The third ventricle region houses several neuroanatomical structures that are primary components of the human memory system, and provides pathways through which these brain regions communicate with critical regions of the frontal and medial temporal lobes. Archival data was obtained for 42 children with cerebellar or third ventricle tumors, and was examined for tumor and treatment related confounds. Children with third ventricle tumors were hypothesized to exhibit; 1) better performance on a measure of auditory attention, 2) greater impairment in learning across trials, 3) greater memory loss over a 20-minute delay, and 4) greater impairment across delayed memory tests than the cerebellar group. Children with third ventricle tumors demonstrated significantly better auditory attention, but greater impairments in verbal learning, and greater verbal memory loss following a 20-minute delay. In contrast, children with third ventricle tumors did not demonstrate significantly greater memory impairments across long delay memory tests.

As pediatric brain tumor survival rates increase, research has begun to further explore the influence of brain tumors and their treatment on functioning. The current study explored the ability of attention, learning, and memory abilities as measured by the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and receptive language abilities as measured by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test to predict adaptive functioning on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Children with tumors of the cerebellar region were hypothesized to display relative impairments in attention, whereas children with tumors of the third ventricle region were hypothesized to display relative impairments in learning and memory. The cognitive measures also were hypothesized to be differentially predictive of adaptive functioning performance. No significant differences were found between the groups on cognitive performance, but attention was the best predictor of adaptive functioning in the cerebellar group, whereas receptive verbal knowledge was the best predictor for the third ventricle group.

Mutations of the á1A subunit of P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels are responsible for several inherited disorders affecting humans, including familial hemiplegic migraine, episodic ataxia type 2 and spinocerebellar ataxia type 6. These disorders include phenotypes such as a progressive cerebellar atrophy and ataxia. The leaner mouse also carries a mutation in the alpha(1A) subunit of P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels, which results in a severe cerebellar atrophy and ataxia. The leaner mutation causes reduced calcium ion influx upon activation of P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels. This disrupts calcium homeostasis and leads to a loss of cerebellar neurons, including cerebellar Purkinje cells. Because of its similarities with human P/Qtype voltage-gated calcium channel mutations, leaner mouse has served as a model for these disorders to aid our understanding of calcium channel function and neurodegeneration associated with calcium channel dysfunction. The aims of this dissertation were: (1) to precisely define the timing and spatial pattern of leaner Purkinje cell death and (2) to assess the role of caspases and specifically of caspase 3 in directing leaner Purkinje cell death. We used the mechanism independent marker for cell death Fluoro-Jade and demonstrated the leaner Purkinje cell death begins around postnatal day 25 and peaks at postnatal day 40 to 50. Based on this temporal pattern of Purkinje cell death we then investigated the role of caspases in leaner Purkinje cell death. These studies showed that caspase 3 is specifically activated in dying leaner cerebellar Purkinje cells. In addition, in vitro inhibition of caspase 3 activity partially rescued leaner Purkinje cells. Further investigation revealed that caspase 3 activation may be working together with or in response to macroautophagy. This study also indicated a potential role for mitochondrial signaling, demonstrated by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in leaner cerebellar Purkinje cells. However, our study revealed that if the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential is associated with leaner Purkinje cell death, this process is not mediated by the mitochondrial protein cytochrome C.

Previous studies have indicated that persons with autism spectrum disorder have distinct cerebella, striatum, and an impaired ability to anticipate implicit learning sequences; also, previous research indicates anatomic connections among these regions. Investigating distinctions in connectivity and impairments in the ability to anticipate implicit sequences linked to ASD would help clarify some of the core deficits associated with the disorder. This dissertation sought to explore differences in functional connectivity among the cerebellum, thalamus, and striatum. This dissertation also sought to determine if an impaired ability to anticipate implicit sequences is associated with ASD. Twelve ASD participants and 11 control participants were scanned using an MRI while engaged in a modified serial reaction task. The findings indicate that the cerebellum and the striatum are functionally connected and the thalamus mediates this connection. The results indicate that ASD participants have stronger connections than the control, and ASD participants demonstrated some impairments in learning. However, there was not enough evidence to link ASD to an impaired ability to anticipate implicit sequences. This dissertation recommends that future studies consider the roles that these distinct connections play in symptoms of ASD. / text

Στο κεντρικό νευρικό σύστημα (ΚΝΣ), η ντοπαμίνη ελέγχει σημαντικές φυσιολογικές λειτουργίες όπως η έκκριση ορμονών, η ρύθμιση της κίνησης, γνωστικές πορείες και περίπλοκες συμπεριφορές που έχουν σχέση με το συναίσθημα και την ανταμοιβή. Η επαναπρόσληψη της ντοπαμίνης διαμέσου του μεταφορέα της νευρωνικής πλασματικής μεμβράνης (DAT) είναι σημαντική για τη διατήρηση της ομοιόστασης της στο ΚΝΣ. Πιστεύεται ότι ο DAT ελέγχει την ένταση και τη διάρκεια της ντοπαμινεργικής νευροδιαβίβασης. Ο DAT αποτελεί μοριακό στόχο θεραπευτικών ουσιών για την θεραπεία νοητικών δυσλειτουργιών όπως η σχιζοφρένεια και η κατάθλιψη. Επιπροσθέτως είναι στόχος εθιστικών ουσιών όπως η κοκαΐνη και η αμφεταμίνη. Οι ψυχοδιεγερτικές και οι θεραπευτικές ουσίες δεσμεύονται στον DAT, αλλάζουν την λειτουργία του και ως εκ τούτου επιτείνουν την ένταση και διάρκεια της ντοπαμινεργικής νευροδιαβίβασης. Η παρεγκεφαλίδα δέχεται μια κατεχολαμινεργική νεύρωση η οποία θεωρείται ότι είναι νοραδρενεργική. Εν τούτοις βιοχημικές, φαρμακολογικές και ανατομικές μελέτες υποδεικνύουν ότι επίσης δέχεται μια μικρή ντοπαμινεργική νεύρωση από την κοιλιακή περιοχή της καλύπτρας και την συμπαγή μοίρα της μέλαινας ουσίας. Πρόσφατες ανοσοϊστοχημικές μελέτες μας για τον DAT υπέδειξαν ότι νευρώνες της παρεγκεφαλίδας μπορεί να εκφράζουν τον μεταφορέα. Στην παρούσα μελέτη ο εντοπισμός του μεταφορέα της ντοπαμίνης (DAT) στην παρεγκεφαλίδα φυσιολογικών μυών, τόσο σε επίπεδο πρωτεΐνης όσο και σε επίπεδο mRNA έγινε με την μέθοδο Western Blot, IP και RT-PCR αντίστοιχα. Η πρωτεΐνη ανιχνεύθηκε στο κλάσμα των συναπτοσωμάτων, ενώ το mRNA σε ολικό εκχύλισμα παρεγκεφαλίδας. Τα αποτελέσματα έρχονται να επιβεβαιώσουν την ύπαρξη ντοπαμινεργικών κυττάρων στην παρεγκεφαλίδα. / In the Central Nervous System (CNS) the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) controls important functions including hormone secretion, locomotion, cognitive processes and complex behaviours that are associated with emotion and reward. Dopamine uptake through the neuronal plasma membrane DA transporter is essential for the maintenance of normal DA homeostasis in the brain. It is believed that DAT controls the intensity and the duration of dopamine neurotransmittion. DAT is the molecular target for therapeutic agents used in the treatment of mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and depression. In addition, DAT is the target for cocaine and amphetamine. Psychostimulants and therapeutic substances alter its transporter function and therefore prolong the intensity and duration of dopaminergic neurotransmittion.The cerebellum receives a catecholaminergic input that is generally accepted to be noradrenergic. However, biochemical, pharmacological and anatomical evidence indicate that the cerebellum also receives a small dopaminergic input from ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta. Recent immunohistochemical studies have indicated that cerebellar neurons express the transporter. In the current study, cerebellar dopamine transporter protein and mRNA were studied using the methods of western blotting and RT-PCR. Our results confirm the existence of dopaminergic neurons in cerebellum.

Autism and associated gene mutations can be studied with genetic mouse models. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of these animal models quantifies the impact of genetics on brain morphology. Using MRI, three genetic mouse models of autism were imaged: Neuroligin 3 R451C knock-in, Methyl-CpG binding protein-2 308-truncation and Integrin β-3 knock-out. Morphological differences were identified using a newly developed MRI mouse cerebellum atlas. The results show all three genes to alter cerebellar anatomy. Each studied gene affected a unique set of cerebellar structures. I hypothesize that the results and known behavioural phenotypes of the models are linked, with anatomy contributing to specific behaviours. In the future work section, a surface-based analysis method is presented to investigate the variance in cerebellum foliation across disease models and inbred strains. This work shows that autism risk-genes alter distinct regions of the cerebellum.

Autism and associated gene mutations can be studied with genetic mouse models. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of these animal models quantifies the impact of genetics on brain morphology. Using MRI, three genetic mouse models of autism were imaged: Neuroligin 3 R451C knock-in, Methyl-CpG binding protein-2 308-truncation and Integrin β-3 knock-out. Morphological differences were identified using a newly developed MRI mouse cerebellum atlas. The results show all three genes to alter cerebellar anatomy. Each studied gene affected a unique set of cerebellar structures. I hypothesize that the results and known behavioural phenotypes of the models are linked, with anatomy contributing to specific behaviours. In the future work section, a surface-based analysis method is presented to investigate the variance in cerebellum foliation across disease models and inbred strains. This work shows that autism risk-genes alter distinct regions of the cerebellum.

Chromatin remodeling enzymes are instrumental for neural development as evidenced by their identification as disease genes underlying human disorders characterized by intellectual-disability. In this regard, the murine Snf2h and Snf2l genes show differential expression patterns during embryonic development, with a unique pattern in the brain where Snf2h is predominant in neural progenitors, while Snf2l expression peaks at the onset of differentiation. These observations led me to investigate the role of Snf2h and Snf2l in brain development by using conditionally targeted Snf2h and Snf2l mice. I selectively ablated Snf2h expression in cortical progenitors, cerebellar progenitors, or postmitotic Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum, while Snf2l was deleted in the germline. I found that Snf2h plays diverse roles in neural progenitor expansion and postmitotic gene expression control, while Snf2l is involved in the precise timing of neural differentiation onset. Gene expression studies revealed that Snf2h and Snf2l co-modulate the FoxG1 and En1 transcription factors during cortical and cerebellar neurogenesis, respectively, to precisely control the transition from a progenitor to a differentiated neuron. Moreover, Snf2h is essential for the postmitotic neural activation of the clustered protocadherin genes, and does so by functionally interacting with the matrix-attachment region protein Satb2. My neurobehavioral studies also provided insight into how Snf2h loss in cerebellar progenitors results in cerebellar ataxia, while Snf2h loss in cortical progenitors, or in postmitotic Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum, resulted in learning and memory deficits, and hyperactive-like behavior. Molecularly, Snf2h plays an important role in linker histone H1e dynamics and higher order chromatin packaging, as evidenced by loss of chromatin ultrastructure upon Snf2h deletion in progenitor and postmitotic neurons. I further demonstrated that Snf2h loss in a neuronal cell culture model results in reduced H1e deposition, and that overexpression of human SNF2H or SNF2L upon Snf2h knockdown rescues this biochemical dysfunction. My experiments suggest that Snf2h and Snf2l are regulatory nucleosome remodeling engines that co-modulate the gene expression programs necessary for proper brain development, maturation and function.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2006. / [School of Medicine] Department of Pharmacology. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / "May 2007" The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.