Skeletal muscle satellite cells (myoblasts) are the primary stem cells of skeletal muscle which contribute to growth, maintenance, and repair of the muscles. Satellite cells are the first stem cells used for cellular cardiomyoplasty more than 20 years ago. The isolation, culture, labeling, and identification of satellite cells are described in detail here. The implantation and outcomes of cellular cardiomyoplasty using satellite cells have been summarized in the previous chapter (Chapter 1).

Skeletal muscle satellite cells (myoblasts) are the primary stem cells of skeletal muscle which contribute to growth, maintenance, and repair of the muscles. Satellite cells are the first stem cells used for cellular cardiomyoplasty more than 20 years ago. The isolation, culture, labeling, and identification of satellite cells are described in detail here. The implantation and outcomes of cellular cardiomyoplasty using satellite cells have been summarized in the previous chapter (Chapter 1).

Les glycosaminoglycanes (GAGs) sont des polymères de sucres linéaires, présents chez tous les animaux. Certaines bactéries pathogènes synthétisent également des polysaccharides identiques ou très similaires aux GAGs humains. Cette thèse a porté en particulier sur la synthèse de la chondroïtine sulfate et de l’héparosan qui font partie de cette famille de polysaccharides. L’intérêt pour ces deux GAGs est grandissant dans l’industrie pharmaceutique du fait des nombreuses applications médicales qu’ils pourraient permettre. La chondroïtine sulfate est d’ores et déjà extraite de tissus animaux ce qui peut engendrer des problèmes sanitaires, notamment des contaminations virales ou aux prions. En revanche, le procédé de production pour l’héparosan reste à mettre en place. Il est donc nécessaire de développer des procédés de production pour ces deux molécules. La synthèse enzymatique est une voie particulièrement prometteuse pour la production de la chondroïtine sulfate et de l’héparosan, et a fait l’objet de ce travail de thèse. / Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long linear polysaccharide chains, found in all animals. Some pathogenic bacteria also synthesize polysaccharides identical or similar to human GAGs. This thesis deals with chondroitin sulfate and heparosan syntheses, members of the GAGs family. There is a growing interest in these two GAGs in the pharmaceutical industry due to numerous potential applications they offer. Chondroitin sulfate is currently extracted from animal tissues which can lead to sanitary problems such as viral or prion contaminations. On the other hand, a production process still needs to be developed for heparosan. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new methods for the production of these two polymers. Enzymatic synthesis, which is a promising alternative for the production of chondroitin sulfate and heparosan, was the subject of this thesis.

La Protéine Prion (PrP) est une glycoprotéine ubiquitaire attachée au feuillet externe de la membrane plasmique par une ancre glycosylphosphatidylinositole (GPI). Cette dernière est l’agent infectieux responsable de la maladie Creutzfeld-Jacob ou « maladie de la vache folle ». Cette protéine existe sous sa forme cellulaire mais également sous sa forme infectieuse, nommée PrPSc (Scrapie). Alors que la fonction de PrPSc est établie au cours de la pathogenèse, la fonction de la protéine cellulaire est beaucoup plus énigmatique notamment chez les mammifères. Il est clairement admis que la forme infectieuse découle d’un changement de conformation de la forme cellulaire. Ainsi afin de mieux appréhender le rôle de la protéine prion dans les cellules saines mais également lors de la pathogenèse il apparaît essentiel d’étudier le trafic de cette protéine. La protéine prion est exprimée dans les cellules neuronales qui sont comme les cellules épithéliales des cellules polarisées. J’ai au cours de ma thèse étudié le trafic de la protéine prion dans les cellules polarisées MDCK. MDCK est la lignée épithéliale sur laquelle nous avons la plus grande connaissance. Dans mon travail j’ai utilisé des cellules MDCK polarisées classiquement en culture bidimensionnelle (2D) mais également en culture tridimensionnelle (3D) où les cellules forment des kystes, structures hautement polarisées, physiologiquement proches de l’épithélium in vivo. Il apparaît que dans les cellules MDCK polarisées sur filtre (en 2D) la localisation de la PrP est controversée. Nous avons trouvé que, contrairement à la majorité des protéines à ancre GPI, la PrP suit la voie de transcytose. La PrP qui se retrouve à la membrane basolatérale est transcytosée vers la membrane apicale. De plus la PrP envoyée à la surface apicale est clivée (clivage alpha) générant deux fragments distincts : le fragment C1, pourvu de l’ancre GPI qui reste associé à la surface apicale et le fragment soluble N1 qui est sécrété dans le milieu de culture des cellules MDCK cultivées en 2D ou dans le lumen des cellules MDCK cultivées en 3D. Mon travail permet de mieux comprendre les études réalisées auparavant mais surtout révèle l’existence d’un mécanisme de transcytose de la protéine prion dans les cellules épithéliales. Cette information est essentielle et nous permet de supposer que ce mécanisme pourrait être également utilisé par les cellules neuronales. / The Prion Protein (PrP) is a ubiquitously expressed glycosylated membrane protein attached to the external leaflet of the plasma membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor (GPI). While the misfolded PrPSc scrapie isoform is the infectious agent of “prion diseases” the cellular isoform (PrPC) is an enigmatic protein with unclear function. Prion protein has received considerable attention due to its central role in the development of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) known as “prion diseases”, in animals and humans. Understanding the trafficking, the processing and degradation of PrP is of fundamental importance in order to unravel the mechanism of PrPSc mediated pathogenesis, its spreading and cytotoxicity. The available data regarding PrP trafficking are contradictory. To investigate PrP trafficking and sorting we used polarized MDCK cells (two-dimensional and tree-dimensional cultures) where the intracellular traffic of GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) is well characterized. GPI-APs that are sorted in the Trans Golgi Network follow a direct route from the Golgi apparatus to the apical plasma membrane. The exception to direct apical sorting of native GPI-APs in MDCK cells is represented by the Prion Protein. Of interest, PrP localization in polarized MDCK cells is highly controversial and its mechanism of trafficking is not clear. We found that full-length PrP and its cleavage fragments are segregated in different domains of the plasma membrane in polarized cells in both 2D and 3D cultures and that the C1/PrP full-length ratio increases upon MDCK polarization. We revealed that differently from other GPI-APs, PrP undergoes basolateral-to-apical transcytosis in fully polarized MDCK cells and is α-cleaved during its transport to the apical surface. This study not only reconciles and explains the different findings in the previous literature but also provides a better picture of PrP trafficking and processing, which has been shown to have major implications for its role in prion disease.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第18421号 / 生博第301号 / 新制||生||40(附属図書館) / 31279 / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科統合生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 佐藤 文彦, 教授 永尾 雅哉, 教授 福澤 秀哉 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Purpose. These experiments were designed to characterize tight junction formation by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in vitro and to compare the effects on this process of hormonally defined medium (HDM) and serum- containing medium. Methods. Formation of RPE tight junctions was analyzed in freshly isolated rat RPE cells maintained either in HDM or serum-containing medium. Junctions were evaluated functionally by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and permeability and structurally by immunolocalization of the junction-associated actin microfilaments. Calcium dependency of the junction was determined by reducing media calcium concentration. Results. RPE cells cultured in serum-free HDM developed calcium-dependent tight junctions, which exhibited TER levels > 150 Ω · cm 2 and low paracellular permeability. Serum-containing media inhibited tight junction formation as indicated by significant reductions in TER and increases in permeability. Junction-associated actin microfilaments and cell density were unchanged. Conclusions. Tight junction formation by RPE cells is inhibited by serum. This activity may play an important role in responses of the RPE layer to injury, contributing to the pathologic progression of blood- retinal barrier dysfunction.

Purpose. In the genetically defective Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat model for retinal degeneration, a breakdown occurs in the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell tight junctions just as the photoreceptors begin to degenerate. These experiments sought to determine the impact of the RPE genetic defect on this alteration in the RPE cell tight junctions. Methods. Retinal pigment epithelial cell cultures prepared from RCS and control rats were treated with hormonally defined medium (HDM), base medium conditioned by RCS or control retinas, or unconditioned base medium. The tight junctions formed by these cultures were assayed functionally by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance and permeability. Junction structure was evaluated by immunolocalization of the tight junction protein zonula occludens I and of the junction-associated actin microfilaments. Results. Retinal pigment epithelial cultures from dystrophic rats formed structurally and functionally normal tight junctions when maintained in hormonally defined medium. The junctions remained stable when the medium bathing the apical surface was switched to base medium preconditioned by normal retinas. In contrast, cultures treated with medium preconditioned by degenerating dystrophic retinas or with unconditioned medium exhibited a breakdown in their tight junctions. Conclusions. Retinal pigment epithelial cells isolated from dystrophic RCS rats can form tight junctions normally in vitro. Normal, but not dystrophic, retinas release factors that support RPE tight junctions. Therefore, the junctional abnormality seen in dystrophic rat RPE cells in vivo is probably caused by the loss of trophic factors normally provided by the healthy neural retina rather than by a direct effect of the genetic defect on the tight junctions.

Integration of living cells with novel microdevices requires the development of innovative technologies for manipulating cells. Chemical surface patterning has been proven as an effective method to control the attachment and growth of diverse cell populations. Patterning polyelectrolyte multilayers through the combination of layer-by-layer self-assembly technique and photolithography offers a simple, versatile and silicon compatible approach that overcomes chemical surface patterning limitations, such as short-term stability and low protein adsorption resistance. In this study, direct photolithographic patterning of PAA/PAAm and PAA/PAH polyelectrolyte multilayers was developed to pattern mammalian neuronal, skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. For all studied cell types, PAA/PAAm multilayers behaved as a negative surface, completely preventing cell attachment. In contrast, PAA/PAH multilayers have shown a cell-selective behavior, promoting the attachment and growth of neuronal cells (embryonic rat hippocampal and NG108-15 cells) to a greater extent, while providing a little attachment for neonatal rat cardiac and skeletal muscle cells (C2C12 cell line). PAA/PAAm multilayer cellular patterns have also shown a remarkable protein adsorption resistance. Protein adsorption protocols commonly used for surface treatment in cell culture did not compromise the cell attachment inhibiting feature of the PAA/PAAm multilayer patterns. The combination of polyelectrolyte multilayer patterns with different adsorbed proteins could expand the applicability of this technology to cell types that require specific proteins either on the surface or in the medium for attachment or differentiation, and could not be patterned using the traditional methods.