civic road management system gives great responsibility and administration to a few people and might not work well in the long run. Instead I suggest a user-fee financing of the municipality management which is not affected by the marginal excess tax burden. / I många svenska kommuner har kvalitén på de enskilda vägarna i tätorter försämrats på grund av otydliga ansvarsförhållanden. Jag har studerat ett pågående projekt i Leksand som håller på att bilda samfällighetsföreningar som skall ansvara för de enskilda vägarna i tätort. För att bedöma om samfälld förvaltning är effektivt över tid har jag gjort en samhällsekonomisk konsekvensanalys baserad på teorin om kollektiva nyttigheter och förvaltning av gemensamma resurser. Det visade sig att samfälld förvaltning var effektivast jämfört med kommunal förvaltning, mycket beroende på marginalkostnaden för skatter överskottsbörda. Samfälld förvaltning innebär dock stort ansvar och omfattande administrativa uppgifter för ett fåtal och det är osäkert hur väl det fungerar på lång sikt. Som ett alternativ föreslår jag att finansiering med användaravgifter möjliggörs för kommunal förvaltning av enskilda vägar vilket inte påverkas av marginell överskottsbörda.

Additively manufactured fuels are becoming more common in the area of hybrid rockets due to the enhanced possibilities provided by computer aided design and improved additive material technology. When integrated with a highly compliant yet energetic paraffin wax, the additive manufactured material can help support the paraffin wax during the burn, and improve overall performance. This study investigates thin-walled acrylonitrile butadiene styrene structures that separate paraffin wax into azimuthally partitioned cells. The fuel grains are tested using a vertical test stand, custom nitrous system, and data acquisition system. The computer program Chemical Equilibrium with Applications is used to compare common hybrid fuels such as sorbitol, polybutadiene acrylic acid acrylonitrile, and poly(methyl methacrylate) along with the manufactured fuel. The experimental results indicate the promise of higher performance using paraffin. The analyses, however, show that refinements in grain design are necessary to fully realize the advantages of paraffin.

Biostimulants offer an innovative approach to potentially improve crop yield and quality under abiotic stresses. Particularly, plant-derived protein hydrolysates (PH), a mixture of amino acids and soluble peptides from enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis of agricultural waste, are gaining global interest due to their sustainability and positive effects on crops. However, a functional role of the PH in crop yield and quality remains uncertain and is proposed to be associated with its phytohormone-like activities or serve as an additional nitrogen (N) source. Besides, the effects of PH on crop yield and quality are limited in intensive production systems such as greenhouse facilities. The purposes of this research are to examine the effects and mechanisms of PH on crops and to assess the potential of PH application to reduce fertilizer use in crop production. The specific objectives were to; 1) elucidate the hormone-like activities of PH in the adventitious rooting formation of cuttings, 2) evaluate the effects of different PH application methods on greenhouse crop yield and quality under different N levels when plants are grown with a commercial growing medium, and 3) examine the effects of PH application methods on yield and quality of hydroponically grown lettuce under different N levels and forms. Three conclusions were that 1) <a>the hormonal effects of PH are attributed to brassinosteroid-mediated processes, and PH has overlapping functions with auxin during adventitious rooting of cuttings in a plant species-specific manner</a>, 2) root application of PH (PH-R) effectively improves nutrient uptake compared to foliar spray of PH (PH-F), subsequently, increases the lettuce and tomato yield and quality regardless of N levels while PH-R did not change the chemical properties of growing media, and 3) PH-R effectively increases root growth, and subsequently, improving shoot yield and quality with significant PH × N levels and PH × NO₃:NH₄ratios interactions. Also, PH-R counteracted the negative effects of low NO₃:NH₄ratios on lettuce yield. The outcomes provide the optimization of PH and N fertilization in modern sustainable greenhouse production and the development of a new strategy for producing high-quality greenhouse crops with improved nutrient use efficiency.

The theoretical part of my thesis at first introduces the most common benign neoplasm in men over fifty, a non cancerous prostate gland enlargement called the benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). The main focus of this section will be on BPH's anatomy, etiology, symptomatology, complications, diagnosis and therapy. I will also describe four cost analyses used in health services: CMA, CEA, CUA and CBA. In the practical section of my thesis I will analyze the therapy effectiveness of transurethral resection of the prostate and photoselective vaporization of the prostate with the use of cost-effectiveness analysis.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Tumorimpfstoffe auf der Basis des Plasmid-Vektors pCI, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) und MVA-infizierten dendritischen Zellen entwickelt und durch Sequenzierung, Western blotting und durchflußzytometrische Analyse überprüft. Die in vivo Wirksamkeit der Vakzinen wurde in verschiedenen Tumormodellen in C57BL/6 Mäusen verglichen. Die auf dem eukaryotischen Expressionsvektor pCI basierende DNA-Vakzinierung induzierte einen sehr wirksamen, antigenspezifischen und langfristigen Schutz vor Muzin, CEA oder beta-Galactosidase exprimierenden Tumoren. Eine MVA-Vakzinierung bietet in den in dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Tumormodellen keinen signifikanten Schutz vor Muzin oder beta-Galactosidase exprimierenden Tumoren. <br /> <br /> Sowohl humane, als auch murine in vitro generierte dendritische Zellen lassen sich mit MVA &ndash; im Vergleich zu anderen viralen Vektoren &ndash; sehr gut infizieren. Die Expressionsrate der eingefügten Gene ist aber gering im Vergleich zur Expression in permissiven Wirtszellen des Virus (embryonale Hühnerfibroblasten). Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß eine MVA-Infektion dendritischer Zellen ähnliche Auswirkungen auf den Reifezustand humaner und muriner dendritischer Zellen hat, wie eine Infektion mit replikationskompetenten Vakzinia-Stämmen, und außerdem die Hochregulation von CD40 während der terminalen Reifung von murinen dendritischen Zellen inhibiert wird. Die während der langfristigen in vitro Kultur auf CEF-Zellen entstandenen Deletionen im MVA Genom führten zu einer starken Attenuierung und dem Verlust einiger Gene, die immunmodulatorische Proteine kodieren, jedoch nicht zu einer Verminderung des zytopathischen Effekts in dendritischen Zellen. <br /> <br /> Die geringe Expressionsrate und die beobachtete Inhibition der Expression kostimulatorischer Moleküle auf dendritischen Zellen kann für eine wenig effektive Induktion einer Immunantwort in MVA vakzinierten Tieren durch cross priming oder die direkte Infektion antigenpräsentierender Zellen verantwortlich sein.<br /> <br /> Durch die Modifikation einer Methode zur intrazellulären IFN-gamma Färbung konnten in vakzinierten Mäusen tumorantigenspezifische CTL sensitiv und quantitativ detektiert werden. Die so bestimmte CTL-Frequenz, nicht jedoch die humorale Antwort, korrelierte mit der in vivo Wirksamkeit der verschiedenen Vakzinen: DNA vakzinierte Tiere entwickeln starke tumorantigenspezifische CTL-Antworten, wohingegen in MVA-vakzinierten Tieren überwiegend gegen virale Epitope gerichtete CD4 und CD8-T-Zellen detektiert wurden.<br /> <br /> Die Wirksamkeit der pCI-DNA-Vakzine spricht für die Weiterentwicklung in weiteren präklinischen Mausmodellen, beispielsweise unter Verwendung von MUC1 oder HLA-A2 transgenen Mäusen. Die Methoden zur Detektion Tumorantigen-spezifischer CTL in 96-Loch-Mikrotiterplatten können dabei zur systematischen Suche nach im Menschen immundominanten T-Zell-Epitopen im Muzin-Molekül genutzt werden. <br /> <br /> Der durchgeführte Vergleich der auf den Vektoren pCI und MVA basierenden Vakzinen und die Analyse neuerer Publikationen führen zu dem Ergebniss, daß vor allem DNA-Vakzinen in Zukunft eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entwicklung von aktiven Tumorimpfstoffen spielen werden. Rekombinante MVA-Viren, eventuell in Kombination mit DNA- oder anderen Vektoren, haben sich dagegen in zahlreichen Studien als wirksame Impfstoffe zur Kontrolle von durch Pathogene hervorgerufenen Infektionserkrankungen erwiesen. / In this study, tumor vaccines based on the plasmid pCI, the attenuated vaccinia virus strain modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) and MVA-infected dendritic cells were constructed and characterized by sequencing, Western blot and flow cytometric analysis. The efficiency to induce tumor immunity in vivo was compared in several C57BL/6 mouse tumor models. Naked DNA Vaccination based on the eukaryotic expression vector pCI did induce very effective, antigen-specific and long-term protection against tumor cell lines expressing mucin, CEA or beta-Gal whereas MVA vaccination did not elicit protective immunity against Mucin or beta-Gal expressing tumors. MVA does infect human or murine in vitro generated dendritic cells very efficiently compared to other viral vectors, however expression levels of the inserted antigens in dendritic cells are significantly lower than in permissive host cells (chicken embryo fibroblasts). <br /> <br /> It could be shown that the effect of MVA infection on the maturation status of dendritic cells is similar to the effects described for dendritic cells infected with replication competent vaccinia strains. In addition it was shown that the upregulation of the important costimulatory molecule CD40 through LPS stimulation is strongly inhibited in MVA infected cells. During passage in tissue culture, MVA has accumulated a number of large deletions, including a number of immunomodulatory molecules and resulting in a strong attenuation. However the strong cytopathic effect on dendritic cells is maintained. <br /> <br /> The low level of expression and the effect on dendritic cell maturation may be responsible for the failure of MVA to induce tumor immunity through either cross presentation or direct infection of antigen presenting cells.<br /> <br /> To detect and quantify tumor-antigen-specific CTL a method based on intracellular IFN-gamma staining was modified and it could be shown that the cellular &ndash; but not the humoral &ndash; response does correlate with in vivo protection: DNA but not MVA vaccines do induce high levels of tumorantigen-specific CTL whereas MVA-vaccines do induce strong and long lasting CD4 and CD8-T-cell responses against vaccinia antigens. <br /> <br /> The excellent protection induced by pCI-DNA-vaccination in different tumor models does encourage us to further investigate the elicitation of tumor immunity in MUC1 or HLA-A2 transgenic mice. In mice transgenic for human MHC-I, the IFN-gamma staining protocol could be used to systematically screen for mucin T-cell epitopes that are relevant in humans.

No description available.