Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2010.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Commonwealth University, 2008. / Prepared for: Dept. of Biochemistry. Title from thesis description page. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2005. / Campus access only. Vita. Bibliography: 70-76..

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2005. / Embargoed. Vita. Bibliography: 92-104.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 160 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Escherichia coli enteropatogÃnica (EPEC) à um importante patÃgeno associado Ãs doenÃas diarreicas. InfecÃÃes intestinais ocasionam comprometimento da barreira intestinal e um dos primeiros mecanismos de resposta à recuperaÃÃo à a migraÃÃo das cÃlulas intestinais. As principais proteÃnas que regulam esse processo sÃo as pequenas GTPases Rho, Rac1, RhoA e Cdc42A. A alanil-glutamina (Ala-Gln) estimula este processo migratÃrio, entretanto os mecanismos envolvidos nesta resposta ainda sÃo desconhecidos. Desse modo, investigou-se o efeito de uma cepa selvagem e padrÃo (E2348/69) de EPEC, e de uma cepa comensal E. coli HS na migraÃÃo celular intestinal, bem como a regulaÃÃo da transcriÃÃo e expressÃo gÃnica das GTPases Rho e o papel da suplementaÃÃo com Ala-Gln no processo de migraÃÃo na presenÃa ou ausÃncia da infecÃÃo. A infecÃÃo pelas cepas de EPEC e pela cepa comensal reduziram significativamente a migraÃÃo celular intestinal. Entretanto, houve uma maior reduÃÃo desse efeito nas cÃlulas infectadas pelas cepas de EPEC quando comparado Ãquelas infectadas pela cepa comensal de E. coli HS. Observou-se um alto percentual de cÃlulas necrÃticas, cerca de 30%, induzido pela cepa padrÃo de EPEC apenas nos tempo de 12 e 24 horas apÃs infecÃÃo. A adiÃÃo da Ala-Gln em cÃlulas nÃo infectadas estimulou significativamente e de modo dose dependente a migraÃÃo apÃs 24 horas. PorÃm, quando esse nutriente foi adicionado durante 12 e 24 horas na presenÃa da infecÃÃo, nÃo houve uma reversÃo do dano. Em relaÃÃo à expressÃo gÃnica das GTPases Rho, observou-se um aumento da transcriÃÃo de rac1 nas cÃlulas que haviam sido infectadas pelas cepas de EPEC e E. coli HS, bem como um aumento da transcriÃÃo de rhoA nas cÃlulas infectadas pela cepa padrÃo de EPEC apÃs 2 horas da infecÃÃo. Todavia, na anÃlise das proteÃnas por imunofluorescÃncia, RhoA e Cdc42 mostraram-se aumentadas nas cÃlulas infectadas pela EPEC padrÃo quando comparado ao controle. Enquanto que as cÃlulas infectadas com a cepa selvagem de EPEC observou-se um aumento de Rac1 e reduÃÃo de RhoA. Esses dados mostraram que a migraÃÃo das cÃlulas intestinais à reduzida principalmente pelas cepas patogÃnicas de EPEC, ao regular a transcriÃÃo e expressÃo gÃnicas das proteÃnas GTPases Rho. A suplementaÃÃo com Ala-Gln em cÃlulas intestinais promoveu a migraÃÃo celular apenas na ausÃncia da infecÃÃo. / Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is an important pathogen associated with diarrheal diseases. Intestinal infections cause impairment of the intestinal barrier and one of the earliest response mechanisms to recover is migration of the intestinal cells to cover the injured area. The key proteins that regulate cell migration are small Rho GTPases, Rac1, Cdc42 and RhoA. The alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) increases this migration process, however the mechanisms involved in this response are still unknown. Thus, we investigated the effect of a wild type strain and standard (E2348/69) of EPEC strain and a commensal E. coli HS on intestinal cell migration, as well as transcriptional regulation and gene expression of Rho GTPases and the role of supplemental Ala-Gln in the migration process in the presence or absence of infection. Infection by EPEC strains and commensal E. coli HS significantly reduced intestinal cell migration. However, this effect was more pronounced in cells infected by the strains of EPEC compared to those infected by the commensal strain of E. coli HS. We observed a high percentage of necrotic cells, about 30%, induced only by EPEC strain pattern 12 and 24 hours after infection. The addition of Ala-Gln in uninfected cells significantly stimulated in a dose dependent migration after 24 hours. However, when this nutrient was added over 12 and 24 hours in the presence of infection, there was no reversion of the damage. Regarding the gene expression of Rho GTPases, we observed an increase in transcription of rac1 in cells that had been infected by the strains of EPEC and E. coli HS as well as an increase in rhoA transcription in cells infected with EPEC strain pattern at 2 hours after infection. However, the analysis of proteins by immunofluorescence, RhoA and Cdc42 shown to be elevated in cells infected with EPEC pattern when compared to the control. Whereas cells infected with wild EPEC strain was observed an increase of Rac1 and reduction of RhoA. These data showed that cell migration is reduced mainly by the intestinal pathogenic strains of EPEC, in regulating gene transcription and expression of the protein Rho GTPases. Supplementation with Ala-Gln in intestinal cells only promoted cell migration in the absence of infection.

Ao longo do processo de progressão tumoral, se observa alteração na expressão de glicoconjugados contendo oligossacarídeos N-ligados. Uma das formas mais comuns de glicosilação aberrante observada em células transformadas e em tumores humanos é representada por (poli)lactosaminas presentes em oligossacarídeos N-ligados. Estes glicanos são ligantes de galectina-3. Com o objetivo de identificar a expressão e distribuição dos ligantes de galectina-3 associados a processos fisiopatológicos, como a transformação maligna, desenvolvemos uma proteína quimérica, a galectina-3 conjugada a fosfatase alcalina (Gal-3/FA). Observamos que a Gal-3/FA possui a mesma especificidade de galectina-3 e que pode ser usada como sonda em ensaios de overlay e ensaios de imunoistoquímica. Entre os ligantes de galectina-3 identificamos a ?1 integrina, mediador de processos biológicos dependentes da interação célula-matriz como a migração celular. Linhagens de células de origem mesenquimal derivadas de tumores induzidos com metilcolantreno de animais selvagens (linhagens S11 e S12) e nulizigoto (linhagem ?12) para o gene da galectina-3 foram estabelecidas. Avaliamos a capacidade migratória dessas células e os nossos resultados mostraram que células que expressam galectina-3 são mais migratórias em superfícies de laminina-1. Este dado sugere que a galectina-3 seja um modulador positivo do processo de migração celular em superfícies de laminina-1. No entanto, o mecanismo pelo qual a galectina-3 medeia esse processo não é conhecido. Células que possuem fenótipo mais migratório apresentam um estado intermediário de adesão. Nós observamos que a galectina-3 se encontra nos complexos focais. Na presença de galectina-3 observamos diminuição de FAK fosforilado e recrutamento da fosfatase SHP-2 para os complexos focais. A diminuição de FAK fosforilado no lamelipódio leva ao turnover dos complexos focais e ao aumento da migração celular. Analisamos também a via de sinalização e observamos que a galectina-3 não ativa PAK. Contudo, o inibidor de PI3quinase, wortmanina, inibiu o efeito pró-migratório de galectina-3. Esses dados reforçam a noção do papel de galectina-3 na modulação do processo de migração de fibroblastos transformados, funcionando como uma molécula / Altered expression of cell surface N-linked oligosaccharides are often associated with malignant transformation of cells. One of the most common forms of aberrant glycosylation in transformed cells and human tumors is the highly elevated ?1,6 branching of N-linked oligosaccharides caused by increased expression of N-acetylglucosaminytransferase V (Mgat5). Galectin-3, a ?-galactoside binding protein, binds preferentially to poly-N-acetyllactosamines, which are the products of Mgat5. In order to exploit this hallmark of cancer cells, we have developed a tool for in situ identification of these tumors associated glycoconjugates. Human galectin-3 was fused to bacterial alkaline phosphatase, generating a hybrid molecule displaying both the carbohydrate binding properties of galectin-3 and enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase (Gal-3/FA). Gal-3/FA has the same fine of galectin-3 which was confirmed in direct binding assays. The tool presented herein was therefore useful for several immunoenzymatic assays, and will allow to establish whether the expression pattern of galectin-3 ligands have any physiological or clinical significance. We have identified ?1 integrin as a galectin-3 ligand. ?1 integrins are the actual effector of cell adhesion and migration. We have established cell lines from methylcholantrene-induced sarcomas from both wild type and galectin-3 null mice. In this system, galectin-3 null cells were less migratory than control cells in laminin-1. When galectin-3 was transiently expressed in galectin-3 null sarcoma cells, it inhibited cell adhesion to laminin-1 and stimulate the migratory response to laminin-1. The addition of exogenous galectin-3 also enhanced the migratory capacity of ?12 cells in a carbohydrate dependent way. Galectin-3 was found in focal contacts of ?12 cells where it may interact with many glycoproteins containing polyllactosamines on the cell surface. Here we showed that ?1 integrins are among them. Exogenously added galectin-3 led to a decrease in phosphorylated-FAK in lamellipodia and increased the recruitment of Shp-2 phosphatase of migrating cells. The effect of galectin-3 in migration was not dependent on the activation of the p21-activated kinase (PAK). Wortmannin inhibited the increased migration elicited by galectin-3, suggesting the involvement of the PI3-kinase signaling in the galectin-3 pathway. We propose that extracellular galectin-3 bound ?1integrins and disrupted the focal adhesion plaque, thus favoring cell migration.

Orientador: Maria Heloísa de Souza Lima Blotta / Tese (doutorado) - UniversidadeEstadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T04:42:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amarante_FernandaGambogiBraga_D.pdf: 4196475 bytes, checksum: 56f21492faf4255d8c10af9a3b41018c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Pacientes com a forma juvenil da paracoccidioidomicose (PCM) apresentam resposta imune celular deprimida, evidenciada por teste de hipersensibilidade do tipo tardio negativo e proliferação linfocitária deficiente a antígenos do fungo e pela produção de citocinas do tipo TH2 como IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 e TGF-?. Além disso, um aspecto comum desta forma da doença é o número elevado de eosinófilos no sangue periférico, que retorna a valores normais após o tratamento antifúngico. O papel dos eosinófilos na PCM nunca foi investigado. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a capacidade funcional de eosinófilos de 15 pacientes com a forma juvenil da PCM. Para tanto eosinófilos isolados do sangue periférico de pacientes (antes e durante o tratamento antifúngico) e de doadores sadios (controles) foram avaliados quanto a: capacidade quimiotática em resposta ao RANTES, eotaxina e IL-5; capacidade de adesão a células endoteliais pulmonares; expressão de receptores de reconhecimento e apresentação de antígenos (CD80, CD86, MHC de classe II, TLR-2 e TLR-4), de moléculas de adesão (CD11a, CD11b, CD49d e CD54), de receptores de IgE (CD23 e FC?RI?), marcadores de ativação (CD69) e do receptor CCR3; atividade fungicida direta contra leveduras de P. brasiliensis e expressão gênica de citocinas, quimiocinas e proteínas de grânulos. Também foi realizada a dosagem dos níveis séricos de constituintes dos grânulos citotóxicos (MBP, EPO, ECP e EDN) e das quimiocinas CCL5, eotaxina, CXCL9, CXCL10 em pacientes antes e durante o tratamento antifúngico e controles. Biópsias de linfonodos e fígados dos pacientes foram analisadas quanto a expressão de RANTES, eotaxina, MBP, IL-25 e IDO. Os resultados mostraram eosinofilia periférica em 86,7% dos casos, altos títulos de anticorpos anti-P.brasiliensis e concentração sérica elevada de proteína C reativa. A resposta quimiotática à eotaxina, a adesão a HLECs e a expressão do RNAm para IL-1 ?, IL-2, IL-4, CCL5 e CXCL8 foi maior nos eosinófilos de pacientes comparados aos controles. Eosinófilos de pacientes, assim como de controles, foram capazes de matar leveduras de P. brasiliensis. Maior frequência de eosinófilos CD69+ e TLR2+ e menor frequência de eosinófilos CD80+, MHC de classe II+, TLR-4+, CD23+ e CD11a+ foi observada em pacientes comparado aos controles. O acompanhamento dos pacientes durante o tratamento antifúngico mostrou a redução número de eosinófilos do sangue periférico, da concentração sérica de proteína C reativa, dos títulos de anticorpos anti-P.brasiliensis, dos níveis séricos de proteínas citotóxicas e quimiocinas, além de aumento da capacidade migratória em resposta à eotaxina. Adicionalmente, eosinófilos de pacientes apresentam redução da expressão de receptores de reconhecimento e apresentação de antígenos, de ativação, de moléculas de adesão, do receptor de IgE CD23 e do receptor CCR3 durante o tratamento antifúngico. Nas lesões causadas pelo fungo em linfonodos e fígado foi detectada marcação positiva para MBP, eotaxina, RANTES, IL-25 e IDO. Em conclusão, o presente trabalho permitiu demonstrar que os eosinófilos dos pacientes com a forma juvenil da PCM encontram-se ativados (alta expressão do CD69) e poderiam estar contribuindo para a intensa resposta inflamatória que caracteriza a fase inicial da forma juvenil da PCM e prejudica a resposta de eliminação do fungo. Após o tratamento antifúngico, observou-se uma diminuição dos parâmetros analisados, exceto a capacidade quimiotática dos eosinófilos que aumentou devido, provavelmente, a redução de inibidores da quimiotaxia como o CXCL9 e CXCL10 / Abstract: Patients with juvenile form of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) have a depressed cellular immune response as shown by negative delayed-type hypersensitivity, suppressed lymphocyte proliferation to P. brasiliensis antigens, and production of TH2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and TGF-?. Furthermore, a common feature of this disease is the large number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood that returns to normal values after antifungal treatment. The role of eosinophils in PCM has never been investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the phenotypic and functional characteristics of eosinophils of 15 patients with the juvenile form of PCM. Eosinophils of patients isolated from peripheral blood (before and during the antifungal treatment) and of healthy donors (controls) were evaluated for: chemotactic response to RANTES, eotaxin and IL-5; adhesion to human lung endothelial cells (HLECs); expression of antigen recognition and presentation molecules (CD80, CD86, MHC class II, TLR2 and TLR-4), adhesion molecules (CD11a, CD11b, CD49d and CD54), IgE receptors (CD23 and FC?RI?), activation marker (CD69) and CCR3; direct fungicidal activity against P. brasiliensis yeast cells and gene expression of cytokines, chemokines and protein granules. We also assessed serum levels of granules cytotoxic molecules (MBP, EPO, ECP and EDN) and chemokines (CCL5, eotaxin, CXCL9, CXCL10) in patients before and during the antifungal treatment and controls. Lymph nodes and liver biopsies of patients were stained for RANTES, eotaxin, MBP, IL-25 and IDO. The results showed peripheral eosinophilia in 86.7% of cases, high titers of antibodies to P. brasiliensis and high concentration of C-Reactive Protein. The chemotactic response to eotaxin, adhesion to HLECs and expression of mRNA for IL-1 ?, IL-2, IL-4, CCL5 and CXCL8 was higher in eosinophils of patients than in controls. Eosinophils of patients as well as of controls were able to kill P. brasiliensis yeast cells. A higher frequency of eosinophil CD69+ and TLR2+ and lower frequency of eosinophil CD80+, MHC class-II+, TLR-4+, CD23+ and CD11a+ was found in patients compared to controls. Patient's follow-up showed a reduction in the number of eosinophils in peripheral blood, serum concentration of C-Reactive protein, anti-P. brasiliensis antibodies, serum levels of cytotoxic proteins and chemokines, in addition to increased migration capacity. Moreover, eosinophils of patients exhibited reduced expression CD80, MHC class-II, TLR-4, CD23, CD11a, CD11b, CD23, CD69 and CCR3 during the antifungal treatment. Immunohistochemistry staining showed strong expression of MBP, eotaxin, RANTES, IL-25 and IDO in liver and lymph nodes biopsies from PCM patients. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that eosinophils are strongly activated (high CD69 expression) and could contribute to the intense inflammatory response that characterize the initial phase of juvenile form of PCM response and impairs the elimination of the fungus. After antifungal treatment, there was a decrease of all parameters except the chemotactic ability of eosinophils which increased, probably due to reduction of inhibitors of chemotaxis such as CXCL9 and CXCL10 / Doutorado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Doutor em Ciências Médicas

Cell migration involves complex mechanical interactions between cells or between cells and the underlying substrate. Using a newly developed technique, "traction force microscopy", I have been able to visualize the dynamic characteristics of mechanical forces exerted by migrating fibroblasts such as magnitude, direction, and shear. For NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, I found that the lamellipodium provides nearly all of the force necessary for cell migration. A high shear zone separates the lamellipodium from the remainder of the cell body, suggesting that they are mechanically distinct entities. The timing of the tractions at the leading edge, as well as the spatial distribution, bears no apparent relationship to concurrent local protrusive activities, yet changes in traction force patterns often precede changes in migration direction. In H-ras transformed cells I found isolated regions of weak, transient traction forces in pseudopods all along the cell that appeared to act against one another. The resulting shear pattern suggested that there were multiple disorganized mechanical domains. These results support a frontal towing model for cell migration where the dynamic traction forces at the leading edge served to actively pull the cell body forward. In H-ras transformed cells, the weak poorly coordinated traction forces coupled with weak cell substrate-adhesions were likely responsible for the abnormal motile behavior of these cells. To probe the mechanical interactions beneath various regions of migrating fibroblasts, a cell substrate inhibitor (GRGDTP peptide) was locally applied while imaging stress distribution on the substrate utilizing traction force microscopy. I found that both spontaneous and GRGDTP induced detachment of the trailing edge resulted in extensive cell shortening with no change in overall traction force magnitude or cell migration. Conversely, leading edge disruption resulted in a dramatic global loss of traction forces pnor to any significant cell shortening. These results suggested that fibroblasts transmit their contractile forces to the substrate through two distinct types of adhesions. Leading edge adhesions were unique in their ability to transmit active propulsive forces whereas trailing end adhesions created passive resistance during cell migration and readily redistributed their loads upon detachment. I have also investigated how fibroblasts regulate traction forces based on mechanical input. My results showed that stretching forces applied through the flexible substrate induced increases in both intracellular calcium concentration and traction forces in fibroblasts. Treatment with gadolinium, a well known stretch-activated ion channel inhibitor, was found to inhibit both traction forces and cell migration without inhibiting cellular spread morphology or protrusive activities. Gadolinium treatment also caused a pronounced decrease in vinculin and phosphotyrosine concentrations from focal adhesions. Local application of gadolinium to the trailing region had no detectable effect on overall traction forces or cell migration, whereas local application to the leading edge caused a global inhibition of traction forces and an inhibition of migration. These observations suggest that stretch activated entry of calcium ions in the frontal region serves to regulate the organization of focal adhesions and the output of mechanical forces. Together my experiments elucidate how fibroblasts exert mechanical forces to propel their movements, and how fibroblasts utilize mechanical input to regulate their movements.

In previous work I described the purification and properties of the microtubule-based mechanochemical ATPase cytoplasmic dynein. Cytoplasmic dynein was found to produce force along microtubules in the direction corresponding to retrograde axonal transport. Cytoplasmic dynein has been identified in a variety of eukaryotes including yeast and human, and there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that this "molecular motor" is responsible for the transport of membranous organelles and mitotic chromosomes. The first part of this thesis investigates the molecular basis of microtubule-activation of the cytoplasmic dynein ATPase. By analogy with other mechanoenzymes, this appears to accelerate the rate-limiting step of the cross-bridge cycle, ADP release. Using limited proteolysis, site-directed antibodies, and N-terminal microsequencing, I identified the acidic C-termini of α and β-tubulin as the domains responsible for activation of the dynein ATPase. The second part of this thesis investigates the structure of the 74 kDa subunit of cytoplasmic dynein. The amino acid sequence deduced from cDNA clones predicts a 72,753 dalton polypeptide which includes the amino acid sequences of nine peptides determined by microsequencing. Northern analysis of rat brain poly(A) revealed an abundant 2.9 kb mRNA. However, PCR performed on first strand cDNA, together with the sequence of a partially matching tryptic peptide, indicate the existence of three isoforms. The C-terminal half is 26.4% identical and 47.7% similar to the product of the Chlamydomonas ODA6 gene, a 70 kDa subunit of flagellar outer arm dynein. Based on what is known about the Chlamydomonas70 kDa subunit, I suggest that the 74 kDa subunit is responsible for targeting cytoplasmic dynein to membranous organelles and kinetochores of mitotic chromosomes. The third part of this thesis investigates a 50 kDa polypeptide which co-purifies with cytoplasmic dynein on sucrose density gradients. Monoclonal antibodies were produced against the 50 kDa subunit and used to show that it is a component of a distinct 20S complex which contains additional subunits of 45 and 150 kDa. Moreover, like cytoplasmic dynein, the 50 kDa polypeptide localizes to kinetochores of metaphase chromosomes by light and electron microscopy. The 50 kDa-associated complex is reported to stimulate cytoplasmic dynein-mediated organelle motility in vitro. The complex is, therefore, a candidate for modulating cytoplasmic dynein activity during mitosis.