Orientador: Andreia Bufalino / Resumo: O carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) representa mais de 95% de todas as neoplasias malignas que acometem a cavidade oral e muitas vezes estes tumores são precedidos por alterações clínicas que apresentam um evidente potencial de transformação maligna, as quais são chamadas de desordens potencialmente malignas orais (DPMOs). Dentre estas, a leucoplasia oral (LO) possui taxa de transformação maligna que varia de 0,2% até 17,5%; contudo, uma outra DPMO conhecida como leucoplasia verrucosa proliferativa (LVP) apresenta um comportamento persistente e progressivo para malignidade, com taxa de transformação maligna maior que 70%. Diferente da LO, fator de risco como tabaco, álcool e noz de areca não parecem estar associados com o desenvolvimento da LVP. Adicionalmente, a LVP frequentemente apresenta resposta inadequada a todas as modalidades de tratamento, sofre rápida disseminação pelos sítios orais e muitas vezes demonstra recorrência. Estudos recentes sugerem que o infiltrado inflamatório associado às lesões leucoplásicas de paciente com LVP pode estar relacionado a etiologia e/ou comportamento clínico agressivo desta DPMO. Assim, foi realizada uma análise comparativa entre amostras de LO e LVP que consistiu em: (1) avaliar a porcentagem e identificar os subtipos de linfócitos T auxiliares e estado de ativação de linfócitos T citotóxicos, (2) avaliar a densidade e estado de ativação das células dendríticas, e (3) determinar o efeito de produtos solúveis de células displásicas na modul... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

The existing seasonal influenza vaccine does not provide broad long-term protection against seasonal influenza and must be remanufactured yearly due to frequens mutations and reassortment of theinfluenza genes. A universal influenza vaccine with the ability to raise long lasting immunity is the focus of several studies, including the Edufluvac project. Edufluvac is based on virus-likeparticles, a modern recombinant platform wellsuited for vaccinatin applications. Redbiotec's rePAX® technology allows the generation of multivalent recombinant baculovirus which generatesvirus-like particles presenting multiple proteins on the surface in insect cell culture. Any effects oninsect cell culture protein expression brought on by the regulatory elements controlling each gene in the baculovirus, or by the genome position of the baculovirus genes, could affect the composition of the virus-like  particles. The ai of this thesis was to elicit a better understanding of the protein expression by analysing multi-protein influenza virus-like particles and virus-like particles encoding a reporter gene regulated by different promoter and terminator combinations. Different bivalent and tetravalent influenza gene bacmids were cloned as well as seven bacmids encoding a YFP gene regulated by different promoter and terminator combinations. Spodopera frugiperda cells weretransfected with the bacmids and harvested recombinant baculovirus was used to perform testexpressions in High-Five™ cells. The resulting protein expression levels from the bivalent andtetravalent recombinant baculovirus were analyzed and compared by Western blots and ELISA assays. The expression of YFP in infected Spodoptera and High-Five™ cells was monitored byfluorescence microscopy and measured with FACS to quantify protein expression differencesbetween the seven promoter and terminator combinations. Analysis of the bivalent constructs indicated that the order of the genes in a recombinant baculovirus does not affect the protein expression in High-Five™ cells. The analysis of the tetravalent constructs revelaed positionalvariations in expressin of the H1 and M1 genes, but the number of test expressions and recombinant baculovirus construct clones included in the analysis were not hogh enough to allow a definitive conclusion. Of the different promoter and terminator constructs highest mean fluorescence intensity was reached with the reference combination. The early promoter yielded mean fluorescent intensitites that were close to the values of the negative control in both cell lines.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) are found widely throughout the body. Like all members of the cys-loop family of receptors, nAChRs are composed of five protein subunits, each with a large extra-cellular domain and four transmembrane domains. Together these subunits form a binding domain, transmembrane pore, and selectivity filter. Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, formed exclusively from α2-10 and β2-4 subunits, can form in many arrangements and stoichiometries. Each arrangement can have varying binding affinities and channel kinetics, resulting in great modulatory control. α3 and β2 subunit mRNA is found in CA1 interneurons in the stratum radiatum and stratum oriens of the rat hippocampus, and in surprising expression frequency and ratios. Further study of α3 and β2 subunit mRNA injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes yields interesting results about the potential for two α3β2 subtypes. These results were in intriguing, and prompted further study to better characterize and screen the α3β2 nAChR. In order to do so, a model was needed where the α3β2 nAChR could be studied in a more physiologically relevant mammalian environment, with consistent control over α3 and β2 subunit expression ratios, and sufficient protein expression and functionality. To this end, we created a doxycycline inducible HEK-293 cell line, stably transfected with the genetic sequences for the α3 and β2 subunits and NACHO, a transmembrane protein of the neuronal endoplasmic reticulum, which has been shown to mediate the assembly of α3β2 and other nAChRs. This new model is able to induce expression various ratios between α3 and β2 subunits in a consistent, manner, proving to be valuable tool in the characterization and screening of the α3β2 nAChR.

Skeletal muscle satellite cells (myoblasts) are the primary stem cells of skeletal muscle which contribute to growth, maintenance, and repair of the muscles. Satellite cells are the first stem cells used for cellular cardiomyoplasty more than 20 years ago. The isolation, culture, labeling, and identification of satellite cells are described in detail here. The implantation and outcomes of cellular cardiomyoplasty using satellite cells have been summarized in the previous chapter (Chapter 1).

Skeletal muscle satellite cells (myoblasts) are the primary stem cells of skeletal muscle which contribute to growth, maintenance, and repair of the muscles. Satellite cells are the first stem cells used for cellular cardiomyoplasty more than 20 years ago. The isolation, culture, labeling, and identification of satellite cells are described in detail here. The implantation and outcomes of cellular cardiomyoplasty using satellite cells have been summarized in the previous chapter (Chapter 1).

Les glycosaminoglycanes (GAGs) sont des polymères de sucres linéaires, présents chez tous les animaux. Certaines bactéries pathogènes synthétisent également des polysaccharides identiques ou très similaires aux GAGs humains. Cette thèse a porté en particulier sur la synthèse de la chondroïtine sulfate et de l’héparosan qui font partie de cette famille de polysaccharides. L’intérêt pour ces deux GAGs est grandissant dans l’industrie pharmaceutique du fait des nombreuses applications médicales qu’ils pourraient permettre. La chondroïtine sulfate est d’ores et déjà extraite de tissus animaux ce qui peut engendrer des problèmes sanitaires, notamment des contaminations virales ou aux prions. En revanche, le procédé de production pour l’héparosan reste à mettre en place. Il est donc nécessaire de développer des procédés de production pour ces deux molécules. La synthèse enzymatique est une voie particulièrement prometteuse pour la production de la chondroïtine sulfate et de l’héparosan, et a fait l’objet de ce travail de thèse. / Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long linear polysaccharide chains, found in all animals. Some pathogenic bacteria also synthesize polysaccharides identical or similar to human GAGs. This thesis deals with chondroitin sulfate and heparosan syntheses, members of the GAGs family. There is a growing interest in these two GAGs in the pharmaceutical industry due to numerous potential applications they offer. Chondroitin sulfate is currently extracted from animal tissues which can lead to sanitary problems such as viral or prion contaminations. On the other hand, a production process still needs to be developed for heparosan. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new methods for the production of these two polymers. Enzymatic synthesis, which is a promising alternative for the production of chondroitin sulfate and heparosan, was the subject of this thesis.

La Protéine Prion (PrP) est une glycoprotéine ubiquitaire attachée au feuillet externe de la membrane plasmique par une ancre glycosylphosphatidylinositole (GPI). Cette dernière est l’agent infectieux responsable de la maladie Creutzfeld-Jacob ou « maladie de la vache folle ». Cette protéine existe sous sa forme cellulaire mais également sous sa forme infectieuse, nommée PrPSc (Scrapie). Alors que la fonction de PrPSc est établie au cours de la pathogenèse, la fonction de la protéine cellulaire est beaucoup plus énigmatique notamment chez les mammifères. Il est clairement admis que la forme infectieuse découle d’un changement de conformation de la forme cellulaire. Ainsi afin de mieux appréhender le rôle de la protéine prion dans les cellules saines mais également lors de la pathogenèse il apparaît essentiel d’étudier le trafic de cette protéine. La protéine prion est exprimée dans les cellules neuronales qui sont comme les cellules épithéliales des cellules polarisées. J’ai au cours de ma thèse étudié le trafic de la protéine prion dans les cellules polarisées MDCK. MDCK est la lignée épithéliale sur laquelle nous avons la plus grande connaissance. Dans mon travail j’ai utilisé des cellules MDCK polarisées classiquement en culture bidimensionnelle (2D) mais également en culture tridimensionnelle (3D) où les cellules forment des kystes, structures hautement polarisées, physiologiquement proches de l’épithélium in vivo. Il apparaît que dans les cellules MDCK polarisées sur filtre (en 2D) la localisation de la PrP est controversée. Nous avons trouvé que, contrairement à la majorité des protéines à ancre GPI, la PrP suit la voie de transcytose. La PrP qui se retrouve à la membrane basolatérale est transcytosée vers la membrane apicale. De plus la PrP envoyée à la surface apicale est clivée (clivage alpha) générant deux fragments distincts : le fragment C1, pourvu de l’ancre GPI qui reste associé à la surface apicale et le fragment soluble N1 qui est sécrété dans le milieu de culture des cellules MDCK cultivées en 2D ou dans le lumen des cellules MDCK cultivées en 3D. Mon travail permet de mieux comprendre les études réalisées auparavant mais surtout révèle l’existence d’un mécanisme de transcytose de la protéine prion dans les cellules épithéliales. Cette information est essentielle et nous permet de supposer que ce mécanisme pourrait être également utilisé par les cellules neuronales. / The Prion Protein (PrP) is a ubiquitously expressed glycosylated membrane protein attached to the external leaflet of the plasma membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor (GPI). While the misfolded PrPSc scrapie isoform is the infectious agent of “prion diseases” the cellular isoform (PrPC) is an enigmatic protein with unclear function. Prion protein has received considerable attention due to its central role in the development of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) known as “prion diseases”, in animals and humans. Understanding the trafficking, the processing and degradation of PrP is of fundamental importance in order to unravel the mechanism of PrPSc mediated pathogenesis, its spreading and cytotoxicity. The available data regarding PrP trafficking are contradictory. To investigate PrP trafficking and sorting we used polarized MDCK cells (two-dimensional and tree-dimensional cultures) where the intracellular traffic of GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) is well characterized. GPI-APs that are sorted in the Trans Golgi Network follow a direct route from the Golgi apparatus to the apical plasma membrane. The exception to direct apical sorting of native GPI-APs in MDCK cells is represented by the Prion Protein. Of interest, PrP localization in polarized MDCK cells is highly controversial and its mechanism of trafficking is not clear. We found that full-length PrP and its cleavage fragments are segregated in different domains of the plasma membrane in polarized cells in both 2D and 3D cultures and that the C1/PrP full-length ratio increases upon MDCK polarization. We revealed that differently from other GPI-APs, PrP undergoes basolateral-to-apical transcytosis in fully polarized MDCK cells and is α-cleaved during its transport to the apical surface. This study not only reconciles and explains the different findings in the previous literature but also provides a better picture of PrP trafficking and processing, which has been shown to have major implications for its role in prion disease.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第18421号 / 生博第301号 / 新制||生||40(附属図書館) / 31279 / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科統合生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 佐藤 文彦, 教授 永尾 雅哉, 教授 福澤 秀哉 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

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