Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 229 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed on June 25, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Les travaux présentés se sont intéressés à la régulation des forces produites par le cytosquelette d'actine. Le rôle primordial joué par le microenvironnement a été au centre de nos investigations. L'étude de ces phénomènes a nécessité le développement de techniques innovantes. La première permet le contrôle en temps réel de la forme de la cellule. Elle utilise un laser UV pulsé pour modifier le microenvironnement adhésif de la cellule et contrôler les zones disponibles pour son étalement. La seconde est une amélioration d'une technique existante au sein du laboratoire. Il s'agit de produire des îlots de protéines d'adhésions, de forme contrôlée, sur un substrat déformable d'acrylamide. Ces supports permettent le contrôle de la taille de la cellule et de son organisation interne. En outre, l'élasticité de l'acrylamide permet la mesure des forces générées par la cellule. La dernière technique a combiné le patterning sur acrylamide avec l'ablation laser. Les forces produites au sein d'une structure particulière du cytosquelette ont ainsi pu être estimées. Deux grands mécanismes de régulation des forces ont pu être mis en évidence. L'utilisation de techniques de spectrométrie de masse, de mesure de forces et de biologie moléculaire a permis de mettre en évidence la coopération entre les différents types d'intégrines au niveau de l'adhésion cellulaire. Cette coopération permet un couplage entre l'architecture du cytosquelette et la quantité de moteurs moléculaires mettant en tension ces structures. Ces mécanismes sont primordiaux pour l'adaptation de la cellule à la rigidité de son environnement. Ce sont les structures d'actine qui produisent les forces qui seront transmises au niveau des adhésions. La corrélation entre la taille de ces structures et les forces générées est encore mal caractérisée. La relation entre taille des fibres de stress et répartition des forces au sein de la cellule a pu être étudiée et suggère que la force produite par une fibre de stress augmente avec sa longueur. Une étude systématique de la contractilité des cellules, sur des patterns de différentes tailles, a permis de montrer la relation entre la taille des fibres de stress et la force générée. Une relation biphasique a ainsi été mise en évidence. Quand la taille de la cellule augmente, la force générée au sein des fibres de stress commence par augmenter avant de diminuer au delà d'une longueur critique. Cette longueur correspond également à la taille maximale observée sur des cellules libres de s'étaler sans contraintes. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que cette chute de force est liée à une augmentation excessive du ratio myosine/actine qui ne permet plus une production de force efficace. Le mécanisme pourrait faire intervenir le désassemblage des structures d'actine par la myosine ou la quantité insuffisante d'actine pour permettre un travail efficace des moteurs moléculaires. La rencontre de ces deux mécanismes permet de définir le champ des possibles pour la cellule en terme de contractilité. Le mécanisme de chute de forces observé n'a pas pu être expliqué à ce jour mais nous travaillons activement pour qu'il le soit dans les mois à venir. Ce phénomène aura sans doute un grand rôle à jouer dans l'intégrité mécanique des tissus et les phénomènes de migration. La chute de force au delà de la longueur critique permet en effet de déstabiliser les adhésions et pourrait être à l'origine de la rétraction de la cellule dans la migration ou du détachement d'une cellule de ces voisines dans le cas d'un tissu sous forte contraintes. Ce détachement protégerait ainsi la cellule d'un déchirement sous l'effet de forces trop importantes. / Our work has been focused on the regulation of the forces generated by the actin cytoskeleton. We have more precisely studied the role of the cellular microenvironment in this process. It was necessary to overcome some technical challenges to study these mechanisms. We developed two new techniques. The first one allows for the dynamic control of cell shape. A pulsed UV laser is used to modify the adhesive microenvironment around the cell and to create new area available for cell spreading. The second technique is an improvement of an existing technique from the laboratory. It consists in producing ECM protein islands on a elastic acrylamide substrate. This substrate provides the control of cell shape and internal organization. Plus, the elasticity of the substrate is compatible with traction forces measurements. The last technique combines acrylamide micropatterning and laser ablation of intracellular actin structures. Thus, the forces produced by a particular intracellular structure can be estimated. Two keys mechanisms of force regulation were shown. The use of mass spectrometry, traction force microscopy and molecular biology made it possible to study the interaction between different integrins in the adhesion complex. Cooperation was shown. It allows for the coupling between the architecture of the cytoskeleton and the amount of molecular motors in action. This process is necessary for the adaptation of cell forces to substrate stiffness. Actin structures are the one responsible for force production. This force can then be transmitted to the environment through adhesions.. The link between the length of actin fibers and the force produced was more precisely studied. The results showed a correlation between stress fibers length and the force generated inside it. This was true only above a certain critical value. After that, the force was rather decreasing with increasing fiber length. This critical length corresponds to the maximal length of cell axis on infinite 2D substrate. Our main hypothesis is that a too high myosin/actin ratio will block the proper force production/transmission within the fiber. Disassembly of actin by myosin or limited pool of actin are the two explanations we are currently following. The combination of these two-regulation process put brakes on force production by the cell. Above a certain length, the force produced is decreasing. This decreases in turn the strength of the adhesions anchored to these fibers. This will destabilize the adhesions and causes cell retraction The interplay between the regulation by the adhesion and the production of forces within the fiber set some limits on the level of forces produced by the cell. These processes are likely to be modified in a pathological context and can lead to tumor formation. They also protect the cell from being destroyed by stretching. If the length/stretch is too high, the cell will decrease its forces and detach from neighboring cells. This provide a system protecting the cell from being destroyed by massive deformations within the body

Embora a terapia com uso de laser de baixa potência (TLBP) seja uma modalidade terapêutica amplamente estudada no meio científico, sua aplicação na clínica médica ainda gera controvérsias, já que a literatura reporta que a TLBP é capaz de promover a proliferação e diferenciação de células tumorais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da TLBP no crescimento celular usando como modelo a linhagem B16F10 de melanoma murino em estado de homeostase e estado redox, além de verificar o comportamento quimiotáxico da linhagem B16F10 por meio do ensaio de migração transwell em resposta à TLBP em diferentes densidades de energia. Foram montados cinco grupos experimentais utilizando um laser de emissão vermelha em λ = 660 nm: Grupo controle (GC) onde nenhuma irradiação foi realizada; G30 (30J/cm2); G60 (60J/cm2); G90 (90J/cm2); G120 (120J/cm2); G150 (150J/cm2), com as respectivas doses utilizadas. Todos os experimentos foram realizados em triplicata e os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística. Sob as condições experimentais deste estudo, nossos resultados mostram que a TLBP neste comprimento de onda não promoveu mudanças no metabolismo celular nos tempos de 48 h e 72 h, independente do estado nutricional. Foi possível observar mudança no padrão de comportamento quimiotáxico da linhagem celular B16F10 irradiadas com laser de emissão vermelha. / The low power lasers (TLBP) is a therapeutic modality widely studied in scientific field, its application in clinical medicine still generates many conflicts since literature reports proliferation in cancer cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of TLBP on cell growth using as model the line B16F10 in state of homeostasis and redox state and investigate the chemotactic behavior of B16F10 lineage through transwell migration assay in response to TLBP in different energy densities. For this purpose five experimental groups were assembled using a laser emission at λ = 660 nm: control group (G0) where no irradiation was performed; G30 (30J/cm2), G60 (60J/cm2), G90 (90J/cm2); G120 (120J/cm2); G150 (150J/cm2) with the respective doses used. All experiments were performed in triplicate and the results were statistically analyzed. Under the experimental conditions of this study, our results show that TLBP did not induced changes in cellular metabolism that influence proliferation at 48 h and 72 h, independent nutritional status. It was possible to observe changes in behavior pattern chemotactic of cell line B16F10 with TLBP at red emission.

Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2018-02-23T18:26:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Jose_santos2017.pdf: 2362954 bytes, checksum: 3cd8da60eb3efb9e2ed240ef51fa9a23 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-23T18:26:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Jose_santos2017.pdf: 2362954 bytes, checksum: 3cd8da60eb3efb9e2ed240ef51fa9a23 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-01 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Lung cancer is highly lethal and smoking is an important risk factor. Non-small cell tumor is the most common, less aggressive type of lung carcinoma and treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. However, late diagnosis, due to the absence of signs and symptoms in the early stages of the disease, makes the survival rate low. In this sense, the search for new chemical substances with characteristics of selectivity, effectiveness and low toxicity have been investigated in the treatment of cancer. Studies show that sericin, a protein extracted from silkworm cocoons, exhibits anti-tumor and anticarcinogenic activity in colon and skin cancer cells, stimulating apoptosis and disrupting the cell cycle, and protecting normal cells against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation . Thus, the therapeutic potential of sericin has raised interest in evaluating its effect on non-small cell lung cancer cell line. The studies were conducted in culture, where the effects of silk protein were evaluated: on cell viability, by neutral red assays and tetrazolium - MTT cytotoxicity; in the apoptotic potential, with annexin-5 and Alexa Fluor® and Propidium Iodide assays; and in cell migration by the Wound Healing model assay. Low doses of sericin were able to increase lysosomal viability, reduce mitochondrial viability, increase apoptosis and cell migration, while high doses of sericin exponentially reduced cell migration and did not alter the rate of apoptosis / necrosis of cancer cells. Sericin is a biomaterial that causes biological effects on the cell line tested, and can be used to increase lysosomal viability, reduce mitochondrial function, increase apoptosis at low doses and inhibit high-dose cell migration. / O câncer de pulmão apresenta alta letalidade e o fumo se constitui como um importante fator de risco. O tumor de células não pequenas é o tipo de carcinoma pulmonar mais comum, menos agressivo e o tratamento envolve cirurgia, quimioterapia e radioterapia. Entretanto, o diagnóstico tardio, em função da ausência de sinais e sintomas nos estágios iniciais da doença, faz com que a taxa de sobrevivência seja baixa. Nesse sentido, a busca de novas substâncias químicas com características de seletividade, de efetividade e de baixa toxicidade tem se refletido em pesquisas que investigam o uso dessas substâncias no tratamento do câncer. Estudos mostram que a sericina, proteína extraída dos casulos do bicho-da-seda, apresenta atividade antitumoral e anticarcinogênica em células cancerosas de cólon e de pele, estimulando a apoptose e interrompendo o ciclo celular, além de proteger células normais contra estresse oxidativo e peroxidação lipídica. Assim, o potencial terapêutico da sericina suscitou o interesse em avaliar seu efeito em linhagem celular de câncer de pulmão do tipo células não pequenas. Os estudos foram conduzidos em cultura, em que foram avaliados os efeitos da proteína da seda: na viabilidade celular, por meio de ensaios pelo vermelho neutro e de citotoxicidade com o tetrazólio - MTT; no potencial apoptótico, com ensaios com anexina-5 e Alexa Fluor® e Iodeto de Propídio; e na migração celular, ensaio com o modelo Wound Healing. Baixas doses de sericina foram capazes de aumentar a viabilidade lisossomal, reduzir a viabilidade mitocondrial, aumentar a apoptose e a migração celular, enquanto altas doses de sericina reduziram exponencialmente a migração celular e não alteraram a taxa de apoptose/necrose das células cancerosas. A sericina é um biomaterial que provoca efeitos biológicos na linhagem celular testada, e pode ser utilizada para aumentar a viabilidade lisossomal, reduzir a função mitocondrial, aumentar a apoptose em baixas doses e inibir a migração celular em doses altas.

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第25340号 / 農博第2606号 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙野 義孝, 教授 寺内 良平, 教授 吉田 健太郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

O glioblastoma (GBM) é o tumor cerebral maligno mais comum e agressivo em adultos. Uma combinação de terapia padrão com outras terapias baseadas no conhecimento de sua biologia é necessária para melhorar a sobrevida de pacientes com GBM. Muitos estudos foram desenvolvidos em busca de proteínas de membrana expressas em GBM, pois são potenciais alvos para imunoterapia. A proteína transmembrânica CD99 foi descrita como altamente expressa em astrocitomas de diferentes graus de malignidade. Embora seu mecanismo de ação ainda não seja totalmente compreendido, CD99 está envolvido na adesão e migração celular em diferentes tipos de tumores. O gene CD99 codifica duas proteínas distintas, denominadas isoforma 1, maior, de 32 kDa, e isoforma 2, gerada por splicing alternativo e menor, de 28 kDa. No presente estudo, foi demonstrada a expressão predominante da isoforma 1 em astrocitomas de diferentes graus de malignidade em comparação com o cérebro normal, bem como na linhagem celular de GBM humano U87MG. O transcriptoma das células U87MG transfectadas com siRNA para CD99 foi analisado em relação ao controle. Um total de 2.670 genes diferencialmente expressos foi identificado. Uma análise de enriquecimento no banco de dados DAVID revelou os seguintes processos como os mais significativos: junções aderentes célula-célula; adesão célula-célula envolvendo ligação de caderina e adesão celular. Ensaios funcionais baseados nestes achados (migração, invasão e adesão) foram realizados com células U87MG após o silenciamento de CD99 com dois shRNAs diferentes. A eficiência de silenciamento foi de 80 e 97%, para o shCD991 e 2, respectivamente, confirmada a nível de expressão do gene e da proteína. O silenciamento de CD99 reduziu a migração e invasão para ambos os shRNAs, com diminuição mais acentuada da migração para o shCD99 2, com maior nível de silenciamento de CD99. No ensaio de adesão, a linhagem U87MG shCD99 1 apresentou propriedades adesivas mais baixas que o controle, enquanto o shCD99 2 apresentou resultado oposto, com maior adesão celular do que seu controle. Provavelmente o silenciamento de CD99 afetou a redução da adesão celular em um padrão distinto, sugerindo que o resultado pode ser dependente do nível de expressão remanescente de CD99. Além disso, o CD99 e a faloidina colocalizaram nos lamelipódios e filopódios, sugerindo um papel importante no rearranjo do citoesqueleto. Foi demostrado, ainda, que o silenciamento de CD99 levou à redução da proliferação celular in vitro e diminuição do tumor in vivo. Camundongos imunodeficientes nos quais foram implantadas células silenciadas no cérebro apresentaram uma maior sobrevida que os animais que receberam células controle. A via de sinalização pela qual CD99 modula a proliferação no GBM ainda precisa ser elucidada. Migração, invasão e proliferação são as principais características do GBM que limitam uma ressecção cirúrgica completa e, consequentemente, levam frequentemente à recorrência. Portanto, análises posteriores das vias ativadoras do CD99 no contexto da migração, invasão, proliferação celular e apoptose são válidas para revelar novas estratégias terapêuticas para limitar a progressão do GBM / Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant brain tumor in adults. A combination of standard therapy with other biologically based therapies is necessary to improve the survival of patients with GBM. Many studies have been developed in pursuit of expressed membrane proteins in GBM, which are potential targets for immunotherapy. The transmembrane protein CD99 is highly expressed in different malignant grades of astrocytomas. Although its mechanism of action is not still fully understood, CD99 is involved in cell adhesion and migration in different type of tumors. The CD99 gene encodes two distinct transmembrane proteins, named isoform 1, longer with 32 kDa, and isoform 2, generated by alternative splicing, shorter with 28 kDa. In the present study, we demonstrated predominant expression of isoform 1 in astrocytomas of different malignant grades compared to normal brain, and in the human GBM cell line U87MG. The transcriptome of U87MG cell line transfected with siRNA for CD99 was analyzed in relation to control. A total of 2.670 differentially expressed genes were identified. An enrichment analysis by DAVID Bioinformatics Database revealed the following processes as the most significant: cell-cell adherens junction; cadherin binding involved in cell-cell adhesion and cell-cell adhesion. Functional assays based on these findings (migration, invasion and adhesion) were performed with U87MG cells after knocking down CD99 with two different shRNAs. The CD99 silencing efficiency was 80 and 97%, for shCD99 1 and 2, respectively, confirmed at gene and protein level. The CD99 knockdown reduced migration and invasion for both shRNA, with the highest decrease of migration observed in the higher CD99 knocked down cells. In adhesion assay, shCD99 1 U87MG showed lower adhesive properties than the control, whereas shCD99 2 cells presented opposite results, with higher cell adhesion than control. Probably CD99 knockdown affected in the reduction of cell adhesion in a distinct pattern, suggesting that the result is dependent on CD99 remaining expression level. Additionally, CD99 and phalloidin colocalized at lamellipodia and filopodia, sugesting that CD99 plays an important role to cytoskeleton rearrangement. It has also been demonstrated that CD99 silencing caused reduction of cell proliferation in vitro and decreased tumor in vivo. Immunodeficient mice in which knocked down cells were implanted in the brain had a longer survival than animals that received control cells. The signaling pathway by which CD99 modulates proliferation in GBM still needs to be elucidated. Migration, invasion and proliferation are major characteristics of GBM, which limits the complete surgical tumor resection, and consequently leads to tumor recurrence. Therefore, further analysis of CD99 activating pathways in the context of cell migration, invasion, proliferation and apoptosis is worthwhile to unveil new therapeutic strategies to halt GBM progression