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Measuring spouses’ ages allows us to explore larger sociological issues about marriage, such as whether narrowing gaps signal gender progress or if a rise in female-older unions reveals a status change. Using Census and American Community Survey data, I test the merits of beauty-exchange and status homogamy theories as explanations for how heterosexual marital age gaps changed over a 40-year period of social and economic revolution. Analyses address questions about how age gaps compared for people with different characteristics, whether similarly aged couples exhibited greater educational and socio-economic homogamy than others, and if the odds of being in age-heterogamous marriages changed. Chapter 4 provides the historical context of U.S. marriages from 1910 on, and shows that while disadvantaged groups retreated from marriage, the percentage of individuals with greater education and income who married remained high. Age homogamy rose over 100 years due to a decline in marriages involving much-older husbands rather than increases in wife-older unions. Results in Chapter 5 show that mean age gaps decreased significantly over time for first-married individuals by most—but not all—characteristics. Gaps narrowed for those who were White, Black, other race, or of Hispanic origin; from any age group; with zero, one, or two wage earners; with any level of education; and from most types of interracial pairs. One exception was that mean age gaps increased between Asian wives and White husbands, and Asian women’s odds of having a much older husband were higher than the odds for racially homogamous women. Those odds increased over time. Findings lent support for status homogamy theory, since same-age couples showed greater educational homogamy than others in any decade, but showed mixed support for beauty exchange. In 2010-14, the median spousal earnings gap was wider in husband-older marriages than age-homogamous ones; however, the reverse was true in 1980. Women-older first or remarriages exhibited the smallest median earnings gaps in 1980 and 2010-14, and women in these marriages contributed a greater percentage of the family income than other women in 2010-14 (43.6% vs 36.9%, respectively). The odds of being in age-heterogamous unions were significantly higher for persons who were remarried, from older age groups, from certain racial backgrounds, in some interracial marriages, less educated, and from lower SES backgrounds. Age and remarriage showed the greatest impact on odds ratios. While age homogamy increased overall, the odds of being a much older spouse (11+ years older) increased dramatically for remarried men and women between 1970 and 1980, and then remained high in 2010-14. Remarried women’s odds of being the much older wife versus a same-age spouse were 20.7 times that of the odds of first-married women in 2010-14. Other results showed that Black men’s odds of being with a much-older wife compared to one around the same age were about 2.5 times that of the odds of White men in each decade. Hispanic men’s odds of being in a first marriage with a much-older wife versus one of the same age were also twice the odds of White men in 1980 and 2010-14. Analyses demonstrated that marital age gaps have, indeed, changed significantly since the second-wave women’s movement, and that while age homogamy increased, the odds of being age heterogamous also shifted for people with different characteristics. / Sociology

Master of Arts / Department of Economics / Tracy M. Turner / Many municipalities are beginning to play a more central and active role in slowing and reversing the process of the economic stagnation of business and commerce within their cities. Many municipalities combat these problems through the use of providing existing businesses or start up businesses with financial assistance or incentives. Economic theory shows us that a firm’s decision on production and location is influenced by fiscal incentives that are afforded to them. This paper explores the external effects of municipally assisted redevelopment programs. This analysis strives to broaden our understanding of businesses redevelopment programs to include not just the impacts on the commercial side, but see the total effects which include the residential side as well. It analyzes key economic indicators of households who reside within and directly around publicly assisted redevelopment areas and compares these indicators to their non-redeveloped area counterparts. Specifically, it empirically examines the impact of redevelopment on house values and unemployment rates in seven large Midwestern cities: Des Moines, Wichita, Kansas City, St. Louis, Lincoln, Omaha, and Milwaukee, using census data at the block group and census tract levels. I find that redevelopment has a substantial impact in increasing house values and reducing unemployment rates in the vicinity of the redevelopment projects.

Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2017-04-19T14:11:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAFRP.pdf: 1980075 bytes, checksum: 7fcf0ef36068787130e0ed954b855894 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-27T18:19:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAFRP.pdf: 1980075 bytes, checksum: 7fcf0ef36068787130e0ed954b855894 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-27T18:19:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAFRP.pdf: 1980075 bytes, checksum: 7fcf0ef36068787130e0ed954b855894 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-27T18:24:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAFRP.pdf: 1980075 bytes, checksum: 7fcf0ef36068787130e0ed954b855894 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / The hospital class is considered an educational service to the scholar in health treatment, which is of great importance to the students. In this way, the main objective of the present work was to describe the training and teaching activities, organization and operation of the hospital classes at national level. The specific objectives were to identify the different specificities of the public served in hospital classes, to characterize the professional profile that operates in the hospital classes, describe the hospital class service in Brazil based on the census data and to verify how many public students of Special Education were served by this service. In order to contemplate the objectives of the present research, two studies were carried out: Context of Hospital Classes in Brazil (Study 1 - census data) and Hospital Classes (Study 2 - teacher training, organization and operation). It was considered necessary to inquire about the subject in question taking into account the lack of similar research, since the last similar study occurred in 2002. For the accomplishment of the Study 1, census data (of 2013 and 2015) were used to characterize the profile of the hospital educational attendance classes and the public with educational needs served. For study 2, field studies were conducted with the use of survey technique, through an online questionnaire for teachers who work in hospital environments that offer educational services. To search participants, the research was disclosed in the Facebook group “Class/Hospital School” and in WhatsApp group. These groups bring together teachers who work in hospital environments across the country. The questionnaire was also sent to researchers and managers of hospital environments, seeking to cover as many participants as possible. For data analysis, quantitative and qualitative approaches were used. The quantitative analysis was performed through table elaboration, indicating percentage. The qualitative analysis was based on results obtained from the open questions of the questionnaire through thematic axis grouping. The census data from Study 1 showed a wide variety of number of hospital groups and public served, comparing the years of 2013 and 2015. Study 2 data pointed out different specificities that the Brazilian hospital class service presents, as well as, the daily challenges faced by teachers. Despite this service does not have recent national legislations and still needs changes in order to guide its organization, achieve greater visibility and reflect on the training of professionals working in this service, most of the teachers show satisfaction in how the hospital class in which work is organized. Therefore, despite the obstacles that still need to be overcome, this service has been gaining more and more important spaces. / A classe hospitalar é considerada um atendimento educacional ao escolar em tratamento de saúde, sendo esse um serviço de suma importância para as crianças e jovens hospitalizados. Desse modo, o presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo descrever a formação e atuação docente, a organização e o funcionamento das classes hospitalares em âmbito nacional. Como objetivos específicos buscou-se identificar as diferentes especificidades do público atendido nas classes hospitalares e caracterizar o perfil do profissional que atua nesse âmbito, bem como descrever o serviço de classe hospitalar no Brasil com base nos dados censitários, além de verificar quantos alunos público-alvo da Educação Especial foram comtemplados por tal atendimento. Para atingir os objetivos da presente pesquisa foram realizados dois estudos: o primeiro - Contexto das Classes Hospitalares no Brasil: dados censitários, e o segundo, Classes hospitalares: formação docente, organização e funcionamento. Julgou-se necessário indagar sobre a temática em questão levando em consideração a escassez de pesquisas recentes sobre tal após a realização de um levantamento bibliográfico, onde foi encontrado que o último estudo similar ocorreu no ano de 2002. Para a realização do estudo 1 foram utilizados os dados censitários do ano de 2013 e 2015 para caracterizar o perfil das turmas de atendimento educacional hospitalar e do público com necessidades educacionais atendidos. Já para a efetivação do estudo 2, escolheu-se realizar um estudo de campo com uso da técnica survey, por meio de um questionário online destinado a professores que atuam em ambientes hospitalares que oferecem serviços educacionais. Para a busca dos participantes foi feita a divulgação da pesquisa no grupo do Facebook “Classe/Escola Hospitalar” e em um grupo do WhatsApp que reúne professores que atuam em ambientes hospitalares de todo o país. Ademais, foi enviado um questionário para pesquisadores e gestores da área através de um grupo de e-mails, buscando assim abranger o maior número de participantes possíveis. Para a análise dos dados, foi elegido utilizar uma abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, em que a análise quantitativa dos dados foi realizada através da elaboração de tabelas, indicando porcentagem dos dados obtidos, enquanto a análise qualitativa foi realizada a partir dos resultados das perguntas abertas do questionário, organizadas por meio de agrupamentos por eixos temáticos. Os dados censitários do estudo 1 demonstraram uma grande variedade quanto ao número de turmas hospitalares e o público atendido ao comparar os anos de 2013 e 2015. Já os dados do estudo 2 apontaram as diferentes especificidades que o serviço de classes hospitalares brasileiras apresenta, bem como os desafios diários enfrentados pelos professores. Pode-se concluir que, apesar desse serviço não possuir legislações recentes de cunho nacional, e ainda necessitar de mudanças para que se possa direcionar sua organização, atingir uma maior visibilidade e refletir sobre a formação dos profissionais atuantes desse serviço, a maioria dos professores aponta satisfação em como a classe hospitalar em qual trabalha está organizada. Portanto, apesar dos obstáculos que ainda precisam ser vencidos, este serviço vem ganhando cada vez mais espaços importantes.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3798798 bytes, checksum: 51fb2e3216125b8c8e617e8d5a8d165f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-25 / This work seeks to relate the two main sources of municipal spatial data: Multipurpose Cadastre (MC), which is responsible for physical and territorial information, can be an official inventory of a municipality, storing spatial data from various sources of interest, and the demographic census, which provides demographic and socioeconomic data aggregated by census tracts, which are the smallest unit with identifiable physical boundaries in the field, covering a range of about 250 homes each. It is noteworthy that both often diverge in a local database or do not have compatibility necessary to perform accurate spatial analysis. As the MC is the leading manager and integrator of local information, this paper proposes the compatibility of the geographical structure of the census to the structure proposed by MC. To do so, at first, there was a study on the degree of socioeconomic heterogeneity internal to census tracts, whose definition of the limits does not take into account the criteria of homogeneity of the population included, resulting in loss of information and may mask the reality. The second part involved the application of tools of spatial statistics associated with the GIS to obtain internally homogeneous areas, which are the base of proposing a new definition of census boundaries, and testing for data aggregation in order to minimize the effects of Zoning of the Modifiable Areal Unit Problems (MAUP). Finally, it was made the conceptual proposal for the systematic integration of the census boundaries with the MC, especially being suggested a new concept to the census tract. As a result, it was found that socioeconomic indicators from census data for aggregated sectors are sensitive to the variability of the same. With the second test, it was realized that such sensitivity can be minimized from aggregations of homogeneous data with each other, reducing the effects zoning of the MAUP and validating the proposed detection of homogeneous regions. Regarding the integration of the Census to MC, we have a set of rules and concepts suggested that its realization is possible. As a contribution, we highlight the need to systematize the use of census data, particularly under the new perspective of the MC, as proposed by the Guidelines for the National Cadastre, published by decree No. 511 of 2009 of the Ministry of Cities. / O presente trabalho busca relacionar duas das principais fontes de dados espaciais municipais: o Cadastro Territorial Multifinalitário (CTM), o qual é responsável por informações físicoterritoriais, sendo um inventário territorial oficial de um município, armazenando dados espaciais de diversos temas de interesse; e o Censo Demográfico do IBGE, o qual disponibiliza dados demográficos e socioeconômicos agregados por setores censitários, sendo estes a menor unidade para fins de coleta de dados com limites físicos identificáveis em campo, abrangendo um conjunto de cerca de 250 domicílios cada. Destaca-se que ambos, muitas vezes, divergem numa base de dados municipais, ou não possuem compatibilidade necessária à realização de análises espaciais precisas. Por ser o CTM o principal gerenciador e integrador de informações municipais, essa dissertação propõe a compatibilização da estrutura geográfica do censo à estrutura proposta pelo CTM. Para isso, num primeiro momento, realizou-se um estudo sobre o grau de heterogeneidade socioeconômica interna aos setores censitários, cuja definição dos limites não leva em consideração critérios de homogeneidade da população inserida, acarretando em informações errôneas, podendo mascarar a realidade. A segunda parte envolveu a aplicação de ferramentas da Estatística Espacial associadas ao Geoprocessamento para a obtenção de áreas homogêneas internamente, as quais baseiam uma nova proposição de definição de limites censitários, sendo realizados testes de agregação de dados, buscando minimizar os Efeitos de Zoneamento dos Problemas de Unidades de Áreas Modificáveis (MAUP). Por último, fez-se a proposta conceitual para a integração sistemática dos limites censitários ao CTM, destacando-se a sugestão de um novo conceito dado ao setor censitário. Como resultados, verificou-se que indicadores socioeconômicos provenientes de dados censitários agregados por setores são sensíveis à variabilidade interna dos próprios indicadores. Com o segundo teste, percebeu-se que tal sensibilidade pode ser minimizada a partir de agregações de dados homogêneos entre si, diminuindo os Efeitos de Zoneamento do MAUP e validando a proposta de detecção de regiões homogêneas. Quanto à integração Censo Demográfico CTM, tem-se um conjunto de regras e conceitos sugeridos para que seja possível sua realização. Como contribuição, destaca-se a necessidade de sistematizar a utilização dos dados censitários, principalmente sob a nova ótica do CTM, tal como proposto pelas Diretrizes Nacionais para o Cadastro, publicadas pela portaria nº 511 de 2009 do Ministério das Cidades.

The general aim of the KOSTRA project, initiated by Statistics Norway, is to set up a data reporting chain from the norwegian municipalities to a central database at Statistics Norway. In this paper, we present an innovative data model for supporting a data analysis process consisting of two sequential data production phases using two conceptional database schemes. A first data schema must provide a sound basis for an efficient analysis reflecting a multidimensional view on data. Another schema must cover all structural information, which is essential for supporting the generation of electronic forms as well as for performing consistency checks of the gathered in-formation. The resulting modeling approach provides a seamless solution for both proposed challenges. Based on the relational model, both schemes are powerful to cover the heterogeneity of the data source, handle complex structural information, and to provide a versioning mechanism for long term analysis.

The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act contained the largest federal initiative for place-based investment in over half a century. Opportunity Zones (“OZs”) are expected to cost the US government over $15 billion in forgone tax revenue through 2026, exceeding both the Clinton Era Empowerment Zones and the Great Society programs of Lyndon Johnson. Have OZs increased neighborhood investment and, if so, what types of projects and neighborhoods have benefitted? This dissertation presents three baseline evaluations of OZ. The first essay discusses the findings from 76 interviews with community and government officials, program managers, developers, businesses, and fund managers about OZ outcomes in West Baltimore. The second essay uses a difference-in-differences (DID) event study framework, an adjusted interrupted time series analysis, and census tract matching techniques to compare small business and residential lending outcomes in OZs with areas that were eligible but not designated. The final essay combines an online search for OZ supported affordable housing projects, a DID design that examines Low-Income Housing Tax Credit outcomes, and 16 interviews with community development experts to evaluate whether and how OZ is having an impact on affordable housing production. These three analyses show that OZ is a missed opportunity. OZ is stimulating investment conversations and local government capacity, but it is failing at oversight and community engagement and not changing outcomes for distressed community development or affordable housing. OZ is failing because it provides weak incentives for capital gains investors seeking market rate returns, because it does not support investors and developers already active in distressed neighborhoods, and because of several related design flaws that inhibit mission driven development. The essays propose specific policy changes necessary for OZ to encourage investment in highly distressed neighborhoods and to support affordable housing production.

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Thesis (Ph.D. (Statistics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / This study presents the application of Direct and Indirect methods of Small AreaEstimation(SAE)techniques. Thestudyisaimedatestimatingthetrends and the proportions of households accessing water, sanitation, and electricity for lighting at small areas of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study modified Statistics South Africa’s General Household Survey series 2009-2015 and Census 2011 data. The option categories of three variables: Water, Sanitation and Electricity for lighting, were re-coded. Empirical Bayes and Hierarchical Bayes models known as Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods were used to refine estimates in SAS. The Census 2011 data aggregated in ‘Supercross’ was used to validate the results obtained from the models. The SAE methods were applied to account for the census undercoverage counts and rates. It was found that the electricity services were more prioritised than water and sanitation in the Capricorn District of the Limpopo Province. The greatest challenge, however, lies with the poor provision of sanitation services in the country, particularly in the small rural areas. The key point is to suggestpolicyconsiderationstotheSouthAfricangovernmentforfutureequitable provisioning of water, sanitation and electricity services across the country.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Identifying spatial and temporal patterns of disease occurrence by mapping the residential locations of affected people can provide information that informs response by public health practitioners and improves understanding in epidemiological research. A common method of locating patients at the individual level is geocoding residential addresses stored in electronic medical records (EMRs) using address matching procedures in a geographic information system (GIS). While the process of geocoding is becoming more common in public health studies, few researchers take the time to examine the effects of using different address databases on match rate and positional accuracy of the geocoded results. This research examined and compared accuracy and match rate resulting from four commonly-used geocoding databases applied to sample of 59,341 subjects residing in and around Marion County/ Indianapolis, IN. The results are intended to inform researchers on the benefits and downsides to their selection of a database to geocode patient addresses in EMRs.