Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2014-07-02T19:08:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_EcobiometriaTriplexDoppler.pdf: 3097752 bytes, checksum: 55cbdb823182d557787d6963ab196e7f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-07-16T14:17:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_EcobiometriaTriplexDoppler.pdf: 3097752 bytes, checksum: 55cbdb823182d557787d6963ab196e7f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-16T14:17:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_EcobiometriaTriplexDoppler.pdf: 3097752 bytes, checksum: 55cbdb823182d557787d6963ab196e7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os objetos do trabalho foram: 1) realizar a ecobiometria do concepto para acompanhar o crescimento fetal e determinar a idade gestacional em Cebus apella; 2) descrever o momento em que os órgãos do feto são observados; 3) realizar a sexagem fetal; 4) avaliar o fluxo sanguíneo das artérias uterinas (AU) e umbilical (Aum), mensurando os índices de resistividade (IR) e pulsatilidade (IP); 5) observar a presença ou ausência da incisura protodiastólica (IPD) e do componente diastólico nas ondas de fluxo sanguíneo das AU e Aum, respectivamente, durante a gestação em C. apella. Seis fêmeas adultas da espécie C. apella foram selecionadas e, posteriormente, condicionadas para os procedimentos de colpocitologia ou contenção química. Para o monitoramento do ciclo reprodutivo das fêmeas e crescimento folicular, foram realizados exames colpocitológicos e ultrassonografia (US), respectivamente, para a escolha do melhor dia da monta natural ou inseminação artificial. Vinte dias após a cópula ou inseminação, era realizado o diagnóstico da gestação por meio da US. O dia de cada exame em relação ao parto foi contado em retrospecto (nascimento = dia 0). Os exames ultrassonográficos foram feitos nos dias -133, -113, -83, -53, -21 e -1 antes do parto. A US bidimensional em modo B foi utilizada para mensurar o saco gestacional do dia - 133 até -113; os diâmetros biparietal, fronto-occiptal, circunferência da cabeça e circunferência abdominal do dia -113 a -1; e comprimento do fêmur do dia -53 até -23, mostrando o aumento desses parâmetros com o avanço da gestação. O coração e o estômago começaram a ser visualizados no dia -113 e, os demais órgãos e a sexagem no dia -83. O Triplex Doppler foi empregado para avaliar o fluxo sanguíneo durante o período gestacional, mostrando uma diminuição nos IR e IP das AU e Aum, do dia -133 a -1, bem como observar o desaparecimento da IPD (dia -1) e aparecimento do componente diastólico (dia -53) na onda de fluxo sanguíneo das AU e Aum, respectivamente. Entre os dias -113 a -1, a média da freqüência cardíaca fetal, obtida pelo Triplex Doppler, foi de 189 ± 2,43 bpm. O presente trabalho permitiu determinar a idade gestacional, avaliar o crescimento anatômico do feto, descrever o momento em que os órgãos são visualizados e realizar a sexagem em C. apella. Constatou-se, também, que o fluxo sanguíneo das AU e Aum são importantes parâmetros para avaliar a vitalidade fetal em C. apella. / The objectives were to: 1) perform conceptus ecobiometry for fetal growth assessment and determine the gestational age in Cebus apella; 2) describe the moment that the fetal organs are observed; 3) perform fetal sex identification; 4) evaluate blood flow in the uterine (UA) and umbilical (Uma) arteries, by measuring the resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI); 5) to note the presence or absence of the early diastolic notch (EDN) and diastolic flow in the UA and Uma flow waveforms, respectively, during gestational period in C. apella. Six adult females were selected and trained to allow vaginal swabs or sedation. Vaginal smears and ultrasography (US) were used to monitor the menstrual cycles and follicular growth, respectively, for choose the better day to natural mating or artificial insemination. Twenty days after mating or insemination, the diagnosis of gestation by US was done. The day of the examination relative to whelping was calculated in retrospect (whelping = Day 0). Ultrasonographic examinations were done on Days -133, -113, -83, -53, -21 and -1 before whelping. The B-mode US was used to measure the gestational sac on Days -133 to -113; the biparietal diameter, occipito-frontal diameter, head circumference and abdominal circumference on Days -113 to -1; and femur length on Days -53 to -23, showing that these parameters increased as gestational age advanced. The fetal heart and stomach were observed on Day -113 and, the other organs and fetal sex identification on Day -83. The Triplex Doppler was used to evaluate the blood flow during the gestational period, showing decrease on RI and PI of UA and Uma, on Days -133 to -1, as well as to note the absence of the EDN in the UA waveform on Day -1 and the presence of the Uma diastolic flow on Day -53. From Days -113 to -1, the mean of fetal heart rate, obtained by Triplex Doppler, was 189 ± 2,43 bpm. The current study enabled to determine the gestational age, to assess the fetal anatomical growth, to describe the moment that the organs were observed and to perform fetal sex identification in C. apella. We inferred that UA and Uma blood circulation were important end points to assess fetal vitality in C. apella.

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-05-12T15:00:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_EscolaExperimentalPrimatas.pdf: 536999 bytes, checksum: 4b196b6edbe5d812be667eb91be434b2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-07-29T12:08:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_EscolaExperimentalPrimatas.pdf: 536999 bytes, checksum: 4b196b6edbe5d812be667eb91be434b2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T12:08:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_EscolaExperimentalPrimatas.pdf: 536999 bytes, checksum: 4b196b6edbe5d812be667eb91be434b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O desenvolvimento de modelos animais para o estudo de problemas no desenvolvimento cognitivo humano pressupõe como fator principal a existência de certa homologia de processos comportamentais entre os repertórios do modelo e dos humanos. A Escola Experimental de Primatas (EEP) tem utilizado o macaco-prego (Cebus ssp.) como um modelo animal para investigar a aquisição de repertórios relacionais generalizados em humanos. Este trabalho avaliou os estudos empíricos da EEP no sentido de verificar a coerência entre seus pressupostos teóricos e sua prática empírica, especialmente no que diz respeito à existência de homologias de processos comportamentais entre macacos-prego e seres humanos. Ao se analisar a 1) origem dos objetivos e dos procedimentos dos estudos (a maioria provém de estudos com animais); 2) se os resultados esperados foram alcançados ou não (de forma geral, resultados positivos em relação aos objetivos propostos); e 3) se nos estudos da EEP é discutida a questão do modelo animal e/ou a aplicabilidade dos procedimentos utilizados nos estudos para humanos (não é), verificou-se que não são apresentados dados empíricos que sustentem a homologia sugerida na proposta teórica norteadora da EEP. Esses resultados demonstram que a prática científica da EEP tem avançado enquanto pesquisa básica sobre a aprendizagem de repertórios relacionais generalizados para macacosprego, mas ainda sem evidências de transferência para o estudo desse fenômeno em humanos. Sugere-se que o caminho a seguir pode ser: 1) desenvolver estudos empíricos que validem a homologia de processos comportamentais entre alguns repertórios dos macacos-prego e humanos; e 2) dar início à aplicação dos achados da pesquisa básica da EEP no desenvolvimento de procedimentos para ensinar repertórios relacionais para pessoas com atraso no desenvolvimento cognitivo. / The development of animal models for the study of problems in human cognitive development requires, as a main factor, the existence of behavioral processes homology in repertories of the model and the humans. The Experimental School for Primates (ESP) has used the capuchin monkey (Cebus spp.) as an animal model to investigate the acquisition of generalized relational repertoires in humans. This study evaluated the empirical studies of the ESP in order to verify the consistency between their theoretical and empirical practices, especially the assumption of homology of behavioral processes among capuchin monkeys and humans. When analyzing a) the origin of the objectives and procedures of the studies (most come from animal studies), 2) if the expected results were achieved or not (in general, positive results in relation to the proposed objectives) and 3) if in studies of ESP the issue of animal model and/or applicability of the procedures used in studies to humans is discussed (it is not), it was noted that there are no empirical data supporting the homology proposal in theoretical proposition of the ESP. These results demonstrate that the scientific practice of ESP has advanced as basic research on the learning of generalized relational repertoires in capuchin monkeys, however, without providing transfer to study this phenomenon in humans. It is suggested that the way forward may be: 1) develop empirical studies that validate the homology of behavioral processes among some repertoires of human and capuchin monkeys, and 2) start implementing the findings of basic research of ESP in developing procedures for teaching relational repertoires for people with delayed cognitive development.

In their native habitat of Central and South America, capuchin monkeys (Cebus) spend 45% to 55% of their day foraging and a further 20% travelling. Once these monkeys are introduced into captive environments their diets are selective, seasonal and presented to them by their keepers. The captive environment often leads to various behavioural abnormalities and compensatory behaviours or stereotypies. To address this issue, environmental enrichment can be employed to reduce, cure or prevent such an occurrence. Enrichment can reduce stress, while increasing animal well-being and health in captivity. Despite previous work a better understanding of enrichment, for most neo-tropical primate species, is necessary, in order to improve their captive lifestyles. Feeding of captive primates is more complex than providing a balanced nutritional diet as it must also meet their ethological needs. The manipulation of the presentation of the diet has been shown to significantly decrease the incidence of resting, while significantly increasing the incidence of playing, grooming, foraging and manual manipulation of dietary items. Eleven capuchin monkeys were presented with four different feeding treatments (i.e. cut food presented in bowls, cut food presented around the enclosure, uncut food presented around the enclosure and novel feeding devices presented around the enclosure) from December 2007 until May 2008. At the start of every month one of three feeding treatments was introduced with the cut food in bowls feeding treatment interleaved between the treatments. The different feeding treatments required the monkeys to search for their food, break-up their food into manageable sizes, and obtain food in touch-, tool- and manipulative-dependent methods in order to allow the monkeys an opportunity to display increased activity more in line with their wild conspecifics. The capuchins displayed a period of intense foraging directly following feeding. This period significantly increased (from 44 to 121 min.), along with foraging events and the proportion of time spent foraging, which was more in line with their wild conspecifics. In addition, the frequency of occurrence and the proportion of time spent on locomotion and resting was shown to decrease. Also, abnormal behaviours ceased to occur during the study. Environmental enrichment is a useful tool for providing stimulation, redistributing activity levels more in line with wild conspecifics and to combat abnormal and compensatory behaviours.