京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第22589号 / 情博第726号 / 新制||情||124(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科通信情報システム専攻 / (主査)教授 守倉 正博, 教授 原田 博司, 教授 大木 英司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

This document deals with the topic of mobile cellular networks, operating as a critical infrastructure, based on systemic approach, general risk analysis methods and specialized methods for diagnostics and analysis founded on technical praxis from running mobile cellular networks.

L’étude de dimensionnement d’un réseau cellulaire est une phase de conception qui doit permettre de déterminer les performances d’un système dans une configuration donnée. Elle inclut l’étude de couverture et l’analyse de trafic. De complexes simulations sont possibles pour connaître les paramètres de performances d’un réseau mais seules les études analytiques fournissent des résultats rapides. Par ailleurs, pour faire face à la demande de hauts débits, à la rareté du spectre fréquentiel et à l’impossibilité d’émettre à de plus fortes puissances, de nouvelles techniques de transmissions sont apparues. Nous sommes ainsi passés d’un système classique à une seule antenne à des systèmes à multiple antennes et même à des scénarios de coopération entre stations de base. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons des modèles analytiques pour l’étude des performances, notamment en termes de probabilités de coupure, de ces évolutions des réseaux cellulaires. Dans une première phase, nous considérons des systèmes multicellulaires à une antenne émettrice et une antenne réceptrice (SISO). Nous proposons deux méthodes d’étude de l’impact conjoint de l’affaiblissement de parcours, de l’effet de masque et des évanouissements rapides. Nous étudions, par la suite, un système à large bande utilisant le retournement temporel comme technique de transmission. Dans une deuxième phase, nous considérons des systèmes multicellulaires à antennes multiple à l’émission ou à la réception (MISO/MIMO) implémentant les schémas de diversité Alamouti et de combinaison par rapport maximal (MRC). Ensuite, nous considérons un système multicellulaire multi-utilisateurs à précodage de forçage à zéro (ZFBF). / The implementation of cellular systems have aroused issues related to the design of cellular networks termed to as network dimensioning. It includes the coverage estimation and thetraffic analysis. Simple models and methods are required to reduce the time consumption of these two analysis. At the same time, the growing demand for higher data rates constrained by the scarcity of frequency spectrum, and the requirements in terms of power consumption reduction make the telecommunication community think about new transmission techniques moving from the classical single antenna systems to multiple antenna systems and even the newly envisaged cooperative systems. In this thesis, we provide analytical models to assess the performance of these different cellular network evolutions in terms of outage probabilities. In a first study, we consider multicellular single input single output (SISO) systems. First, we propose two accurate methods to study the joint impact of path-loss, shadowing and fast fading. This system has so far been studied either considering the only impact of path-loss and Rayleigh fading, or considering the same channel model as in our case but providing very complex outage probability expressions. Then, we provide an outage probability expression in a wideband communication context implementing the Time Reversal (TR) transmission technique considering the impact of fast fading. In a second study, we focus on multiple antenna systems. We study the performance of a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system implementing a transmit and a receivediversity schemes namely the Alamouti code and the Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC).

The company Tietoevry in Karlstad uses regression testing when working with networks. When a test fails, manual modifications to a command in a text file must be done and a re-test must be performed by executing the command. The process of retesting is both time consuming and error prone. Furthermore, as the number of re-testing processes is constantly increasing, Tietoevry needs a graphical user interface (GUI) to help testers and facilitate the re-testing process. The project’s main aim was to create a GUI that makes re-testing processes less time consuming and less error prone. The project has resulted in a GUI that will serve as a valuable tool for testers. It allows them to conveniently alter commands without the need for manual modifications to text files. The GUI will significantly reduce the time required for the re-testing processes, while also reducing errors.

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Multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) systems with the adaptive array processing technique, also referred to as smart antennas, have received extensive attention in wireless communications due to their ability to combat multipath fading and co-channel interference, two major channel impairments that degrade system performance. However, when smart antennas are deployed in wireless networks, careful attention is required since any defective or imperfect operation of smart antennas can severely degrade the performance of the entire network. Therefore, the evaluation of network performance under ideal and imperfect conditions is critical in the process of system design and should precede deploying smart antennas on the wireless network. This work focuses on the development of an analytical framework to evaluate the performance of wireless networks based on popular DS/CDMA cellular systems equipped with antenna arrays. Spatial diversity at both the base station (BS) and the mobile station (MS) is investigated through both analytical analysis and simulation. The main contribution of this research is to provide a comprehensive analytical framework for examining the system level performance with multiple antennas at both the BS and the MS. Using the framework developed in this research, system capacity and coverage of the uplink (or reverse link) are investigated when antenna arrays are implemented at both the BS and the MS. In addition, the system capacity and soft handoff capability of the downlink (or forward link) are examined taking into account MIMO. Furthermore, various physical and upper layer parameters that can affect the system level performance are taken into account in the analytical framework and their combined impact is evaluated. Finally, to validate the analytical analysis results, a system level simulator is developed and selective results are provided. / Ph. D.

Instantaneous and ergodic rates are two of the most commonly used metrics to characterize throughput of wireless networks. Roughly speaking, the former characterizes the rate achievable in a given time slot, whereas the latter is useful in characterizing average rate achievable over a long time period. Clearly, the reality often lies somewhere in between these two extremes. Consequently, in this work, we define and characterize a more realistic N-slot average rate (achievable rate averaged over N time slots). This N-slot average rate metric refines the popular notion of ergodic rate, which is defined under the assumption that a user experiences a complete ensemble of channel and interference conditions in the current session (not always realistic, especially for short-lived sessions). The proposed metric is used to study the performance of typical nodes in both ad hoc and downlink cellular networks. The ad hoc network is modeled as a Poisson bipolar network with a fixed distance between each transmitter and its intended receiver. The cellular network is also modeled as a homogeneous Poisson point process. For both these setups, we use tools from stochastic geometry to derive the distribution of N-slot average rate in the following three cases: (i) rate across N time slots is completely correlated, (ii) rate across N time slots is independent and identically distributed, and (iii) rate across N time slots is partially correlated. While the reality is close to third case, the exact characterization of the first two extreme cases exposes certain important design insights. / Master of Science

Η διπλωματική εργασία περιλαμβάνει τη μελέτη αλλά και την προσομοίωση ευφυούς κεραίας για την υποστήριξη εξειδικευμένων επικοινωνιακών υπηρεσιών και χωρίζεται σε έξι κυρίως κεφάλαια. Το 1ο κεφάλαιο αναλύει τις τεχνικές παραμέτρους των συστοιχιών κεραίας που είναι απαραίτητες για τη μελέτη. Στο 2ο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια σε βάθος ανάλυση του κυψελοειδούς συστήματος κινητής επικοινωνίας και διακρίνουμε την περίπτωση του στατικού φωτισμού και της κεραιοσυστοιχίας που περιστρέφεται αποτελούμενη από έξυπνες κεραίες. Στο 3ο και στο 4ο κεφάλαιο μέσω διαγραμμάτων ροής (flow charts) δείχνουμε όλες τις απαραίτητες ενέργειες και τα στοιχεία που πρέπει να λάβουμε υπ’ όψιν για το σχεδιασμό και την κατασκευή του αντίστοιχου κεραιοσυστήματος. Στο 5ο κεφάλαιο αναφέρουμε τρόπους κατασκευής μιας συστοιχίας για την κάθε περίπτωση και τα συστατικά μέρη από τα οποία πρέπει να αποτελείται. Τέλος, το 6ο κεφάλαιο περιλαμβάνει γενικά συμπεράσματα και μελλοντικές χρήσεις των ευφυών κεραιών. / This thesis includes the study and simulation of smart antenna in support of specialized communications services, and is divided into six main chapters. The first chapter analyzes the technical parameters of antenna arrays that are needed for the study. In the second chapter is an in-depth analysis of cellular mobile communication system and distinguish the case of static lighting and rotating antenna array consisting of smart antennas. In the 3rd and 4th chapter through flowcharts are shown all the necessary steps and details that must be taken into account for the design and construction of the corresponding antenna system. The 5th chapter addresses how manufacturing an array for each case and the components of which must be composed. Finally, the sixth chapter contains general conclusions and future uses of smart antennas.

L'une des stratégies utilisée pour augmenter l'efficacité spectrale (ES) des réseaux cellulaires est de réutiliser la bande de fréquences sur des zones relativement petites. Le problème majeur dans ce cas est un plus grand niveau d'interférence, diminuant l'efficacité énergétique (EE). En plus d'une plus grande largeur de bande, la densification des réseaux (cellules de petite taille ou multi-utilisateur à entrées multiples et sortie unique, MU-EMSO), peut augmenter l'efficacité spectrale par unité de surface (ESuS). La consommation totale d'énergie des réseaux sans fil augmente en raison de la grande quantité de puissance de circuit consommée par les structures de réseau denses, réduisant l'EE. Dans cette thèse, la région EE-SE est caractérisé dans un réseau cellulaire hexagonal en considérant plusieurs facteurs de réutilisation de fréquences (FRF), ainsi que l'effet de masquage. La région EE-ESuS est étudiée avec des processus de Poisson ponctuels (PPP) pour modéliser un réseau MU-EMSO avec un précodeur à rapport signal sur fuite plus bruit (RSFB). Différentes densités de station de base (SB) et nombre d'antennes aux SB avec une consommation d'énergie statique sont considérées.Nous caractérisons d'abord la région EE-SE dans le réseau cellulaire hexagonal pour différentes FRF, avec et sans masquage. Avec le masquage en plus de la perte de propagation, la mesure de coupure ε-EE-ES est proposée pour évaluer les performances. Les courbes EE-ES présentent une grande partie linéaire, due à la consommation de puissance statique, suivie d'une forte diminution de l'EE, puisque le réseau est homogène et limité par les interférences. Les résultats montrent qu'un FRF de 1 pour les régions proches de la SB et des FRF plus élevés dans la région plus proche du bord de la cellule améliorent le point optimal du EE-ES. De plus, un meilleur compromis EE-ES peut être obtenu avec une valeur plus élevée de coupure. En outre, un FRF de 1 est le meilleur choix pour une valeur élevée de coupure en raison d'une réduction du rapport signal sur interférence plus bruit (RSIB).Les précodeurs sont utilisés en liaison descendante des réseaux cellulaires MU-EMSO à accès multiple par division spatiale (AMDS) pour améliorer le RSIB. La géométrie stochastique a été utilisée intensivement pour analyser de tels systèmes complexes. Nous obtenons une expression analytique de l'ESuS en régime asymptotique, c.-à-d. nombre d'antennes et d'utilisateurs infinis, en utilisant des résultats de matrices aléatoires et de géométrie stochastique. Les SBs et les utilisateurs sont modélisés par deux PPP indépendants et le précodage RSFB est utilisé. L'EE est dérivée d'un modèle de consommation de puissance linéaire. Les simulations de Monte Carlo montrent que les expressions analytiques sont précises même pour un nombre faible d'antennes et d'utilisateurs. De plus, les courbes d'EE-ESuS ont une grande partie linéaire avant une forte décroissante de l'EE, comme pour les réseaux hexagonaux. Les résultats montrent également que le précodeur RSFB offre de meilleurs performances que le précodeur forçage à zéro (FZ), qui est typiquement utilisé dans la literature. Les résultats numériques pour le précodeur RSFB montrent que déployer plus de SBs ou d'antennes aux BSs augmente l'ESuS, mais que le gain dépend du rapport des densités SB-utilisateurs et du nombre d'antennes lorsque la densité de l'utilisateur est fixe. L'EE augmente seulement lorsque l'augmentation de l'ESuS est plus importante que l'augmentation de la consommation d'énergie par unité de surface. D'autre part, lorsque la densité d'utilisateur augmente, l'ESuS dans la région limitée par les interférences peut être améliorée en déployant davantage de SB sans sacrifier l'EE et le débit ergodique des utilisateurs. / One of the used strategies to increase the spectral efficiency (SE) of cellular network is to reuse the frequency bandwidth over relatively small areas. The major issue in this case is higher interference, decreasing the energy efficiency (EE). In addition to the higher bandwidth, densification of the networks (e.g. small cells or multi-user multiple input single output, MU-MISO) potentially increases the area spectral efficiency (ASE). The total energy consumption of the wireless networks increases due to the large amount of circuit power consumed by the dense network structures, leading to the decrease of EE. In this thesis, the EE-SE achievable region is characterized in a hexagonal cellular network considering several frequency reuse factors (FRF), as well as shadowing. The EE-ASE region is also studied using Poisson point processes (PPP) to model the MU-MISO network with signal-to-leakage-and-noise ratio (SLNR) precoder. Different base station (BS) densities and different number of BS antennas with static power consumption are considered.The EE-SE region in a hexagonal cellular network for different FRF, both with and without shadowing is first characterized. When shadowing is considered in addition to the path loss, the ε-SE-EE tradeoff is proposed as an outage measure for performance evaluation. The EE-SE curves have a large linear part, due to the static power consumption, followed by a sharp decreasing EE, since the network is homogeneous and interference-limited. The results show that FRF of 1 for regions close to BS and higher FRF for regions closer to the cell edge improve the EE-SE optimal point. Moreover, better EE-SE tradeoff can be achieved with higher outage values. Besides, FRF of 1 is the best choice for very high outage value due to the significant signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) decrease.In downlink, precoders are used in space division multiple access (SDMA) MU-MISO cellular networks to improve the SINR. Stochastic geometry has been intensively used to analyse such a complex system. A closed-form expression for ASE in asymptotic regime, i.e. number of antennas and number of users grow to infinity, has been derived using random matrix theory and stochastic geometry. BSs and users are modeled by two independent PPP and SLNR precoder is used at BS. EE is then derived from a linear power consumption model. Monte Carlo simulations show that the analytical expressions are tight even for moderate number of antennas and users. Moreover, the EE-ASE curves have a large linear part before a sharply decreasing EE, as observed for hexagonal network. The results also show that SLNR outperforms the zero-foring (ZF) precoder, which is typically used in literature. Numerical results for SLNR show that deploying more BS or a large number of BS antennas increase ASE, but the gain depends on the BS-user density ratio and on the number of antennas when user density is fixed. EE increases only when the increase in ASE dominates the increase of the power consumption per unit area. On the other hand, when the user density increases, ASE in interference-limited region can be improved by deploying more BS without sacrificing EE and the ergodic rate of the users.

The long-term evolution (LTE) network has been proposed to provide better network capacity than the earlier 3G network. Driven by the market, the conventional LTE (3G) network standard could not achieve the expectations of the international mobile telecommunications advanced (IMT-Advanced) standard. To satisfy this gap, the LTE-Advanced was introduced with additional network functionalities to meet up with the IMT-Advanced Standard. In addition, due to the need to minimize operational expenditure (OPEX) and reduce human interventions, the wireless cellular networks are required to be self-aware, self-reconfigurable, self-adaptive and smart. An example of such network involves transceiver base stations (BTSs) within a self-organizing network (SON). Besides these great breakthroughs, the conventional LTE and LTE-Advanced networks have not been designed with the intelligence of scalable capacity output especially in sudden demographic changes, namely during events of football, malls, worship centres or during religious and cultural festivals. Since most of these events cannot be predicted, modern cellular networks must be scalable in terms of capacity and coverage in such unpredictable demographic surge. Thus, the use of dynamic BTSs is proposed to be used in modern and future cellular networks for crowd and demographic change managements. Dynamic BTSs are complements of the capability of SONs to search, determine and deploy less crowded/idle BTSs to densely crowded cells for scalable capacity management. The mobile BTSs will discover areas of dark coverages and fill-up the gap in terms of providing cellular services. The proposed network relieves the LTE network from overloading thus reducing packet loss, delay and improves fair load sharing. In order to trail the best (least) path, a bio-inspired optimization algorithm based on swarm-particle optimization is proposed over the dynamic BTS network. It uses the ant-colony optimization algorithm (ACOA) to find the least path. A comparison between an optimized path and the un-optimized path showed huge gain in terms of delay, fair load sharing and the percentage of packet loss.