The primary purpose of this thesis was to analyse underlying input-output relationships in paddy farming in Sri Lanka. Cross-section study data involved 107 paddy farms from five major paddy districts. The' period under study was the 1972-73 Maha paddy season. Data collection was based on farm record keeping. Production function analysis was applied in the study. Factor shares and least squares regression methods were used to estimate production functions. Results .from the factor shares method were not completely satisfactory in the context of the study. Accordingly the least squares method assumed most importance in the analysis. Both multi-linear and Cobb-Douglas functions were fitted to the data and the latter gave the best statistical fit. Functional analysis was also used at the regional level. The dummy variable technique and discriminant analysis identified two regions within the main sample. Productivity index comparisons were made among districts composing the two regions. The analysis with respect to the over-all sample indicated the presence of resource mis-allocation on paddy farms. Typical paddy farmers were found to be employing land and draft services efficiently when all other resources remained at geometric mean levels of use. Nevertheless, under similar-conditions of geometric mean level resource use, fertilizer and labour were not used intensively enough. In particular fertilizer was seriously under-utilized. Calculation of expansion path resource combinations and various productivity estimates confirmed these results. Therefore, the analysis showed that paddy output can be increased by more intensive application of fertilizer and labour. The latter calls for intensive practices such as transplanting and manual weeding. But study findings also suggested the existence of labour shortages during peak periods of paddy farming. Marginal productivities of fertilizer and labour in both low and high response designated regions, showed once again that at geometric mean levels of resource application, they were substantially higher than their prices. In the regional analysis the draft service input (including animal and tractor services) was found to be typically over-utilized in the low response region and under-utilized in the high response region. The latter points to a shortage of draft services in the high response region which can act as a constraint to increased paddy production. Expansion path resource combinations were also calculated for each region to act as guide-lines for efficient resource app1i cat ion. Analysis at the district level for ascertaining the productivity of all inputs other than land in paddy farming showed that Polonnaruwa district was twice as productive as Kurunegala district. In the same context Hambantota came close to Polonnaruwa, whereas, Kandy and Colombo closely matched Kurunegala. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

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published_or_final_version / Comparative Asian Studies / Master / Master of Arts

Alek Fraser spent most of his adult life in the world of education in the British colonies. His tenure of office as Principal of Trinity College, Kandy, one of Ceylon's most prestigious schools for boys, ran from 1904 to 1924 and covered a period of immense educational, societal and political change. Fraser's own vision of his task was to create an environment in which indigenous Christianity would develop within the island. For Fraser the whole future of the colony depended upon the success of this venture, the creation of a truly Eastern nation rooted in an indigenous leadership committed to Christianity.

As proantocianidinas da canela são compostos fenólicos responsáveis por diversos efeitos benéficos à saúde atribuídos a essa planta. No entanto, para usufruir desses efeitos, seria necessário consumir grande quantidade da especiaria, que apresenta algumas características sensoriais indesejáveis, como sabor forte e também causam sensação de adstringência. Pensando em resolver esses problemas, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a obtenção do extrato de canela rico em proantocianidinas, sua encapsulação pela técnica de coacervação complexa e aplicação em sorvete. Inicialmente foram otimizadas as condições de processo para a obtenção do extrato com o maior teor de proantocianidinas. Utilizando-se canela em casca triturada, etanol 50% e variando-se condições de temperatura, razão sólido:solvente e tempo, as condições foram otimizadas em: temperatura (60 °C), razão sólido:solvente (1:7,5) e tempo de extração (30 min). Os principais compostos presentes nesse extrato foram isolados em sistema de CLAE e identificados como sendo uma mistura de proantocianidinas com graus de polimerização de 2-4, ácido cinâmico e cinamaldeído. A capacidade antioxidante dessas frações também foi determinada mostrando que as proantocianidinas são as que mais contribuem para esse potencial. O extrato foi seco por atomização e liofilização sendo avaliadas as seguintes propriedades: capacidade antioxidante, atividade inibidora da α-amilase e α-glicosidase e atividade antimicrobiana. Os extratos secos, principalmente o atomizado, apresentaram alta capacidade antioxidante e alto potencial de inibir as enzimas digestivas, porém perderam a capacidade antimicrobiana em relação ao extrato líquido. O extrato atomizado foi encapsulado pela técnica de coacervação complexa utilizando gelatina como polímero anfótero e diferentes polissacarídeos (goma arábica, pectina, goma de cajueiro, carboximetilcelulose e κ-carragena) como polímeros aniônicos. As micropartículas foram caracterizadas em relação a: teor de umidade, atividade de água, higroscopicidade, solubilidade, morfologia, tamanho e distribuição. Houve diferença entre as amostras em todos esses parâmetros avaliados. Foram estudados os espectros de infravermelho dos ingredientes e das partículas obtidas por coacervação, onde foi observada claramente a interação entre a proteína e o polissacarídeo na formação das partículas. As micropartículas foram submetidas a condições de stress em meios aquosos e se mostraram resistentes em diversos valores de pH, temperatura, concentração de sal e sacarose. Durante a estocagem as partículas perderam parte dos fenólicos e proantocianidinas totais e a amostra produzida com gelatina/κ-carragena, foi a que mais preservou esses compostos. Essa amostra também mostrou potencial para ser utilizada como sistema para liberação controlada de compostos fenólicos no intestino. A análise sensorial das amostras de extrato livre e encapsulado comprovou que o processo de encapsulação foi eficiente em mascarar o sabor forte e a sensação de adstringência do extrato de canela. As amostras do extrato de canela encapsulado, aplicadas em sorvete, obtiveram maior aceitação global, foram melhor avaliadas quanto ao sabor e também apresentaram maior intenção de compra pelos provadores em comparação à amostra de sorvete contendo o extrato livre. / Proanthocyanidins from cinnamon are phenolic compounds responsible for many beneficial health effects attributed to this plant. However, to take advantage of these effects, it would be necessary to consume large amount of the spice, which presents some undesirable sensory characteristics such as strong flavor and also cause sensation of astringency. Thinking of solving these problems, this study aimed to obtain a cinnamon extract rich in proanthocyanidins, its encapsulation by complex coacervation technique and application in ice cream. Initially, the conditions were optimized to obtain the extract with higher proanthocyanidins content. Using crushed cinnamon bark, 50% ethanol and varying temperature, solid to solvent ratio and time, the conditions were optimized in: temperature (60 °C) solid:solvente ratio (1:7.5), and time extraction (30 min). The main compound present in this extract were isolated on an HPLC system and identified as a mixture of proanthocyanidins with degrees of polymerisation of 2-4, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid. The antioxidant capacity of these fractions was also determined showing that the proanthocyanidins are the main responsible for this potential. The extract was spray-dried and freeze-dried being evaluated the following properties: antioxidant capacity, inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase and antimicrobial activity. Dried extracts, particularly the atomized one, showed high antioxidant capacity and high potential to inhibit digestive enzymes, but lost antimicrobial capacity in relation to the liquid extract. The atomized extract was encapsulated by the complex coacervation technique using gelatin as a amphoteric polymer and different polysaccharides (gum arabic, pectin, cashew gum, carboxymethylcellulose and κ-carrageenan) as the anionic polymers. The microparticles were characterized in relation to: moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity, solubility, morphology, size and distribution. There were differences between the samples in all of these parameters evaluated. Were studied the infrared spectra of ingredients and particles obtained by coacervation, where it was clearly observed interaction between the protein and the polysaccharide in particle formation. The microparticles were submitted to stress conditions in aqueous media and were resistant to various pH values, temperature, salt concentration and sucrose. During storage, the particles have lost part of phenolics and total proanthocyanidins, and in the sample produced with gelatin/κ-carrageenan, these compounds were more preserved. This sample also showed potential to be used as a system for controlled release of phenolic compounds in the intestine. Sensory analysis of free and encapsulated extract samples proved that the encapsulation process was effective at masking the strong taste and the sensation of astringency of the cinnamon extract. Samples of the encapsulated cinnamon extract, added in ice cream, obtained a greater global acceptance, were further evaluated for flavor and also had a higher purchase intent by the consumers compared to the ice cream containing free extract.

As proantocianidinas da canela são compostos fenólicos responsáveis por diversos efeitos benéficos à saúde atribuídos a essa planta. No entanto, para usufruir desses efeitos, seria necessário consumir grande quantidade da especiaria, que apresenta algumas características sensoriais indesejáveis, como sabor forte e também causam sensação de adstringência. Pensando em resolver esses problemas, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a obtenção do extrato de canela rico em proantocianidinas, sua encapsulação pela técnica de coacervação complexa e aplicação em sorvete. Inicialmente foram otimizadas as condições de processo para a obtenção do extrato com o maior teor de proantocianidinas. Utilizando-se canela em casca triturada, etanol 50% e variando-se condições de temperatura, razão sólido:solvente e tempo, as condições foram otimizadas em: temperatura (60 °C), razão sólido:solvente (1:7,5) e tempo de extração (30 min). Os principais compostos presentes nesse extrato foram isolados em sistema de CLAE e identificados como sendo uma mistura de proantocianidinas com graus de polimerização de 2-4, ácido cinâmico e cinamaldeído. A capacidade antioxidante dessas frações também foi determinada mostrando que as proantocianidinas são as que mais contribuem para esse potencial. O extrato foi seco por atomização e liofilização sendo avaliadas as seguintes propriedades: capacidade antioxidante, atividade inibidora da α-amilase e α-glicosidase e atividade antimicrobiana. Os extratos secos, principalmente o atomizado, apresentaram alta capacidade antioxidante e alto potencial de inibir as enzimas digestivas, porém perderam a capacidade antimicrobiana em relação ao extrato líquido. O extrato atomizado foi encapsulado pela técnica de coacervação complexa utilizando gelatina como polímero anfótero e diferentes polissacarídeos (goma arábica, pectina, goma de cajueiro, carboximetilcelulose e κ-carragena) como polímeros aniônicos. As micropartículas foram caracterizadas em relação a: teor de umidade, atividade de água, higroscopicidade, solubilidade, morfologia, tamanho e distribuição. Houve diferença entre as amostras em todos esses parâmetros avaliados. Foram estudados os espectros de infravermelho dos ingredientes e das partículas obtidas por coacervação, onde foi observada claramente a interação entre a proteína e o polissacarídeo na formação das partículas. As micropartículas foram submetidas a condições de stress em meios aquosos e se mostraram resistentes em diversos valores de pH, temperatura, concentração de sal e sacarose. Durante a estocagem as partículas perderam parte dos fenólicos e proantocianidinas totais e a amostra produzida com gelatina/κ-carragena, foi a que mais preservou esses compostos. Essa amostra também mostrou potencial para ser utilizada como sistema para liberação controlada de compostos fenólicos no intestino. A análise sensorial das amostras de extrato livre e encapsulado comprovou que o processo de encapsulação foi eficiente em mascarar o sabor forte e a sensação de adstringência do extrato de canela. As amostras do extrato de canela encapsulado, aplicadas em sorvete, obtiveram maior aceitação global, foram melhor avaliadas quanto ao sabor e também apresentaram maior intenção de compra pelos provadores em comparação à amostra de sorvete contendo o extrato livre. / Proanthocyanidins from cinnamon are phenolic compounds responsible for many beneficial health effects attributed to this plant. However, to take advantage of these effects, it would be necessary to consume large amount of the spice, which presents some undesirable sensory characteristics such as strong flavor and also cause sensation of astringency. Thinking of solving these problems, this study aimed to obtain a cinnamon extract rich in proanthocyanidins, its encapsulation by complex coacervation technique and application in ice cream. Initially, the conditions were optimized to obtain the extract with higher proanthocyanidins content. Using crushed cinnamon bark, 50% ethanol and varying temperature, solid to solvent ratio and time, the conditions were optimized in: temperature (60 °C) solid:solvente ratio (1:7.5), and time extraction (30 min). The main compound present in this extract were isolated on an HPLC system and identified as a mixture of proanthocyanidins with degrees of polymerisation of 2-4, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid. The antioxidant capacity of these fractions was also determined showing that the proanthocyanidins are the main responsible for this potential. The extract was spray-dried and freeze-dried being evaluated the following properties: antioxidant capacity, inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase and antimicrobial activity. Dried extracts, particularly the atomized one, showed high antioxidant capacity and high potential to inhibit digestive enzymes, but lost antimicrobial capacity in relation to the liquid extract. The atomized extract was encapsulated by the complex coacervation technique using gelatin as a amphoteric polymer and different polysaccharides (gum arabic, pectin, cashew gum, carboxymethylcellulose and κ-carrageenan) as the anionic polymers. The microparticles were characterized in relation to: moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity, solubility, morphology, size and distribution. There were differences between the samples in all of these parameters evaluated. Were studied the infrared spectra of ingredients and particles obtained by coacervation, where it was clearly observed interaction between the protein and the polysaccharide in particle formation. The microparticles were submitted to stress conditions in aqueous media and were resistant to various pH values, temperature, salt concentration and sucrose. During storage, the particles have lost part of phenolics and total proanthocyanidins, and in the sample produced with gelatin/κ-carrageenan, these compounds were more preserved. This sample also showed potential to be used as a system for controlled release of phenolic compounds in the intestine. Sensory analysis of free and encapsulated extract samples proved that the encapsulation process was effective at masking the strong taste and the sensation of astringency of the cinnamon extract. Samples of the encapsulated cinnamon extract, added in ice cream, obtained a greater global acceptance, were further evaluated for flavor and also had a higher purchase intent by the consumers compared to the ice cream containing free extract.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This thesis aims to explore Indian forced migration to the Cape Colony from 1658 to 1834. The forgotten diaspora‘ of its title refers to the first Indians who had come to the shores of South Africa, long before the arrival—between 1860 and 1911—of the indentured Indians. This diaspora has been forgotten, partially because these migrants came as slaves. The author uses data extracted from the newly transcribed Master of the Orphan Chamber (MOOC) series and slave transfers which are housed in the Western Cape Provincial Archives and Records Service (WCARS). The Cape colonial data is considered among the best in the world. Earlier historians such as Victor de Kock, Anna Böeseken, Frank Bradlow and Margaret Cairns, have made us aware of their existence primarily through Transportenkennis and Schepenkennis (transport and shipping information) documents in the Deeds Registry. Not nearly enough, however, is known about these Indian slaves, especially about those who arrived between 1731 and 1834. These lacunae include the number of arrivals; their sex ratios; ages and origins; and the circumstances under which they came. This thesis aims to construct a census of Indian slaves brought to the Cape from 1658 to 1834—along the lines of Philip Curtin's aggregated census of the Trans- Atlantic slave trade, but based on individual case level data coded directly from primary sources. This is the first time the size of the creole population born at the Cape will be established.