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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Magneto-dielectric material characterization and RF antenna design

Han, Kyuhwan 21 September 2015 (has links)
A novel material characterization method for magneto-dielectric composite material was proposed. MD materials have been reported as providing new opportunities for effective antenna size reduction in many studies. Since MD materials have to be realized through material synthesis, an accurate measurement method is required to extract them. The proposed method, cavity perturbation technique using substrate integrated waveguide cavity resonator, has been demonstrated through theories, simulations and measurement that it can be used to extract both electric and magnetic properties of the MD composite material effectively. MD materials using cobalt-fluoropolymer have been synthesized and material design guidelines for antenna applications are also provided. The benefits of using MD materials on antenna miniaturization was also demonstrated by comparing the performance of an antenna on MD material to other antennae on high dielectric constant materials and FR-4 material. Through simulations and measurements, the MD material is a promising solution for next generation smartphone or wearable type applications.
2

COMPUTATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY ON VISCOELASTIC POLYMERS WITH SURFACE FORCES

Bahram Rajabifar (10000826) 19 January 2021 (has links)
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is widely used to study material properties and domain heterogeneity of polymers. In both quasi-static force spectroscopy and dynamic AFM, challenging complexities such as the presence of different effective tip-surface forces, surface dynamics, and material viscoelasticity can occur on polymer samples. Many models that attempt to link experimental observables to contact mechanics fail to rigorously account for these complexities. This may lead to inaccurate and unreliable predictions, especially when examining soft polymers. Therefore, having access to rigorous models that can facilitate the understanding of the underlying phenomena during tip-surface interaction, explain the observations, and make reliable and accurate predictions, is of great interest. Among the previously developed models, Attard et al. proposed a novel non-Hertzian-based model that has a versatile ability to systematically incorporate different linear viscoelasticity constitutive models and surface adhesive forces. However, the implementation of Attard’s model into the AFM framework is challenging.<div><br></div><div>In a series of studies, we improve the computational speed and stability of Attard’s viscoelastic contact model and embed it into an AFM framework by proposing algorithms for three AFM operational modes: tapping mode, bimodal, and peak force tapping. For each mode, the results are successfully verified/validated against other reliable AFM codes, FEM simulations, and experiments. The algorithms’ predictions illustrate how viscoelasticity and surface adhesive hysteresis of polymeric samples is reflected in AFM observables. However, since Attard’s model does not lead to a closed-form solution for tip-surface interaction force, using that to quantify the surface mechanical properties based on the AFM observables is not straightforward. Therefore, we utilize the data analytics-based approaches such as linear regression and machine learning algorithms to enable the material viscoelasticity and adhesive parameters estimation based on the provided instrument observables.<br></div><div><br></div><div>The set of results reported in this thesis improves the current knowledge about complex phenomena that occur during tip-surface interactions, especially on soft-viscoelastic-adhesive polymers. The introduced “improved Attard’s model” fulfills the need for a continuum mechanics viscoelasticity contact model that rigorously captures the complexities of such samples. The viscoelasticity contact model and the proposed inverse solution algorithms in this thesis facilitate quantitative measurement and discrimination of the surface adhesive and viscoelastic properties based on the acquired nanoscale AFM maps of polymeric samples.<br></div>
3

Soil-microbe-volatile organic compound (SMVOC) analysis and authentic science inquiry into gas chromatography for a general chemistry laboratory class

Ruhs, Christopher Vincent 06 August 2011 (has links)
Sound research and effective teaching are both essential to the progress of science. This thesis encompasses two studies to address the two needs: a multi-scale soil study designed to validate a novel soil biological characterization method; and a pilot pedagogical study designed to test the efficacy of authentic science inquiry into gas chromatography. The soil study relies on a comparison of six soils taken from the Bahamas and Michigan. The novel method, using soil-derived VOCs analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), proved effective for resolving soils, as hypothesized, and may prove useful for analyzing soil biology rapidly and non-destructively in future studies. The pilot pedagogical study compares traditional recipe-style instruction with authentic science inquiry in an undergraduate chemistry laboratory class. Pre- and post-assessments of students’ conceptual understanding, retention of terms, and attitude revealed the hypothesized superior efficacy of authentic science inquiry over traditional recipe-style instruction.
4

Development of Characterization methodology for battery research

Rydja, Marcus January 2022 (has links)
Vår tids miljöutmaning att minska mängden klimatförändringar i framtiden har gjort människor mer miljömedvetna. Högpresterande batterier är nu implementerade i många typer av elektroniska enheter och den ökade efterfrågan driver på utvecklingen av ännu bättre batterier. Denna studie syftar till att utvärdera olika mätmetoder för att testa batterier och ge ett förslag på en lämplig mätmetod för forskningsbatterierna vid Miun. Battericellerna tillverkas vid Miun och testas sedan med elektrokemisk impedansspektroskopi och cyklisk voltammetri. Resultaten jämförs sedan mellan de olika metoderna. Studien drar slutsatsen att på grund av stora variationer i mätningarna är metoden att tillverka och/eller testa batterierna bristfällig och att en ny metod behöver utvecklas. Den troliga orsaken till variationerna är olika typer av mekaniska påfrestningar och tryck som verkar vara mycket svåra att kontrollera. Den föreslagna metoden är att bara trycka på cellen och inte på förpackningen. / The environmental challenge of our time to reduce the amount of climate change in the future have made people more environmentally conscious. High-performance batteries are now implemented in many types of electronic devices and the increased demand pushes the development for even better batteries. This study aims to evaluate different measurement methods for testing batteries and give a suggestion of a measuring method suitable for the research batteries at Miun. The battery cells are manufactured at Miun and then tested with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement and cyclic voltammetry. The results are then compared between the different methods. The study concludes that due to high variations in the measurement, the method of making and/or testing the batteries is deficient and that a new method needs to be developed. The likely cause of the variations is various kinds of mechanical strains and pressures that appears to be very hard to control. The suggested method is to only put pressure on the cell and not the packaging.
5

Desenvolvimento e implementação de um sistema de medidas do potencial de superfície efetivo para estudos do aprisionamento de cargas elétricas em filmes poliméricos / Development of a system for measuring surface potentials for the study of electric charge decay in polymer films

Cruz, Jeferson Auto da 30 November 2010 (has links)
O desenvolvimento de piezoeletretos, com estruturas de bolhas pré-moldadas, pelo Grupo de Alta Tensão e Materiais (GATM) da Universidade de São Paulo, abriu novas oportunidades para pesquisas relacionadas com o aprisionamento de cargas elétricas, isto por serem as cargas aprisionadas nas superfícies das bolhas as principais responsáveis pelo desempenho dos piezoeletretos. Logo o objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a influência de alguns fatores externos no aprisionamento de cargas na superfície dos polímeros. E para explorar fatores como temperatura e ação de reagentes químicos utilizados na limpeza dos filmes, foi desenvolvido, baseado no método de sensor capacitivo, um dispositivo capaz de realizar medidas sensíveis de cargas superficiais. Outro objetivo foi a implementação de uma metodologia que permita realizar medidas de forma repetitiva e segura. Por ser o material utilizado no preparo dos piezoeletretos do grupo, o principal polímero estudado neste trabalho foi o Teflon® FEP embora o dispositivo desenvolvido permita as medidas de qualquer material polimérico. / The development of new piezoelectrets with bubbles structures by the High- Voltage and Materials Group (GATM) at University of São Paulo, create new opportunities to investigate external parameters that can affect the charge storage in polymer surfaces, since the efficiency of this piezoelectrets depends on the density of charges trapped on the internal surface of the bubbles. Now the aim of this work is to study the influence of a few external factors on the charges trapped over the polymer surface. To explore factors like temperature, chemical reaction due the sample cleaning, a sensitive charge measurement device based on the capacitor probe method is going to be implemented together with a methodology that allow reproducibility of the measurements. The polymer that is going to be investigated in this work is the Teflon® FEP, the same material used in the preparation of the piezoelectrets by the group. Nevertheless, this research can be extended to order polymeric materials.
6

Inductance dans son environnement : caractérisation des inductances planaires intégrées dans les conditions d'utilisation de l'électronique de puissance / Inductor in its environment : characterization of integrated planar inductors under conditions of use of power electronics

Mbaitelbe, Koularambaye 08 June 2017 (has links)
Dans les applications de l’électronique de puissance, les inductances sont généralement utilisées avec des formes d’ondes triangulaire et rectangulaire. Dans ces conditions, les inductances ne peuvent pas être caractérisées avec des formes d’ondes sinusoïdales. Il existe dans la littérature plusieurs méthodes de caractérisation des inductances. Aucune de ces méthodes ne permet de caractériser les composants magnétiques intégrés dans des conditions compatibles avec les formes d’onde de l’électronique de puissance. Une nouvelle méthode de caractérisation en temps réel convenable aux composants magnétiques planaires intégrées est développée dans cette thèse. Le composant sous test est utilisé dans un convertisseur DC-DC. A partir du courant i(t) et de la tension u(t) relevés à ses bornes, il est possible de déterminer la caractéristique φ(i) du composant. Connaissant le cycle d’hystérésis φ(i), les principaux paramètres du composant tels que la valeur de l’inductance, le niveau de saturation du matériau magnétique, les pertes fer peuvent être déterminées. Il convient de préciser qu’après l’enregistrement de u(t) et de i(t), un traitement des données approprié est effectué pour obtenir des signaux exploitables. L’approche a été testée avec succès sur des inductances discrètes et planaires intégrées pour des fréquences de mesure allant jusqu’au MHz. Nous avons ainsi montré que cette méthode permet de relever des cycles mineurs jusqu’à la saturation du matériau magnétique et de tracer l’évolution de l’inductance en fonction de la composante continue du courant. Les résultats montrent que pour de très faibles courants, on a des fortes valeurs de l’inductance qui sont quasiment constantes, en revanche à des courants moyens, l’inductance diminue fortement et à des forts courants, le circuit magnétique se sature et la valeur de l’inductance devient donc très faible. Cette méthode permet également d’étudier l’évolution des pertes fer dans les mêmes conditions d’utilisation que celles rencontrées en électronique de puissance / In applications of power electronics, inductors are generally used with triangular and rectangular waveforms. In these conditions, inductors cannot be characterized with sinusoidal waveforms. Many methods of characterization are developed, but none of them allow the characterization of integrated magnetic components under conditions compatible with power electronics waveforms. A new real-time characterization method suitable for integrated magnetic components is developed in this thesis. The Device under test is inserted in a DC-DC converter. From u(t) voltage and i(t) current recordings, it is possible to determine the φ(i) hysteresis loop that allows main inductor parameters to be determined: inductance value, core losses, and saturation of the magnetic material. It should be made clear when u(t) and i(t) are recorded, suitable signal processing is completed in order to obtain usable signals. The method has been successfully tested on discrete and integrated inductors with measurement frequencies up to MHz. We have thus shown that this method makes it possible to determine minor loops up to the saturation of the magnetic material and to plot the evolution of the inductance versus the DC bias current.The results show that for very low current values, we have obtained strong values of inductor and these values are constant. However, for the mean current, the inductance value decreases drastically and for strong current values, the magnetic material is saturated which causes very small values of inductor. This method also makes it possible to study the evolution of iron losses under the same conditions of use as those encountered in power electronics
7

Étude des matériaux poreux thermo compressés pour la modélisation des écrans acoustiques automobiles / Study of thermocompressed porous materials for the modeling of automotive acoustic shields

Lei, Lei 06 July 2018 (has links)
Ce travail a été réalisé dans le cadre du projet EcOBEx, qui consiste à réduire le bruit du groupe motopropulseur rayonné à l'extérieur par l'ajout d'écrans acoustiques dans le compartiment moteur du véhicule. Les écrans acoustiques sont fabriqués par thermocompression de matériaux poreux uniformes. Les propriétés et l'épaisseur du matériau évoluent en fonction du degré de compression subit par le matériau. L'objectif de ce travail est de proposer des lois pour prédire l'évolution des propriétés des matériaux à partir du taux de compression et de leurs valeurs initiales avant compression. Dans un premier temps, on s'intéresse aux paramètres du modèle de fluide équivalent de Johnson-Champoux-Allard-Lafarge (JCAL) : porosité, résistivité au passage d'air, tortuosité, longueurs caractéristiques visqueuse et thermique, perméabilité thermique statique. Des expressions analytiques sont proposées pour prédire la variation de ces paramètres en fonction de la compression. Elles sont développées à partir d'un modèle de matériaux fibreux à fibres cylindriques où les variations d'orientation des fibres induites par la thermocompression peuvent être prises en compte. Les résultats sont en bon accord avec les mesures effectuées sur deux types de matériaux (mousse à cellules ouvertes et fibreux). Un modèle empirique généralisé est finalement proposé pour la résistivité au passage d'air. Dans un deuxième temps, on s'attache aux paramètres élastiques dont la connaissance est essentielle pour prendre en compte la vibration du squelette. La méthode expérimentale quasistatique est d'abord appliquée pour étudier l'évolution du module de Young par rapport au taux de compression pour les fibres et les mousses. Une loi de puissance est alors proposée pour prédire ces variations. Enfin, une méthode inverse pour estimer les propriétés élastiques d'un matériau poroélastique orthotrope à partir d'une mesure vibratoire d'un écran tricouche thermo comprimé est proposée. Cette méthode permet de caractériser les propriétés élastiques du matériau poreux dans une situation proche de son application réelle / This work was carried out in the framework of the project EcOBEx, whose main objective was to reduce the passby noise by mean of acoustic shields in the engine compartment of the vehicle. The acoustic shields are manufactured by thermocompression of uniform porous materials. The material’s properties and thickness evolve according to the degree of compression experienced by the material. The objective of this work is to propose some laws to predict the evolution of the materials properties from their initial non compressed values and the compression rate. Firstly, we focus on the parameters of the Johnson-Champoux-Allard-Lafarge (JCAL) equivalent fluid model : porosity, air-flow resistivity, tortuosity, viscous characteristic lengths, thermal characteristic length, static thermal permeability. Some analytical expressions are proposed to predict the variation of these parameters as a function of compression. They are derived from a physical model of cylindrical fibres where the fibre orientation variations induced by the thermocompression can be taken into account. The results are in good agreement with the measurements made two types of materials (open cell foam and fibrous). A generalized empirical model is finally proposed for the air-flow resistivity.In a second part, we focus on the elastic parameters, which are necessary to take into account the vibration of the skeleton. The quasi-static experimental method is first applied to study the evolution of the Young’s modulus along the compression rate for fibrous and open cell foams. A power law is then proposed to predict these variations. Finally, an inverse method for estimating the elastic properties of an orthotropic poro-elastic material from a vibratory measurement of a thermocompressed three layer sandwich structure is proposed. This method allows us to characterize the elastic properties of a porous material in a situation close to its actual application.
8

Desenvolvimento e implementação de um sistema de medidas do potencial de superfície efetivo para estudos do aprisionamento de cargas elétricas em filmes poliméricos / Development of a system for measuring surface potentials for the study of electric charge decay in polymer films

Jeferson Auto da Cruz 30 November 2010 (has links)
O desenvolvimento de piezoeletretos, com estruturas de bolhas pré-moldadas, pelo Grupo de Alta Tensão e Materiais (GATM) da Universidade de São Paulo, abriu novas oportunidades para pesquisas relacionadas com o aprisionamento de cargas elétricas, isto por serem as cargas aprisionadas nas superfícies das bolhas as principais responsáveis pelo desempenho dos piezoeletretos. Logo o objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a influência de alguns fatores externos no aprisionamento de cargas na superfície dos polímeros. E para explorar fatores como temperatura e ação de reagentes químicos utilizados na limpeza dos filmes, foi desenvolvido, baseado no método de sensor capacitivo, um dispositivo capaz de realizar medidas sensíveis de cargas superficiais. Outro objetivo foi a implementação de uma metodologia que permita realizar medidas de forma repetitiva e segura. Por ser o material utilizado no preparo dos piezoeletretos do grupo, o principal polímero estudado neste trabalho foi o Teflon® FEP embora o dispositivo desenvolvido permita as medidas de qualquer material polimérico. / The development of new piezoelectrets with bubbles structures by the High- Voltage and Materials Group (GATM) at University of São Paulo, create new opportunities to investigate external parameters that can affect the charge storage in polymer surfaces, since the efficiency of this piezoelectrets depends on the density of charges trapped on the internal surface of the bubbles. Now the aim of this work is to study the influence of a few external factors on the charges trapped over the polymer surface. To explore factors like temperature, chemical reaction due the sample cleaning, a sensitive charge measurement device based on the capacitor probe method is going to be implemented together with a methodology that allow reproducibility of the measurements. The polymer that is going to be investigated in this work is the Teflon® FEP, the same material used in the preparation of the piezoelectrets by the group. Nevertheless, this research can be extended to order polymeric materials.
9

Contribution à la conception, par validation numérique et expérimentale, et l’optimisation pour l’aéronautique de contacteur hybride haute tension DC / Contribution to the design, by numerical and experimental validation, and optimization for aeronautics of DC high-voltage hybrid contactor

Buffo, Marc 22 February 2018 (has links)
Le concept de l'avion plus électrique a pour but de remplacer les différents types de transmissions de puissance aéronautique par des transmissions électriques. Le réseau électrique doit donc évoluer. Ce concept a inspiré le projet AEROCOTS dont une partie est la modification du moyen de coupure en un contacteur hybridé avec un circuit électrique. Afin de mieux comprendre ce qui se passe aux bornes du contacteur et vérifier qu'il n'y a pas apparition d'arc électrique, une méthode de caractérisation est employée pour obtenir un modèle complet du contacteur paramétré. Deux circuits électriques sont étudiés et l'absence d'un arc est vérifiée. Leur principe est de réduire à zéro le courant avant l'ouverture du contacteur. Leurs fonctionnements et leurs modèles sont vérifiés expérimentalement. Le choix du second circuit est justifié par un contrôle du courant à ouvrir. Une optimisation évolutionnaire, principe de la théorie de Darwin, est réalisée pour répondre aux objectifs aéronautiques / The main goal of the more electrical aircraft is to substitute the different kind of transmission for the aeronautical power by electrical transmissions. The electric network has to evolve. This concept inspires the project AEROCOTS, which a part lies in the modification of the breaking means thanks to a hybrid contactor with an electrical circuit. To better understand what occurs between the contacts of the contactor and verified the absence of an electrical arc, a characterization method is employed to have a complete parameterized model of a contactor. Two electrical circuits are studied and the absence of an arc is verified. Their principle is to reduce to zero the current before the opening of the contactor. Their functioning and their models are experimentally verified. The choice of the second circuit is justified by a control of the opening current. An evolutionary algorithm, principle of the Darwin's theory, is realized to answer to the aeronautical objectives
10

Development of a low-cost in-situ material characterization method and experimental studies of smart composite structures / Développement d'une méthode de caractérisation de matériaux in situ à faible coût et études expérimentales de structures composites intelligentes

Chen, Xianlong 12 March 2019 (has links)
Les structures composites intégrant des transducteurs piézoélectriques au cœur de la matière sont utilisées pour leur capacité à modifier leurs propriétés mécaniques en fonction de l’environnement, à contrôler leur intégrité structurale et à interagir avec l’homme ou avec d’autres structures.Ce travail se concentre sur les phases de conception préliminaire des structures composites intelligentes. Ces phases ne représentent que 5% du coût total d’un projet, mais conditionnent 80% du coût final du produit. Les principaux problèmes rencontrés lors de ces phases de conception préliminaire portent sur la détermination des propriétés matériau des transducteurs piézoélectriques et des matériaux composites utilisés, de l'influence de l'emplacement des transducteurs dans la structure ainsi que de l’influence du processus de fabrication, de la température et des endommagements sur le comportement final des structures composites intelligentes.Dans le processus de fabrication développé à l’Université de Technologies Belfort-Montbéliard (UTBM), l’élément-clé est un produit semi-fini appelé “soft layer”. Cette couche permet d’intégrer le réseau de transducteurs piézoélectriques au cœur de la structure composite. Le processus de fabrication de la “soft layer” ainsi que celui des structures intelligentes sont abordés dans cette thèse.Afin de trouver des solutions aux problèmes décrits ci-dessus, deux méthodes de caractérisation de composites intelligents ou adaptatifs sont présentées et utilisées : la méthode dite Resonalyser et la méthode du temps de vol. Après des études expérimentales et une comparaison des résultats obtenus, la méthode du temps de vol a été choisie comme méthode principale en raison de son faible coût de mise en œuvre et du fait qu’il s’agit d’une méthode de caractérisation in-situ. De plus, une nouvelle méthode appelée méthode CMB, basée sur la méthode du temps de vol a été développée afin de pouvoir facilement et rapidement extraire les constantes élastiques, en particulier le coefficient de Poisson.Des analyses expérimentales de sensibilité appliquées aux composites adaptatifs ont été effectuées.Premièrement, l’étude de l’influence de l’emplacement des transducteurs démontre qu’il est nécessaire de tenir compte de la position de la “soft layer” dans la modélisation du comportement de produit final. La position de cette couche dans l’épaisseur du produit a une influence notable sur les fréquences propres ainsi que les amplitudes modales de la structure. Cependant, l’ajout de la “soft layer” n’accroît pas le taux d’amortissement de la structure finale; et sa position dans l’épaisseur n’a aucune influence sur ce taux d’amortissement. La propagation des ondes de Lamb à l’intérieur du composite n’est pas impactée par le “soft layer”.Deuxièmement, l’étude de l’impact du processus de la fabrication nous renseigne sur l’influence notable des divers paramètres de réglage du processus de fabrication sur le comportement final de la structure composite intelligente.Troisièmement, l’étude de l’influence de la température sur des structures constituées de différents matériaux composites montre que le module de Young du produit final décroît quand la température augmente. Mais la diminution du module de Young en fonction de la température est différente selon les et les types de matériaux et les directions des fibres, en particulier pour les structures composites unidirectionnelles. De plus, cette étude montre également la sensibilité de la méthode du temps de vol vis-à-vis de la température. Ce dernier point est par ailleurs consolidé par la comparaison avec des résultats obtenus par une méthode de caractérisation ex-situ standard : l'analyse dynamique de la mécanique (DMA).Enfin, l'étude de l'impact des dommages mécaniques fournit une assez bonne référence pour les recherches futures. De cette façon, il est clair qu’une méthode de temps de vol peut être utilisée dans la surveillance de la santé structurale. / The composite structures embedding piezoelectric implants are developed due to their abilities of modifying mechanical properties according to the environment, of keeping their integrity, of interacting with human beings or with other structures.This study is focused on the preliminary design stages of smart composite structures, which represent only 5% of the total costs of a project, whereas 80% of the life cycle cost are set during the preliminary study phases. The top few problems during the preliminary design of smart composite structures are addressed in this work such as the determination of the material properties of the piezoelectric transducers and composite material used, the influence of transducers location, manufacturing process, temperature and damage on the behavior of the smart composite structures.Due to the manufacturing process developed at the Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard (UTBM), the most important element is a semi-finished product called “soft layer”. This special layer is used to embed the transducers system into the composite structures. The manufacturing process of “soft layer” as well as the smart composite structures are compiled in this report.In order to solve the problems described above, two characterization methods of composite material (Resonalyser method and Time-of-Flight method (T-o-F method)), are introduced and discussed. After experimental studies and comparing the results of these two methods, the T-o-F method is chosen as the main method for the following studies due to the fact that it is a low-cost and in-situ characterization method. Furthermore, a new method based on the T-o-F method is developed to easily and quickly extract the elastic constants, in particular the Poisson’s ratio.Experimental sensitivity analyses applied to the smart composite structures are performed with respect to the problems describes above. First of all, the study of the influence of transducers location demonstrates that the "soft layer” cannot be neglected to model the behavior of the final product. In particular, the through-the-thickness position has an influence on the eigenfrequencies and the modal amplitudes. However, the "soft layer” does not increase the overall damping ratio of the final structures and the through-the-thickness position of the "soft layer” has no influence on the damping ratios. The Lamb wave propagation inside the composite material is not impacted by the "soft layer”. Secondly, the study of the impact of manufacturing process demonstrates that the impact of variability of parameters due to the manufacturing process is very important on the final response of the structure. Thirdly, the study of the influence of temperature on different kinds of smart composite structures proves that when temperature increases, the Young’s modulus of the smart composites decreases. But the attenuation of Young’s modulus according to temperature is different along different fiber directions, especially for the unidirectional composite structures. Furthermore, in this study, the sensitivity of Time-of-Flight method with respect to temperature is well proved by comparing the results with a traditional method like Dynamic-Mechanical Analysis (DMA). Last but not least, the study of the impact of the mechanical damage gives a quite good reference for the future investigations. Along this way, it is possible to use a Time-of-Flight method in Structural Health Monitoring. In addition, some smart composite structures manufactured by the research team are given and their potential applications are discussed.

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