• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 54
  • 12
  • 3
  • 2
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 76
  • 42
  • 25
  • 19
  • 19
  • 17
  • 17
  • 16
  • 15
  • 15
  • 14
  • 12
  • 12
  • 12
  • 11
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Assessment of Field-Grown Cellulase-Expressing Corn

Garda, Martina, Devaiah, Shivakumar P., Vicuna Requesens, Deborah, Chang, Yeun Kyung, Dabul, Audrei, Hanson, Christy, Hood, Kendall R., Hood, Elizabeth E. 18 April 2015 (has links)
Transgenic plants in the US and abroad generated using genetic engineering technology are regulated with respect to release into the environment and inclusion into diets of humans and animals. For crops incorporating pharmaceuticals or industrial enzymes regulations are even more stringent. Notifications are not allowed for movement and release, therefore a permit is required. However, growing under permit is cumbersome and more expensive than open, non- regulated growth. Thus, when the genetically engineered pharmaceutical or industrial crop is ready for scale-up, achieving non-regulated status is critical. Regulatory compliance in the US comprises petitioning the appropriate agencies for permission for environmental release and feeding trials. For release without yearly permits, a petition for allowing non-regulated status can be filed with the United States Department of Agriculture with consultations that include the Food and Drug Administration and possibly the Environmental Protection Agency, the latter if the plant includes an incorporated pesticide. The data package should ensure that the plants are substantially equivalent in every parameter except for the engineered trait. We undertook a preliminary study on transgenic maize field-grown hybrids that express one of two cellulase genes, an exo-cellulase or an endo-cellulase. We performed field observations of whole plants and numerous in vitro analyses of grain. Although some minor differences were observed when comparing genetically engineered hybrid plants to control wild type hybrids, no significant differences were seen.
42

Biochemical Saccharification of Ionic Liquid Pretreated Biomass: an Examination of Treatment Parameters and Enzyme Requirements

Barr, Christopher James 26 November 2013 (has links)
No description available.
43

Design of smart hydrogels for use as support matrices for immobilisation of cellulases in saccharification of lignocellulose

Mahlale, Vutlhari Lovemore January 2016 (has links)
Thesis (M. Sc. (Microbiology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / Smart hydrogels could facilitate immobilisation of cellulases to allow recovery and decrease enzyme cost in the biofuel industry, as they have a soluble-gel transition. The aim of the study was to design and evaluate the use of smart hydrogels for immobilisation of cellulase system that can be recovered after hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass. Cellulases from Aspergillus niger FGSC A733 produced under solid state fermentation and commercial cellulases were used in immobilisation. Various support matrices prepared were poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (p-NIPAAm), poly-N isopropylacrylamide-co-Methacrylic acid (p-NIPAAm-co-MAA) and supermacroporous poly-crosslinked-Acrylamide-co-N,N’-Methylenebisacrylamide (p-crosslinked-AA-co MBA). Cellulases were coupled onto the support matrices by covalent attachment method through reactive groups of N-acryloxysuccinimide (NAS) or Methacrylic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide (NMS). The low critical solution temperature (LCST) of formed p-NIPAAm-co-MAA copolymer was determined by the inflection point method. The shrinking and swelling kinetics and pH sensitivity of p-NIPAAm-co-MAA copolymer and conjugates were characterised using a cloud point method. Hydrolysis of CMC using cellulase-microbeads-p-NIPAAm and cellulase-crosslinked-p-NIPAAm with different percentage gel showed activity trend of 0.05>1>10>5>0.1% and 5>2>10% respectively. HPLC analysis showed that supplementation of β-glucosidase in cellulase-crosslinked-p-NIPAAm conjugates increased glucose by 12 and 14-fold at 30 and 50 °C respectively in the avicel hydrolysate in comparison with no β glucosidase supplementation. In the hydrolysis of avicel using cellulase-crosslinked p-NIPAAm-co-MAA conjugate a total of 13.6 g/L of reducing sugar was liberated after three cycles. In comparison a total of 21.4 g/L of reducing sugars were released from avicel hydrolysis using cellulase-crosslinked-p-AA-co-MBA conjugate after 3 cycles. In contrast, reducing sugars released in thatch grass hydrolysis using free enzyme were 8 times greater than in cellulase-crosslinked-p-AA-co-MBA conjugate. Cellulase crosslinked-p-NIPAAm-co-MAA conjugates were more stable than free enzyme at 50 and 60 °C after 24 hour and 120 minutes of incubation respectively, but lost activities at 65 °C after 120 minute. Therefore the activity loss in the immobilised enzymes was more due to thermal inactivation during precipitation and recovery than incomplete recovery during precipitation cycles. The results show that cellulases immobilised on smart polymers with sol-gel transition could be used in hydrolysis of cellulose due to ease of recovery. Hydrolysis kinetics was efficient for both immobilised enzyme system (cellulase-crosslinked-p-AA-co-MBA and cellulase-crosslinked-p-NIPAAm-co MAA conjugate) since were re-used in hydrolysis of avicel. Therefore the use of these smart polymers for cellulase immobilisation can contribute in cost reduction of the enzymatic hydrolysis process in the biofuel industry. / National Research Foundation (NRF) , University of Limpopo financial aid office and Flemish Interuniversity Council (VLIR-UOS) fo
44

Digestibilidade enzimática do bagaço de cana-de-açucar tratado quimio-mecanicamente / Enzimatic digestibility of chemomechanical pretreated sugarcane bagasse

Mendes, Fernanda Machado 21 December 2010 (has links)
Métodos que convertem o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar em açúcares fermentescíveis são geralmente compostos por duas etapas principais: pré-tratamento para degradar a estrutura da planta e uma etapa de hidrólise enzimática ou química para converter as cadeias poliméricas em açúcares. Cada tecnologia de pré-tratamento tem um mecanismo diferente de ação sobre a estrutura do bagaço induzindo modificações físicas e/ou químicas, que são necessárias devido a presença de hemicelulose e lignina na parede celular da planta, o que impede o acesso das celulases nas partes internas do substrato. No presente trabalho, o processo quimio-mecânico foi utilizado para pré-tratar o bagaço de cana com o objetivo de aumentar a acessibilidade na parede celular pelas enzimas hidrolíticas. O processo associa a vantagem da remoção de um ou mais componentes do bagaço e o aumento da área superficial por trituração. Após o tratamento quimio-mecânico, rendimento do processo com adição de álcali foi de 91% e com sulfito alcalino de 75%, que corresponde à remoção de 33% e 53% de lignina e 13% e 29% da hemicelulose, respectivamente.A conversão de celulose de amostras pré-tratadas com álcali e sulfito-alcalino atingiu 50% e 85%, respectivamente, após 96 h de hidrólise enzimática. Duas amostras de bagaço com menor teor de lignina que a amostra proveniente da usina foram pré-tratadas com NaOH e refinadas. Uma das amostras com 14,2% de lignina foi obtida pela deslignificação seletiva com clorito de sódio e a outra com 19,2% de lignina foi selecionada em um programa de melhoramento genético da cana-de-açúcar e neste trabalho foi denominado de híbrido. As amostras com menor teor inicial de lignina foram hidrolisadas mais rapidamente nas primeiras 24 h de digestão enzimática. Por exemplo, a hidrólise enzimática da amostra com o menor teor de lignina inicial (14,2%) alcançou a conversão de celulose 64%, após apenas 24 h de hidrólise em comparação aos 30% observado para o bagaço de usina que continha um teor inicial de lignina de 24,4% .Um estudo adicional foi feito, em que o bagaço da usina e os híbridos foram pré-tratados quimio-mecanicamente com diferentes concentrações de hidróxido de sódio e sulfito. Foram avaliadas três concentrações de NaOH (2,5%, 3,75% e 5%) em combinação com sulfito de sódio (5%, 7,5% e 10%), mantendo-se a proporção de 1:2 de reagentes, respectivamente. As polpas obtidas do bagaço híbrido foram hidrolisadas mais facilmente que as polpas obtidas do bagaço da usina pré-tratadas na mesma concentração de sulfito-NaOH. O tempo necessário para hidrolisar 70% da celulose do bagaço híbrido foi a metade daquele necessário para hidrolisar o bagaço de usina. O menor teor de lignina e a presença de grupos sulfônicos podem ser fatores relevantes na digestibilidade enzimática do bagaço, portanto, plantas com baixo teor de lignina podem ser pré-tratadas por processos alcalinos relativamente brandos produzindo substratos mais facilmente hidrolisáveis por celulases. / Methods that convert sugarcane bagasse into fermentable sugars are generally comprised of two main steps: a pretreatment to degrade the plant structure and an enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis step to convert the polymeric chains into monomeric sugars. Each pretreatment technology has a different mechanism of action on the bagasse structure inducing physical and/or chemical modifications, which are necessary because the presence of hemicellulose and lignin in the cell walls prevents cellulases from accessing inner parts of the substrate. In this present work, chemomechanical processing was used to pretreat sugarcane bagasse with the aim of increasing cell wall accessibility to hydrolytic enzymes. The process combines the advantage of removal one or more components of bagasse and the increase in surface area by refining. After chemomechanical treatment, the yield of the process with the addition of alkali was 91% and 75% with alkaline-sulfite,corresponding to the removal of 33% and 53% of lignin and 13% and 29% of hemicellulose, respectively. Cellulose conversion of the alkaline- and alkaline/sulfite-chemomechanical pretreated samples reached 50% and 85%, respectively, after 96 h of enzymatic hydrolysis. Two samples of pulp with lower lignin content than the sample from the mill were pretreated with NaOH and refined. One of the samples with 14.2% of lignin was obtained by selective delignification with sodium chlorite and the other with 19.2% of lignin was selected in a breeding program of cane sugar and at this work has been called hybrid. Samples with lower initial lignin content hydrolyzed faster in the first 24 h of enzymatic digestion. For example, enzymatic hydrolysis of the sample with the lower initial lignin content (14.2%) reached 64% cellulose conversion after only 24 h of hydrolysis as compared to the 30% observed for the mill-processed bagasse containing an initial lignin content of 24.4%. An additional study was done,in which the mill bagasse and the hybrid were chemomechanically treated with different concentrations of NaOH and sulfite. Three concentrations of NaOH were evaluated (2.5%, 3.75% and 5%) in combination with sodium sulfite (5%, 7.5% and 10%), keeping the 1:2 ratio of reagents, respectively. Pulps obtained from hybrid bagasse were hydrolyzed more easily than the pulp obtained from the mill-processed bagasse treated in the same concentration of sulfite-NaOH. The time required to hydrolyze 70% of hybrid bagasse was half that required to hydrolyze the mill-processed bagasse. The lower lignin content and the presence of sulfonic groups may be important factors in the enzymatic digestibility of bagasse, therefore, plants with low lignin content can be pre-treated by relatively mild alkali processes producing substrates more easily hydrolysable by cellulase.
45

Comportamento enzimático de quatro fungos lignocelulolíticos crescidos em bagaço e palha de cana-de-açúcar e expostos a duas concentrações de nitrogênio, visando à produção de etanol / Enzymatic behavior of four lignocellulolytic fungi grown on sugarcane bagasse and straw, exposed to two concentrations of nitrogen, aiming the production of ethanol

Pompeu, Georgia Bertoni 04 November 2010 (has links)
Estima-se que o Brasil produza no ano de 2010 cerca de 160 milhões de toneladas de bagaço e palha de cana-de-açúcar. O bagaço é um subproduto decorrente do esmagamento da cana, constituído por fibras, partículas de terra e resíduos de caldo. A palha é o material remanescente encontrado na superfície da área plantada, após a colheita, constituída por frações de folhas, ponteiros, colmos e raízes. Estes subprodutos são utilizados como fonte de energia dentro das próprias usinas e destilarias. Porém, com o interesse mundial voltado para o uso de outras fontes de energia, além do petróleo, a importância do emprego destes substratos na produção de etanol, aumentou. As fibras presentes nestes subprodutos são constituídas principalmente por celulose, hemicelulose e lignina. Os mecanismos enzimáticos envolvidos na degradação destes materiais, resultando na conversão da biomassa em produtos de alto valor agregado, são bastante complexos, necessitando da participação de enzimas lignocelulolíticas produzidas, sobretudo por fungos. Este estudo visou à caracterização enzimática lignocelulósica e a liberação de açúcares redutores por fungos ligninolíticos e celulolíticos, expostos a duas concentrações de nitrogênio e o comportamento destes organismos perante situação de estresse nutricional. Os fungos utilizados foram Pleurotus sajor caju, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trichoderma reesei e Aspergillus niger, selecionados em trabalhos anteriores. Estes organismos foram inoculados em frascos Erlenmeyers, contendo bagaço e palha de cana pré-tratados com H2SO4 (0,5%) e duas concentrações de nitrogênio (0,5% e 1% de extrato de levedura), por 15 dias. Diariamente, foram coletadas amostras e analisadas quanto à concentração de proteínas, atividade específica de Lacase, Peroxidases, Manganês peroxidase, Endoglicanases, atividade celulolítica total, Superóxido dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) e quantificação de açúcares redutores. A enzima SOD foi analisada através de PAGE não desnaturante e o perfil protéico observado em SDS-PAGE. As demais análises foram realizadas em espectrofotômetro. O meio contendo 0,5% de extrato de levedura foi favorável ao crescimento dos fungos P. sajor caju e T. reesei, e o meio com 1% de extrato foi favorável à P. chrysosporium e A. niger. Quanto à produção das enzimas ligninolíticas (µmol.min-1.mg proteína-1), a maior produção de Lacase foi observada em P. sajor caju (2,2; 1%; 13º dia), de Peroxidases também para P. sajor caju (1,5; 1%; 12º dia) e MnP para T. reesei (0,172; 1%; 4º dia). A maior atividade celulolítica total (FPU.mg proteína-1) e de Endoglicanases (CMC.mg proteína-1) foi observada para T. reesei (10,1 e 20,6; 0,5%; 7º dia, respectivamente). Quanto à maior liberação de açúcares redutores, P. chrysosporium (0,757 mgAR.gBS-1; 1%; 9º dia). Foram observadas até quatro isoformas de SOD que variaram entre os fungos, concentrações de nitrogênio e dias. As maiores atividades de CAT (µmol.min-1.mgproteína-1) foram observadas para P. sajor caju (0,811; 5º dia), T. reesei (0,726; 1º dia), P. chrysosporium (0,441; 3º dia) e A. niger (0,194; 10º dia), todos na concentração de 0,5%. As espécies, as concentrações de nitrogênio e o período de incubação influenciaram no crescimento, nas atividades enzimáticas e na liberação de açúcares redutores dos fungos / It is estimated that Brazil will produce in 2010 about 160 million tons of sugarcane bagasse and straw. The bagasse is a byproduct resulting from the crushing of sugarcane, consisting of fibers, particles of dirt and waste broth. The straw is the material found on the surface of the remaining crop, after harvest, consisting of fractions of leaves, pointers, stems and roots. These products are used as an energy source within their own mills and distilleries. However, with the global interest focused on the use of other energy sources instead of petroleum, the importance of using these substrates in ethanol production increased. The fibers in these products are composed primarily of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The mechanisms involved in enzymatic degradation of these materials, resulting in conversion of biomass into high value added products, are quite complex, requiring the participation of lignocellulolytic enzymes produced mainly by fungi. This study aimed to a lignocellulosic enzymatic characterization and the release of reducing sugars by ligninolytic and cellulolytic fungi exposed to two concentrations of nitrogen and the behavior of these organisms against a nutritional stress situation. The fungi used were Pleurotus sajor caju, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger, selected from previous work. These organisms were inoculated in Erlenmeyer flasks containing sugarcane bagasse and straw pretreated with H2SO4 (0.5%) and two concentrations of nitrogen (0.5% and 1% yeast extract) for 15 days. Daily samples were collected and analyzed for proteins concentration, specific activity of Laccase, Peroxidases, Manganese Peroxidase, Endoglucanases, total cellulolytic activity, Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and quantification of total sugar. The enzyme SOD was analyzed by native PAGE gels and the protein profile observed in SDS-PAGE. Other analyses were performed on a spectrophotometer. The medium containing 0.5% yeast extract was favorable to the growth of fungi P. sajor caju and T. reesei and the medium with 1% extract favored P. chrysosporium and A. niger. Regarding the production of lignilolytic enzymes (mol.min-1.mg protein-1), the highest activity of Laccase was found in P. sajor caju (2.2, 1%, 13 days), for Peroxidases also in P. sajor caju (1.5, 1%, day 12) and MnP in T. reesei (0.172, 1%, day 4). The highest total cellulolytic activity (FPU.mg protein-1) and Endoglucanases (CMC.mg protein-1) was observed for T. reesei (10.1 and 20.6, 0.5%, day 7, respectively). As for the highest release of total sugars, P. chrysosporium (0.757 mgAR.gBS-1, 1%, 9 day). It was observed up to four SOD isoforms that varied from fungi, nitrogen concentrations and days. The highest CAT activities (mol.min-1.mg protein-1) were observed for P. sajor caju (0.811, 5 days), T. reesei (0.726, day 1), P. chrysosporium (0.441, day 3) and A. niger (0.194, 10 days), all at 0.5% concentration. The species, nitrogen concentrations and the period of incubation influenced the growth, the enzymatic activity and the release of total sugars in the fungi
46

Efeito do extrato da alga marinha Ascophyllum nodosum e do fosfito de potássio na morfofisiologia do fungo Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, na indução de resistência em mangas \'Tommy Atkins\' contra a antracnose e em características físicas e químicas desses frutos / Effect of Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract and potassium phosphite on the morphology of the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, on the induction of resistance in \'Tommy Atkins\' mango against anthracnose and on the physical and chemical characteristics of these fruits

Melo, Thiago Anchieta de 26 September 2017 (has links)
A mangicultura é uma das atividades mais importantes para a fruticultura brasileira. Dentre as variedades produzidas, o cultivar \'Tommy Atkins\', sem dúvida, é o mais expressivo. Após a colheita, a qualidade fisiológica das mangas, geralmente, é mantida pela integração de técnicas de controle físico e aplicação de moléculas com atividade biológica contra microrganismos, a exemplo dos fungicidas aplicados no controle do fungo Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, agente causal da antracnose, principal doença na fase de pós-colheita de mangas. Entretanto, atualmente há forte pressão da população para a utilização de moléculas que deixem nenhum ou o mínimo possível de resíduos em alimentos, especialmente os consumidos in natura. Vários produtos são vendidos no Brasil como biofertilizantes, mas, estes apresentam também, a capacidade de mitigar estresses bióticos e abióticos, inerentes da vida pós-colheita de frutas. Nesse contexto, pode-se citar o extrato da alga marinha Ascophyllum nodosum (Acadian®) e o fosfito de potássio (Phytogard®), utilizados em vários passos do processo de produção agrícola, mostrando respostas diversas sobre os vegetais tratados. Ambos os produtos apresentam baixa toxicidade ao homem e ao ambiente e não são fitotóxicos. Assim, com a ideia de gerar informação mais acertada acerca dos processos envolvidos a partir da utilização desses produtos, na cadeia produtiva da manga, este trabalho foi construído sobre três vertentes principais. A primeira parte, objetivou verificar o efeito in vitro do extrato da alga marinha A. nodosum e do fosfito de potássio sobre a morfofisiologia do fungo C. gloeosporioides isolado de mangas, variedade \'Tommy Atkins\'. Na segunda parte, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do extrato da alga marinha A. nodosum e do fosfito de potássio, ambos aplicados em diferentes concentrações, sobre o parasitismo do fungo 1 em mangas \'Tommy Atkins\', na perspectiva da indução de resistência, na fase de pós-colheita desses frutos. Finalmente, na terceira parte do trabalho, objetivou-se verificar o efeito do extrato da alga marinha A. nodosum e do fosfito de potássio, ambos aplicados em diferentes concentrações, sobre características físicas e químicas de mangas \'Tommy Atkins\', na fase de pós-colheita. Como resultados da primeira parte do trabalho, observou-se que o extrato de algas induz o crescimento e a esporulação do fungo, inibindo, contudo, a germinação e a fixação de conídios produzidos pelo patógeno. O fosfito de potássio interfere no crescimento e esporulação do microrganismo e inibe a germinação e adesão de conídios produzidos por C. gloeosporioides. Os dois produtos alteram a permeabilidade seletiva da membrana plasmática da hifa e incrementam a atividade das enzimas β-1,3-glucanase e quitinase na estrutura. Entretanto, somente o extrato de algas interferiu no conteúdo total de proteínas da hifa, aumentando esse parâmetro. Os dois produtos diminuíram a atividade celulolítica de C. gloeosporioides. Na segunda parte, os resultados demonstraram que, tanto para o extrato de algas quanto para o fosfito de potássio, houve diminuição do tamanho da lesão, da velocidade de crescimento da lesão e da AACPD. Além disso, foram observados incrementos em todos os parâmetros bioquímicos analisados, o que indicou que os produtos têm efeito indutor de resistência em mangas. Finalmente, como resultados para a terceira parte do trabalho, foi evidenciado que tanto o extrato de algas quanto o sal de potássio, em todas as concentrações utilizadas, ajudaram na redução da perda de massa dos frutos, retardaram a diminuição do ângulo de cor da polpa (ângulo Hue) e a firmeza desta. Além disso, os produtos testados desaceleraram a perda de acidez da polpa e mantiveram elevados os valores de ácidos orgânicos, a exemplo do ácido cítrico; mantiveram abaixo do tratamento controle o conteúdo de sólidos solúveis (°Brix), mas não interferiram no total de carboidratos encontrados nas cascas dos frutos. Conclusivamente, o extrato de A. nodosum e o fosfito de potássio, retardam o amadurecimento e senescência de mangas na fase de pós-colheita, reduzem a severidade da antracnose nos frutos pela indução de resistência e ainda, apresentam efeitos diretos sobre o fungo C. gloeosporioides. Dessa maneira, os produtos podem ser utilizados como mantenedores da qualidade fisiológica de mangas \'Tommy Atkins\', pois minimizam os estresses de ordem biótica e abiótica relativos à vida pós-colheita dessas frutas. / Mango farming is one of the most important activities for Brazilian fruit growing. Among the varieties produced, the cultivar \'Tommy Atkins\' is undoubtedly the most expressive. After harvesting, the physiological quality of mangoes is generally maintained by the integration of physical control techniques and the application of molecules with biological activity against microorganisms, such as the fungicides applied in the control of the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the causal agent of anthracnose, the main disease in the postharvest phase of mangoes. However, there is currently strong population pressure for the use of molecules that leave none or the least possible residues in food, especially those consumed in natura. Several products are sold in Brazil as biofertilizers, but also present the ability to mitigate biotic and abiotic stresses inherent of the postharvest fruit life. Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract (Acadian®) and potassium phosphite (Phytogard®), both used in several steps of the agricultural production process, can be mentioned in this context, showing different responses on treated plants. Both products have low toxicity to man and the environment and are not phytotoxic. Thus, in order to generate precise information about the processes involved in the use of these products, in the production chain of mango, this work was built on three main strands. The first part aimed to verify the in vitro effect of the A. nodosum seaweed extract and the potassium phosphite on the morphophysiology of the fungus C. gloeosporioides isolated from mangoes \'Tommy Atkins\'. In the second part, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of A. nodosum seaweed extract and the potassium phosphite, both applied in different concentrations, on the parasitism of the fungus C. gloeosporioides in mangoes \'Tommy Atkins\', from the perspective of induction of resistance in the postharvest phase of these fruits. Finally, in the third part of the work, the objective was to verify the effect of A. nodosum seaweed extract and of the potassium phosphite, both applied in different concentrations, on physical and chemical characteristics of \'Tommy Atkins\' mangoes in the postharvest stage. As results of the first part of this work, it was observed that the algae extract induces the growth and sporulation of the fungus; however, it inhibits the germination and adhesion of conidia produced by the pathogen. Potassium phosphite interferes with the growth and sporulation of the microorganism and inhibits the germination and adhesion of conidia produced by C. gloeosporioides. The two products alter the selective permeability of hypha plasma membrane and increase the activity of the enzymes β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase in the structure. However, only the algae extract interfered in the total protein content of the hypha, increasing this parameter. The two products decreased the cellulolytic activity of C. gloeosporioides. In the second part, the results demonstrated that, for both algae extract and potassium phosphite, there was a decrease in lesion diameter, lesion growth rate and AUDPC. In addition, increments were observed in all biochemical parameters analyzed, which indicated that the products have resistance-inducing effect on mangoes. Finally, as results for the third part of the work, it was evidenced that both the algae extract and the potassium salt, in all the concentrations used, helped to reduce the loss of mass of the fruits, delayed the decrease of pulp color angle (Hue angle) and the firmness of this. In addition, the products tested decelerated the loss of acidity of the pulp and maintained high values of organic acids, as citric acid; controlled soluble solids content in relation to the control (°Brix), but did not interfere in the total carbohydrate found in the fruit peels. Conclusively, the A. nodosum extract and potassium phosphite, delay the maturation and senescence of mangoes in the post-harvest phase, reduce the severity of the anthracnose in the fruits by the induction of resistance and also have direct effects on the fungus C. gloeosporioides. In this way, the products can be used to maintain the physiological quality of \'Tommy Atkins\' mangoes, since they minimize the biotic and abiotic stresses related to the postharvest life of these fruits.
47

Design of integrated processes for a second generation biorefinery using mixed agricultural waste

Dlangamandla, Nkosikho January 2018 (has links)
Thesis (Doctor of Engineering in Chemical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Lignocellulosic biomass (agro-waste) has been recommended as the most promising feedstock for the production of bioalcohols, in the biofuel industry. Furthermore, agro-waste is well-known as the most abundant organic matter in the agricultural and forestry product processing industry. However, the challenge with utilizing agro-waste as a feedstock is its highly recalcitrant structure, which limits hydrolysis to convert the holocelluloses into fermentable sugars. Conventional pre-treatment methods such as dilute acid, alkaline, thermal, hot water and enzymatic, have been used in previous studies. The challenge with these conventional methods is the generation of residual toxicants during the pretreatment process, which inhibits a high bioalcohol yield, by reducing the microbial populations’ (fermenter) ability to be metabolically proficient during fermentation. Numerous studies have been developed to improve the engineered strains, which have shown to have an ability to reduce the inhibition and toxicity of the bioalcohols produced or by-products produced during pre-treatment, while enhancing the bioalcohol production. In the present study (chapter 5), evaluation of common conventional methods for the pretreatment of the mixed agro-waste, i.e. (˃45µm to <100µm) constituted by Citrus sinensis, Malus domestica peels, corn cobs from Zea mays and Quercus robur (oak) yard waste without a pre-rinsing step at a ratio of 1:1 at 25% (w/w) for each waste material, was undertaken, focusing on hot water pre treatment followed by dilute acid (H2SO4) pre-treatment. To further pretreat the mixed agro-waste residue, cellulases were used to further hydrolyse the pre-treated agro-waste in a single pot (batch) multi-reaction process. The TRS concentration of 0.12, 1.43 and 3.22 g/L was achieved with hot water, dilute acid and cellulases hydrolysis as sequential pretreatment steps, respectively, in a single pot multi-reaction system. Furthermore, a commercial strain was used to ascertain low (C1 to C3) and high carbon content (C4+) bioalcohol production under aerobic conditions. Multiple bioproducts were obtained within 48 to 72 h, including bioethanol and 1-Butanol, 3-methyl, which were major products for this study. However, undesirable bio-compounds such as phenolics, were detected post fermentation. Since multiple process units characterised by chemical usage and high energy intensivity have been utilized to overcome delignification and cellulolysis, a sustainable, environmental benign pretreatment process was proposed using N. mirabilis “monkey cup” fluids (extracts) to also reduce fermenter inhibitors from the delignification of mixed agrowaste; a process with minimal thermo physical chemical inputs for which a single pot multi-reaction system strategy was used. Nepenthes mirabilis extracts shown to have ligninolytic, cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities, were used as an enzyme cocktail to pretreat mixed agro-waste, subsequent to the furtherance of TRS production from the agro-waste, by further using cellulase for further hydrolysis. N. mirabilis pod extracts were determined to contained carboxylesterases (529.41±30.50 U/L), β-glucosidases (251.94±11.48 U/L) and xylanases (36.09±18.04 U/L), constituting an enzymatic cocktail with a significant potential for the reduction in total residual phenolic compounds (TRPCs). Furthermore, the results indicated that maximum concentration of TRS obtainable was 310±5.19 mg/L within 168 h, while the TRPCs were reduced from 6.25±0.18 to 4.26 ±0.09 mg/L, which was lower than that observed when conventional methods were used. Overall N. mirabilis extracts were demonstrated to have an ability to support biocatalytic processes for the conversion of agro-waste to produce fermentable TRS in a single unit facilitating multiple reactions with minimised interference with cellulase hydrolysis. Therefore, the digestive enzymes in N. mirabilis pods can be used in an integrated system for a second generation biorefinery.
48

Caracterização ultraestrutural e hidrólise enzimática de cana-de-açúcar e bagaço pré-tratado quimio-mecanicamente / Ultrasctructural characterization and enzymatic hydrolysis of chemomechanical pretreated sugarcane and sugarcane bagasse.

Fernanda Machado Mendes Carvalho 21 August 2014 (has links)
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar as modificações ocorridas na cana-de-açúcar, com diferentes composições químicas e estruturais, pelo pré-tratamento sulfito alcalino. A remoção de lignina e hemicelulose, bem como a introdução de grupos sulfônicos em cana-de-açúcar que ocorrem durante o pré-tratamento sulfito alcalino tornam mais fácil a hidrólise da celulose. A compreensão das modificações químicas e físicas em materiais lignocelulósicos que ocorrem durante este pré-tratamento é fundamental para a geração de processos mais eficazes. Neste trabalho, bagaço e entrenós de cana-de-açúcar, selecionados de plantas híbridas com composição química variada, foram pré-tratados em condições brandas com 10% de sulfito e 5% de hidróxido de sódio por diferentes tempos. No início do pré-tratamento, a deslignificação aumentou rapidamente, o mesmo não aconteceu com a hemicelulose. Nos primeiros 30 min de pré-tratamento do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar houve remoção de 50% da lignina inicial e 30% da hemicelulose, o que ocasionou uma melhora significativa na conversão de celulose, atingindo 64%. Mesmo sem remoção adicional de lignina e hemicelulose, o processo continuou a introduzir os grupos ácidos, o que contribuiu para o inchamento da fibra. A largura da fibra do bagaço não tratado aumentou de 10,4 ?m para 30 ?m no material pré-tratado com 120 min. Estas modificações na fibra foram responsáveis pelo aumento na eficiência da hidrólise enzimática da celulose, a qual atingiu 92%. Híbridos experimentais com teores reduzidos de lignina apresentaram taxas iniciais de hidrólise mais elevadas e um menor tempo de pré-tratamento para alcançar a conversão total de celulose do que a cana de referência. Diferentes regiões (medula, interface, córtex e fração externa) dos entrenós das canas foram hidrolisadas por celulases. O pré-tratamento da interface, córtex e fração externa com sulfito-alcalino produziu substratos menos recalcitrantes com o aumento do tempo de reação e resultou na melhora da hidrólise enzimática. Foram utilizadas várias técnicas para avaliar as mudanças que ocorreram durante o pré-tratamento, as quais foram capazes de estudar a morfologia da superfície e as características químicas das amostras. O tratamento químico ocasionou uma intensa deslignificação e alterações morfológicas nas superfícies das fibras da cana-de-açúcar. A redução na absorção a 285 nm e 315 nm das paredes celulares das fibras, parênquima e dos vasos aumentou substancialmente os valores de conversão enzimática da celulose e da hemicelulose. Microscopia eletrônica de varredura por emissão de campo (FE-SEM) revelou que as fibras da região do córtex e, especialmente, da interface mostrou paredes celulares colapsadas após a parcial deslignificação. Após o tratamento sulfito alcalino, os dados de espectroscopia fotoelétrica de raio-X (XPS) e espectrometria de massa de íons secundários por tempo de vôo (TOF-SIMS) apresentaram um aumento das intensidades dos sinais nas superfícies das fibras, os quais foram atribuídos à presença de carboidratos em algumas amostras. Em conformidade, os sinais de lignina diminuíram nas superfícies das fibras das mesmas amostras. / The present work aims to study the changes occurring in sugar cane, with different in structure and chemical compositions, by sulfite-alkaline pre-treatment. Removing lignin and hemicellulose as well as introducing sulfonic groups in sugar cane pretreated with alkaline sulfite made cellulose hydrolysis easier. Understanding the chemical and physical alterations occurring during this pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials is fundamental for the generation of effective pretreatment methods. In the present work, sugarcane bagasse and also sugar cane internodes, selected from experimental hybrid plants, were pretreated with the alkaline-sulfite process under mild conditions with varied cooking times. The first 30 min of pretreatment of sugar cane bagasse, which removed approximately half of the initial lignin and 30% of hemicellulose seemed responsible for a significant enhancement of the cellulose conversion level, which reached 64%. After the first 30 min of pretreatment, delignification increased slightly and hemicellulose removal was not enhanced. However, the process continued to introduce acid groups into the residual lignin that enhanced the fiber swelling up to 120 min of cooking. The fiber widths increased from 10,4 ?m in the untreated bagasse to 30 ?m in the 120 min-pretreated material. These changes were responsible for an additional increase in the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose, which reached 92%. Experimental hybrids with less original lignin presented higher initial hydrolysis rates than reference sugar cane and required lower time of pretreatment to achieve the total cellulose conversion. Different regions (pith, interface, rind and outermost fraction) of the internodes of types of sugarcanes were hydrolyzed by cellulases. The pretreatment of the interface, rind and outermost fraction with alkaline sulfite produced less recalcitrant substrates with increasing reaction time and resulted in improvement enzymatic hydrolysis. Several techniques enabling the study of surface morphological and chemical characteristics were used to evaluate the changes occurring during the pretreatment step. The chemical treatment caused intense delignification and morphological changes on the sugar cane fiber surfaces. The reduction in the absorption at 285 nm and 315 nm of the cell walls of the fibers, parenchyma and vessel, substantially increased the values of enzymatic conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) indicated that the fibers from rind regions and especially from the interface showed collapsed cell walls after partial delignification. After the alkaline sulfite treatment, X-ray photoelectrom spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) data showed increased signal intensities on the fibers surfaces assigned to carbohydrates of some samples. In accordance, the lignin signals diminished on the fiber surfaces of the same samples.
49

Produção e uso de enzimas derivadas do fungo Pleurotus ostreatus na hidrólise de bagaço de cana pré-tratado por processo quimiotermomecânico / Production and use of enzymes derived from the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus in the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by chemithermomechanical process

Valadares, Fernanda de Lima 23 August 2013 (has links)
Fungos de decomposição branca atuam eficientemente na biodegradação de substratos altamente lignificados, como a madeira. Tal característica permite supor que esses organismos apresentem um sistema celulolítico com atividade diferenciada em substratos ricos em lignina. O presente trabalho avaliou o efeito da adição de enzimas derivadas do fungo de decomposição branca Pleurotus ostreatus em preparações de celulases comerciais durante a hidrólise enzimática do bagaço de cana previamente submetido a tratamento quimiotermomecânico com sulfito alcalino. Duas cargas de sulfito alcalino foram empregadas nos pré-tratamentos: uma mais elevada de 10 g de Na2SO3 e 5 g de NaOH para cada 100g de bagaço, que gerou um substrato de baixa recalcitrância; e uma carga diminuída à metade da anterior, que originou um substrato de elevada recalcitrância. Primeiramente, a produção de endoglucanases (EG) em cultivos submersos de P.ostreatus foi avaliada em diferentes fontes de carbono, sendo a maior produção de EG (342 UI L-1) verificada após 20 dias de cultivo em meio contendo bagaço de cana moído e carboximetilcelulose (CMC). Contudo, devido a CMC ser considerada um interferente nos ensaios de hidrólise do bagaço, optou-se por utilizar enzimas derivadas dos cultivos que empregaram somente bagaço de cana como fonte de carbono. Os experimentos de hidrólise empregaram cargas de enzimas correspondentes a 10FPU (carga alta) e 5FPU (carga média) de celulases derivadas de Trichoderma reesei ATCC 26921, misturadas com uma carga de 15 UI.g-1 de ?-glicosidase (BGL) derivadas de Aspergillus niger, para cada grama de bagaço. Para os experimentos de hidrólise que empregaram enzimas derivadas de P. ostreatus ajustou-se a carga de endoglucanase para que 50% da atividade fosse derivada de T. reesei, e 50% proveniente de P. ostreatus. A suplementação com enzimas de P. ostreatus causou uma alteração no teor das demais enzimas hidrolíticas, verificando-se valores de atividades de xilanases e celulases, com exceção das celobiohidrolases, superiores aos observados com o emprego da carga alta de enzimas comerciais. A conversão da celulose obtida durante a hidrólise dos bagaços pré-tratados mostraram que as enzimas de P. ostreatus proporcionaram valores de velocidade inicial de hidrólise equivalentes aos obtidos nos ensaios com carga alta de enzimas comerciais. Esse resultado foi atingido mesmo com uma carga de celobiohidrolases duas vezes inferior a existente nos ensaios com alta carga de enzimas comerciais, o que levou a considerar que as enzimas derivadas de P. ostreatus possam apresentar atividade celulolítica diferenciada. Além disso, o maior teor de enzimas xilanolíticas nos extratos de P. ostreatus resultou em maiores valores de conversão da xilana. A maior remoção de xilana também pode ter favorecido a maior conversão de celulose obtida mesmo com baixa carga de celobiohidrolases nas misturas reacionais, visto que a remoção da xilana associada à celulose aumentaria a disponibilidade do substrato às celulases. Contudo, a conversão de celulose a partir de 8-24h de hidrólise suplementada com enzimas de P. ostreatus foi ligeiramente inferior ao obtido na hidrólise com carga alta de celulases de T. reesei. / White-rot fungi are able to degrade highly lignified substrates, such as wood. This characteristic allows us to assume that these organisms possess a cellulolytic system with differentiated activity on lignin-rich substrates. This study evaluates how cellulolytic enzymes produced by the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus perform in the hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse. The sugar cane bagasse was initially pretreated with two chemical loadings of alkaline sulphite: 10 g of Na2SO3 and 5 g of NaOH per 100g of pulp (high chemical load), generating a substrate with low recalcitrance; and a load decreased to half of the previous one, which gave a more recalcitrant substrate. The production of endoglucanases (EG) in submerged cultures of P.ostreatus was evaluated using different carbon sources in the culture media. The highest EG production (342 IU L-1) was observed after fungal growth for 20 days in the culture medium that contained sugarcane bagasse and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as carbon sources. However, residual CMC present in the culture extracts was considered to interfere in subsequent hydrolysis assays and we decided to use enzymes derived from the cultures that used only sugarcane bagasse as carbon source. The reference hydrolysis experiments were performed with enzyme loadings of 10 FPU (high loading) and 5 FPU (medium loading) from cellulases derived from Trichoderma reesei ATCC 26921 mixed with 15 UI of ?-glucosidase (BGL) from Aspergillus niger (enzyme loadings expressed in units per gram of pretreated bagasse). For the hydrolysis experiments that used enzymes from P. ostreatus, the enzyme loading was adjusted in order to have 50% of original endoglucanase activity from T. reesei enzymes replaced by enzymes from P. ostreatus enzymes. The addition of P. ostreatus enzymes caused a change in the overall levels of hydrolytic enzymes present in the reaction medium. Xylanase and beta-glucosidase activities were higher than those observed in the commercial enzymes mixture. However, the cellobiohydrolase levels were the half of the original values from the commercial enzymes. The cellulose conversion during the hydrolysis of pretreated bagasses showed that the enzymes from P. ostreatus provided initial hydrolysis rate values similar to those obtained in tests with the high loading of commercial enzymes. This result was achieved even with a cellobiohydrolase loading twice lower than in the assays with high loading of commercial enzymes, which led to the conclusion that the enzymes derived from P. ostreatus can show differentiated cellulolytic activity. In addition, the higher content of xylanolytic enzymes in P. ostreatus extracts resulted in higher xylan conversion. The higher removal of xylan may have also resulted in the higher conversion of cellulose, even with low cellobiohydrolases in the reaction mixtures, since removal of xylan increases the accessibility of the cellulases to the substrate. However, the cellulose conversion after 8-24h hydrolysis supplemented with enzymes from P. ostreatus was slightly lower than that obtained in the hydrolysis with high loading of cellulases from T. reesei.
50

Caracterização ultraestrutural e hidrólise enzimática de cana-de-açúcar e bagaço pré-tratado quimio-mecanicamente / Ultrasctructural characterization and enzymatic hydrolysis of chemomechanical pretreated sugarcane and sugarcane bagasse.

Carvalho, Fernanda Machado Mendes 21 August 2014 (has links)
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar as modificações ocorridas na cana-de-açúcar, com diferentes composições químicas e estruturais, pelo pré-tratamento sulfito alcalino. A remoção de lignina e hemicelulose, bem como a introdução de grupos sulfônicos em cana-de-açúcar que ocorrem durante o pré-tratamento sulfito alcalino tornam mais fácil a hidrólise da celulose. A compreensão das modificações químicas e físicas em materiais lignocelulósicos que ocorrem durante este pré-tratamento é fundamental para a geração de processos mais eficazes. Neste trabalho, bagaço e entrenós de cana-de-açúcar, selecionados de plantas híbridas com composição química variada, foram pré-tratados em condições brandas com 10% de sulfito e 5% de hidróxido de sódio por diferentes tempos. No início do pré-tratamento, a deslignificação aumentou rapidamente, o mesmo não aconteceu com a hemicelulose. Nos primeiros 30 min de pré-tratamento do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar houve remoção de 50% da lignina inicial e 30% da hemicelulose, o que ocasionou uma melhora significativa na conversão de celulose, atingindo 64%. Mesmo sem remoção adicional de lignina e hemicelulose, o processo continuou a introduzir os grupos ácidos, o que contribuiu para o inchamento da fibra. A largura da fibra do bagaço não tratado aumentou de 10,4 ?m para 30 ?m no material pré-tratado com 120 min. Estas modificações na fibra foram responsáveis pelo aumento na eficiência da hidrólise enzimática da celulose, a qual atingiu 92%. Híbridos experimentais com teores reduzidos de lignina apresentaram taxas iniciais de hidrólise mais elevadas e um menor tempo de pré-tratamento para alcançar a conversão total de celulose do que a cana de referência. Diferentes regiões (medula, interface, córtex e fração externa) dos entrenós das canas foram hidrolisadas por celulases. O pré-tratamento da interface, córtex e fração externa com sulfito-alcalino produziu substratos menos recalcitrantes com o aumento do tempo de reação e resultou na melhora da hidrólise enzimática. Foram utilizadas várias técnicas para avaliar as mudanças que ocorreram durante o pré-tratamento, as quais foram capazes de estudar a morfologia da superfície e as características químicas das amostras. O tratamento químico ocasionou uma intensa deslignificação e alterações morfológicas nas superfícies das fibras da cana-de-açúcar. A redução na absorção a 285 nm e 315 nm das paredes celulares das fibras, parênquima e dos vasos aumentou substancialmente os valores de conversão enzimática da celulose e da hemicelulose. Microscopia eletrônica de varredura por emissão de campo (FE-SEM) revelou que as fibras da região do córtex e, especialmente, da interface mostrou paredes celulares colapsadas após a parcial deslignificação. Após o tratamento sulfito alcalino, os dados de espectroscopia fotoelétrica de raio-X (XPS) e espectrometria de massa de íons secundários por tempo de vôo (TOF-SIMS) apresentaram um aumento das intensidades dos sinais nas superfícies das fibras, os quais foram atribuídos à presença de carboidratos em algumas amostras. Em conformidade, os sinais de lignina diminuíram nas superfícies das fibras das mesmas amostras. / The present work aims to study the changes occurring in sugar cane, with different in structure and chemical compositions, by sulfite-alkaline pre-treatment. Removing lignin and hemicellulose as well as introducing sulfonic groups in sugar cane pretreated with alkaline sulfite made cellulose hydrolysis easier. Understanding the chemical and physical alterations occurring during this pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials is fundamental for the generation of effective pretreatment methods. In the present work, sugarcane bagasse and also sugar cane internodes, selected from experimental hybrid plants, were pretreated with the alkaline-sulfite process under mild conditions with varied cooking times. The first 30 min of pretreatment of sugar cane bagasse, which removed approximately half of the initial lignin and 30% of hemicellulose seemed responsible for a significant enhancement of the cellulose conversion level, which reached 64%. After the first 30 min of pretreatment, delignification increased slightly and hemicellulose removal was not enhanced. However, the process continued to introduce acid groups into the residual lignin that enhanced the fiber swelling up to 120 min of cooking. The fiber widths increased from 10,4 ?m in the untreated bagasse to 30 ?m in the 120 min-pretreated material. These changes were responsible for an additional increase in the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose, which reached 92%. Experimental hybrids with less original lignin presented higher initial hydrolysis rates than reference sugar cane and required lower time of pretreatment to achieve the total cellulose conversion. Different regions (pith, interface, rind and outermost fraction) of the internodes of types of sugarcanes were hydrolyzed by cellulases. The pretreatment of the interface, rind and outermost fraction with alkaline sulfite produced less recalcitrant substrates with increasing reaction time and resulted in improvement enzymatic hydrolysis. Several techniques enabling the study of surface morphological and chemical characteristics were used to evaluate the changes occurring during the pretreatment step. The chemical treatment caused intense delignification and morphological changes on the sugar cane fiber surfaces. The reduction in the absorption at 285 nm and 315 nm of the cell walls of the fibers, parenchyma and vessel, substantially increased the values of enzymatic conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) indicated that the fibers from rind regions and especially from the interface showed collapsed cell walls after partial delignification. After the alkaline sulfite treatment, X-ray photoelectrom spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) data showed increased signal intensities on the fibers surfaces assigned to carbohydrates of some samples. In accordance, the lignin signals diminished on the fiber surfaces of the same samples.

Page generated in 0.4517 seconds