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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Návrh mobilního robotu s uživatelským rozhraním využívajícím rozšířenou realitu / Design of a mobile robot with an augmented reality user interface

Adámek, Roman January 2019 (has links)
This thesis deals with the design and construction of a four-wheeled mobile robot designed for an interactive exhibit and educational purposes. This robot is capable of wireless image transmission and manipulation with objects. In addition, this thesis deals with the construction of a charging station and user interface for controlling the robot which contains elements of augmented reality and minigames.
32

On Electrification of Heavy-Duty Trucks : A Grid Impact Analysis of Grid Integration of a High-Power Charging Station

Arvidsson, Maria January 2022 (has links)
The Swedish transport sector will need to undergo a major restructuring to achieve the established climate and environmental goals. The biggest change is that fossil fuels will be phased out and a larger part of the vehicle fleet will be electrified. This study deals with the electrification of heavy-duty trucks and how high-power charging stations affect the local electricity grid. Charging of heavy-duty trucks depends largely on the logistics of the transport system, which reduces the demand flexibility of power. High-power charging entails a risk of increased power peaks, which can affect the bus-voltage profiles, losses and loads on grid components. This thesis has been conducted as general study based on the case with the high-power charging station at Vädermotet in the area Hisingen of Gothenburg. The purpose was to build a generic model of the electricity grid at Hisingen and then investigate the consequences of high-power charging for the grid for two charging scenarios: the first scenario with four ABB Terra 360 chargers, and the second scenario with six ABB Terra 360 chargers and one MCS. The electricity network model and simulations were performed in PSS®SINCAL. The two charging scenarios, as well as the scenario before chargers were installed, were then simulated for three different system-load cases: maximum, average, and low load. The results showed that high-power charging of trucks had the biggest impacts for the voltage profiles during the case of low load. For the medium load and maximum load cases, the effect of the high-power charge decreased. Furthermore, electricity network losses increased for the low load case, but decreased slightly for the average and maximum load case. The reason was a more even load balance between the bus that connected the charging station to the grid and the rest of the network for the average and maximum load cases. In summary, the study indicated that grid implementation of a high-power charging station will have consequences for the local power system. However, the magnitude of the effects is not validated and can therefore only be regarded as indications. The outcome can be partly explained by the assumptions and simplifications of the model compared to the real system.
33

Maximum flow-based formulation for the optimal location of electric vehicle charging stations

Parent, Pierre-Luc 08 1900 (has links)
Due à l’augmentation de la force des changements climatiques, il devient critique d’éliminer les combustibles fossiles. Les véhicules électriques sont un bon moyen de réduire notre dépendance à ces matières polluantes, mais leur adoption est généralement limitée par le manque d’accessibilité à des stations de recharge. Dans cet article, notre but est d’agrandir l’infrastrucure liée aux stations de recharge pour fournir une meilleure qualité de service aux usagers (et une meilleure accessibilité aux stations). Nous nous attaquons spéficiquement au context urbain. Nous proposons de représenter un modèle d’assignation de demande de recharge à des stations sous la forme d’un problème de flux maximum. Ce modèle nous sert de base pour évaluer la satisfaction des usagers étant donné l’infrastruture disponible. Par la suite, nous incorporons le model de flux maximum à un programme en nombre entier mixte qui a pour but d’évaluer l’installation de nouvelles stations et d’étendre leur disponibilité en ajoutant plus de bornes de recharge. Nous présentons notre méthodologie dans le cas de la ville de Montréal et montrons que notre approche est en mesure résoudre des instances réalistes. Nous concluons en montrant l’importance de la variation dans le temps et l’espace de la demande de recharge lorsque l’on résout des instances de taille réelle. / With the increasing effects of climate change, the urgency to step away from fossil fuels is greater than ever before. Electric vehicles (EVs) are one way to diminish these effects, but their widespread adoption is often limited by the insufficient availability of charging stations. In this work, our goal is to expand the infrastructure of EV charging stations, in order to provide a better quality of service in terms of user satisfaction (and availability of charging stations). Specifically, our focus is directed towards urban areas. We first propose a model for the assignment of EV charging demand to stations, framing it as a maximum flow problem. This model is the basis for the evaluation of the user satisfaction by a given charging infrastructure. Secondly, we incorporate the maximum flow model into a mixedinteger linear program, where decisions on the opening of new stations and on the expansion of their capacity through additional outlets is accounted for. We showcase our methodology for the city of Montreal, demonstrating the scalability of our approach to handle real-world scenarios. We conclude that considering both spacial and temporal variations in charging demand is meaningful when solving realistic instances.
34

Electric Vehicle Charging Network Design and Control Strategies

Wu, Fei January 2016 (has links)
No description available.
35

Koncept rychlonabíjecí stanice pro elektromobily s akumulací / Concept of Fast Charging Station with Accumulation for Electric Vehicles

Miškovský, Ján January 2017 (has links)
Main purpose of the thesis is the creation of a concept a fast-charging station associated with accumulation that uses renewable source. The introduction of the thesis describes a standard that specifies the charge of electric vehicles using direct and alternating current as well. It depicts an overview of using charging connectors. The first part also deals with overview of the technology of renewable sources and exploitation energy storage system for charging station. The second part introduces the theoretical basement for mathematical model of the charging station in Matlab/Simulink. The function of model station is verified by a physical laboratory model. For options verification of the connection station to the distribution net is created simulation of voltage losses in Matlab/Simulink. The thesis shows four 24 hours’ scenarios that have been simulated. According to the assumptions of simulation, the technology of station and connecting component is suggested. Next is the designed energy and financial analysis of the project charging station until 2030.
36

Elbilsladdnings påverkan på elnätet : Simuleringar av Gävles lokala elnät med olika laddningsmönster

Löfgren, Louise January 2021 (has links)
Transportsektorn står inför en omställning från förbränningsfordon till eldrivna fordon. Detta är en åtgärd för att minska koldioxidutsläppet inom transportsektorn och därmed reducera klimatpåverkan. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur en ökad effektanvändning i form av elbilsladdning påverkar Gävles lokala elnät samt hur olika laddtekniker påverkar elnätet. Bakgrunden till studien grundar sig att elnätsföretaget vill öka medvetenheten om hur elnätets beredskap ser ut för en ökad elbilsladdning. Att undersöka elbilsladdningens påverkan på elnätet är av stor nytta för elnätsföretaget, men även andra som undersöker elbilsladdnings påverkan i elnätet kan ha användning för studien. Ämnet elbilsladdning är mycket aktuellt och många studier undersöker olika delar som berör elbilsladdning. Tidigare studier undersöker även olika typer av laddtekniker och hur smart laddning minska påverkan i elnätet. Smart laddning kan anpassa elbilsladdningen genom att styra den efter olika styrsignaler och sammankoppla hela elnätet. Denna studie undersöker delar av Gävles lokala elnät genom att simulera befintliga mätvärden lågspänningsnätet samt olika typer av elbilsladdning. Studien analyserar effektanvändningen av befintliga mätdata samt belastningsström och spänningsfall i elnätet med varierande lastprofiler i fyra olika områden. Resultatet för denna studie visar att elbilsladdning påverkar elnätet, vilket beror på vilken typ av laddteknik som används samt dimensioneringen av elnätet. Studien visar att elanvändningen i området idag har effekttoppar på eftermiddag och kväll när kunderna består av villakunder men att effekttoppen kan vara mitt på dagen där det finns industrier. Med elbilsladdning ökar belastningen samt spänningsfallet i nätet och en del av säkringarna i nätet löser ut. Laddning med 11 kW mellan kl. 16:00-19:00 samt laddning med effektvakt på 13,8 kW ger störst belastning och spänningsfall. Laddning utan styrning är den laddteknik som påverkar elnätet mest men laddning med effektvakt orsakar också problem. Laddning med 5,5 kW mellan kl. 23:00-06:00 samt när endast 50% av alla kunder laddar med 11 kW mellan kl. 16:00-19:00 är de scenarion som påverkar elnätet minst. Laddning med en låg effekt under natten när grundlasten är som lägst är den laddteknik som är mest gynnsam för elnätet. Studien visar även att nätet klarar en högre belastning av elbilsladdning inom en snar framtid om endast en del av kunderna i nätet använder elfordon. / The transport sector is facing a transition from combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles. Through this action the carbon dioxide emissions in the transport sector can be reduced. The purpose of this study is to observe how an increased power use from electric vehicle charging (EVC) affects the local electricity grid in Gävle. The study also addresses how different charging techniques affect the electricity grid. The background of this study is to the increase awareness of the capacity of the electricity grid. There is a need from the electricity grid company to look over the impact on the grid from EVC. This could also be useful for others looking over the impact on the electricity grid from EVC. This is a hot topic and lots of other studies look over the different aspects of EVC. Previous studies also examine different types of charging techniques and how smart charging reduces the negative impact on the electricity grid. Smart charging is a way to adjust the EVC by regulating it after different parameters and connecting the entire electrical grid. This study simulates existing measured values of the low-voltage grid in Gävle and various types of EVC. This study examines the power use of existing measurement data as well as load current and voltage drops in the electricity grid with different load profiles in four different areas. Results from this study shot that EVC affects the electricity grid, to what extent depends on the type of charging technology used and the dimensions of the electricity grid. The study shows that electricity use in the area has power peaks in the afternoon and evening with residential customers, but power peaks tend to be in the middle of the day if there are industries in the area. EVC increase the load on the electricity grid, causes voltage drops and a few fuses in the grid to be triggered. Charging with 11 kW between 16:00-19:00 and charging with a power monitor of 13.8 kW create the greatest voltage drops and highest load on the grid. Charging without means of control affects the electricity grid the most but charging with a power monitor also creates problems. Charging with 5.5 kW between 23:00-06:00 as well as when only 50 % of all customers charge with 11 kW between 16:00-19:00 impacts the grid the least. Charging with low power during the night when the base load is at its lowest is the charging technology that is most favorable for the electricity grid. Results also show that the grid can handle a higher load of EVC in the near future if only some of the customers in the network start using electric vehicles.
37

Extension of low voltage distribution by pure DC or mixed AC/DC parts for integration of solar PV and EV charging

Jiang, Sofie January 2022 (has links)
This work examines the local distribution system in two residential areas in two Swedish towns, Oxelösund and Karlskrona, and studies how integration of PV systems and electric vehicle (EV) charging stations (CS) will affect the present distribution system. The research questions focus on the economic feasibility of a LVDC system, how it compares to a traditional LVAC (low voltage alternating current) system from an economic and technical perspective, and the possibilities a LVDC system brings to other DC component applications. The Swedish government aims to have a fossil-free vehicle fleet by 2030 and one of the measures is no fossil-fuel burning vehicle will be produced and sold in Sweden. This means the number of CS, and the charging infrastructure around these, need to be developed, to contribute to this goal and sustain this transformation. A connected issue is that updates on the regulations for non concession-regulated networks (IKN) in January 2022 extended the basic preconditions and allows possibilities for energy sharing between buildings. The new regulations are also in favor of micro-production and contribute to more decentralised systems. Connections of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) to the distribution system are expected to increase in the coming years. Grid-connected solar PV systems in Sweden have increased by 56% between 2019 and 2020, and at the same time EVs are becoming more apparent on the roads. These DC-(direct current) based technologies, and the possible need to strengthen local networks to accommodate new sources and loads, are bringing new opportunities for low voltage direct current (LVDC) based distribution systems. To answer the research questions, two different models with different concepts, parallel pure DC and parallel AC/DC, were built in simulation software. The conclusion of this study is that a traditional LVAC system is preferable over pure DC system from both economic and technical perspective for already connected areas, such as the two areas in this project. A parallel pure DC system might be preferable in newly built areas with substantial PV and EV, where exchange is wanted between buildings with separate AC grid connections. / Detta examnesarbetet undersöker det lokala distributionssystemet i två bostadsområden, i Oxelösund och Karlskrona. Arbetet fokuserar på hur (nya) anslutningar av solceller och laddstationer för elfordon (CS) kommer att påverka det nuvarande distributionsnätet i områdena. Forskningsfrågorna fokuserar på den ekonomiska genomförbarheten av ett LVDC-system, och hur det är jämfört med ett traditionellt LVAC-system (lågspänningsväxelström) ur ett ekonomiskt och tekniskt perspektiv, samt vilka möjligheter ett LVDC-system kan bidra med till andra DC-komponenttillämpningar. Den svenska regeringen ämnar ha en fossilfri fordonsflotta år 2030 och en av åtgärderna till målet är att sluta producera och sälja fossildrivna fordon i Sverige. Det innebär att antalet CS samt en laddingsinfrastruktur behöver utvecklas för att kunna bidra till målet och upprätthålla omställningen. De senaste uppdateringarna i regelverket för icke koncessionspliktiga nät (IKN) i januari 2022 vidgade de grundläggande förutsättningarna och bidrog till större möjligheter till energidelning mellan flera huskroppar. Det nya regelverket gynnar mikroproduktion och bidrar också till mer decentraliserade system. Anslutningar av RES till distributionsnätet förväntas öka under de kommande åren. Nätanslutna solcellsanläggningar i Sverige ökade med 56% mellan 2019 och 2020, samtidigt som det blir fler och fler elbilar på vägarna. Dessa DC-(likströms) baserade teknik kan öppna upp nya möjligheter för ett lågspänningslikström- (LVDC) baserad distributionssystem. För att besvara forskningsfrågorna byggdes två olika modeller med olika koncept, parallell ren DC och parallell AC/DC i simuleringsprogram. Slutsatsen av denna studien är att ett traditionellt LVAC-system är att föredra framför rent DC-system ur både ekonomiskt och tekniskt perspektiv för redan anslutna områden, som de två områdena i detta projekt. Ett parallellt rent DC-system kan vara att föredra i oanslutna områden, dvs nya bostadsområden under utveckling.
38

Optimisation of charging strategies and energy storage operation for a solar driven charging station

Gong, Jindan January 2019 (has links)
The Swedish energy sector is undergoing transformational changes. Along with a rapid growth of renewables and a shift towards electromobility, the transformation is expected to bring challenges to the power system in terms of grid instability and capacity deficiency. Integrating distributed renewable electricity production into the electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure is a promising solution to overcome those challenges. The feasibility of implementing such a charging infrastructure system in northern Sweden is however uncertain, as the solar resources are scarce in the long winter period. This study aims to maximise the value of a solar powered EV charging station, placed in a workplace environment in Umeå. An integrated system model of the charging station is developed, comprising separate models of a solar PV system, a battery energy storage system (BESS), the workplace EV fleet and the building Växthuset, onto which the charging station will be installed. Three scenarios are developed to study the charging station’s system performance under different EV charging strategies and BESS dispatch strategies. Two additional scenarios are developed to study the potential grid services that the charging station can provide in the winter period. A techno-economic assessment is performed on each scenario’s simulation results, to measure their effect on the charging station’s value. It involves analysing the charging station’s profitability and how well the BESS is utilised by the end of a ten-year project period. The charging station’s grid impact is further assessed by its self-consumption of solar power, peak power demand and the grid energy exchange. The assessed charging station values indicate that the overall grid impact was reduced with dynamic EV charging strategies and that the BESS capacity utilisation was strongly influenced by its dispatch strategy. The charging station further implied a net capital loss under the explored scenarios, even while the dynamic charging strategies brought by a slightly increased economic value. Moreover, the studied winter scenarios showed a great potential for the charging station to provide ancillary services to the local distribution grid while maintaining an efficient BESS capacity utilisation. The winter period’s peak power demand was significantly reduced by optimising the BESS operation to shift peaks in the building’s load profile, and peaks caused by the additional EV charging demand and the EV heaters, to off-peak hours. On this basis, future research is recommended for improved simulations of the charging station operation and to study additional value-added features that the solar driven charging station can bring. / Sveriges energisystem genomgår en omfattande omställning. Förändringar i form av en ökad andel förnybar elproduktion och elektrifieringen av transportsektorn förväntas medföra stora utmaningar för elsystemets nätstabilitet och överföringskapacitet. Att integrera in distribuerad, förnybar elproduktion som en del av laddinfrastrukturen för elfordon ställer sig som en lovande lösning för att möta de väntande utmaningarna. Möjligheterna att tillämpa en sådan lösning i norra Sverige är däremot mindre självklara, då solresurserna är knappa under vintertid. Det här examensarbetet syftar till att maximera nyttan av en soldriven laddstation för elbilar, placerad på ett arbetsplatsområde i Umeå. En integrerad energisystemmodell av laddstationen har skapats, bestående av systemmodeller av solpaneler, ett batterienergilager, arbetsplatsens elbilsflotta samt byggnaden Växthuset, som laddstationen ska anslutas till. Tre scenarier har utformats för att undersöka hur laddstationens prestanda förändras beroende på olika laddstrategier för elbilarna och batterienergilagrets styrning. Ytterligare två scenarier har utvecklats för att utforska möjliga nättjänster som laddstationen kan bistå med under vintertid. Laddstationens värde har vidare bedömts utifrån systemets prestanda i de olika scenarierna. Bedömningen grundar sig på laddstationens lönsamhet och hur välutnyttjat batterienergilagret är efter en kalkylperiod på 10 år, samt på specifika påverkansfaktorer på elnätet. Faktorerna omfattar konsumtionen av egenproducerad el, toppeffektuttaget och nätöverföringarna orsakade av laddstationen. Från värderingen av laddstationen framgår det att de dynamiska laddstrategierna ledde till en, överlag, minskad påverkan på elnätet samt att styrningen av batterienergilagret hade stor inverkan på dess utnyttjandegrad. Laddstationens nettonuvärde förblev negativt i de tre scenarierna, även om de dynamiska laddstrategierna, ökade dess ekonomiska värde till en viss del. Vidare tyder simuleringen av vinterscenarierna på att det finns en stor potential för laddstationen att erbjuda tjänster för lokalnätet och samtidigt nyttiggöra sig av batterienergilagret. Växthusets toppeffektuttag reducerades märkbart genom att optimera batteristyrningen till att flytta effekttoppar orsakade av Växthusets ellastkurva eller elbilarnas laddning och uppvärmning, till de timmar där lasten var lägre. Med detta i bakgrund föreslås vidare studier som fokuserar på den integrerade energisystemmodellen för att förbättra simuleringarna, samt att undersöka möjligheterna till att erbjuda fler nättjänster, som ökar laddstationens mervärde.
39

Designing Electric Vehicle Charging Station Information

Algvere, Caroline January 2020 (has links)
The electric vehicle industry is under rapid development and the fleet of chargeable cars in society is increasing fast. As a result, a high demand for public chargers has emerged. Simultaneous to the expansion of the electric vehicle fleet and charging infrastructure the power grid is occasionally highly strained. Additionally, factors like cities expanding and the digitization of society also have a large effect on the power grid. This master's thesis investigates the characteristics of electric vehicle users and presents a prototype of an information display for electric vehicle charging stations. The design is is based on the user studies and founded in theory about sustainable user behaviour with the goal of encouraging behaviours that minimize the strain on the local power grid of Uppsala. It concerns the research topic of how to design for sustainable behaviour and address research questions of how to design electric vehicle charging station information to communicate multiple charging alternatives to a broad variety of users. The work reveals that electric vehicle users suffer from the charging infrastructure being underdeveloped, feel frustration towards payment solutions available and lack information regarding electric vehicle use. Also, electric vehicle user's common passion for tech and environmental consciousness are revealed in the study. These facts are used as the foundation for the mobile application design prototype suggested.
40

Decarbonizing Public Bus Transport – a case study on Curitiba, Brazil

Düllmann Vasques Pereira, Joana Lena January 2018 (has links)
Air pollution is becoming a major issue in cities across the world, its common cause being the use of fossil fuel combustion engines in both private and collective transport modes. However, alternative technologies, such as biofuels, hybrid and battery electric vehicles, are on the rise. The objective of this thesis is to assess the optimal system’s configuration – a combination of electric traction and the use of biofuels – in a sub-group of Curitiba’s public bus network through the application of two optimisation models – least energy consumption and least cost. Based on these models, total energy, cost and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be calculated for different scenarios to identify the advantages of switching to a low-carbon system. Furthermore, these models can be used by planners and decision makers as a starting point in defining the path towards a cleaner transport system. The results from the energy optimisation indicate that electrification is key in reducing total energy consumption, as this technology is by far the most energy efficient. A 12% reduction could be achieved, when compared to the current scenario (only using diesel B7), and CO2 emissions could be cut by 74%. The cost optimisation shows that electrification is not yet cost competitive compared to other biofuels (biodiesel, bioethanol and biogas), as biodiesel is the only technology selected by the model due to its overall lower cost. Nonetheless, if electricity costs are reduced, which can be achieved, for example, through a reduction or abolition of taxes, electrification becomes an attractive alternative to biofuels. Under these conditions (40% lower electricity price), energy consumption is reduced by 5% and GHG emissions are cut down to 30%. Political will and strategies to decrease the cost of vehicles turn out to be essential in supporting electrification in public transport. Furthermore, adaptations in the time schedules and the organisation of the main transport hubs are required to accommodate battery electric buses.  The number of fast charging stations is usually on a par with the number of bus routes to be electrified. Cost synergies achieved by sharing the cost of a charger among electrified routes with a common start/end stop are crucial to secure the attractiveness of e-mobility. This underlines the importance of analysing infrastructure needs in public transport networks holistically. / A poluição atmosférica é um problema sério em praticamente todas as grandes cidades do mundo, sendo a sua origem mais comum, o uso de combustíveis fósseis em motores de combustão, tanto em veículos de uso privado como em veículos de transporte coletivo. No entanto, tecnologias alternativas, tais como o uso de biocombustíveis, e a utilização de veículos híbridos e elétricos, estão em expansão. Esta tese tem como objectivo avaliar a configuração ideal do sistema, utilizando, num subgrupo da rede de transportes de Curitiba, uma combinação de tração elétrica e de uso de biocombustíveis. Esta avalição é feita através da aplicação de dois modelos de optimização: menor consumo energético e menor custo global. Com base nestes dois modelos, o consumo energético e os custos globais, bem como as emissões de gases de efeito de estufa (GEE), podem ser calculados para os diferentes cenários, de modo a se identificarem as vantagens da transição para um sistema de baixo carbono. Acresce que estes dois modelos podem ser usados por planeadores e decisores, como ponto de partida na definição do caminho a seguir para a transição para um sistema de transporte mais ecológico. Os resultados da otimização do consumo energético, indicam que a eletrificação é fundamental para reduzir o consumo total de energia, pois esta tecnologia é, de longe, a mais eficiente em termos energéticos. Uma redução do consumo total de energia em 12% poderá ser alcançada em relação ao cenário actual (que use apenas o diesel B7) e as emissões de CO2 poderão ser reduzidas em 74%. Na otimização de custos, os resultados mostram que a eletrificação ainda não é competitiva em termos de custos, quando comparada com o uso de biocombustíveis (biodiesel, bioetanol e biogas), uma vez que o biodiesel é a única tecnologia selecionada pelo modelo por ter menores custos associados. No entanto, se os custos da eletricidade forem reduzidos, nomeadamente, através da diminuição ou supressão de impostos, a eletrificação torna-se uma solução atrativa. Numa situação de redução do preço da energia elétrica em 40 %, o consumo de energia é reduzido em 5% e as emissões de GEE são reduzidas para 30%. Vontade política e estratégias destinadas a diminuir o custo dos veículos elétricos, tornam-se essenciais para promover a eletrificação dos transportes públicos. Acresce que, a adaptação dos horários e a organização dos principais terminais de transporte, são necessários para possibilitar a  operacionalidade dos ônibus elétricos. De acordo com os resultados dos dois modelos, o número de estações de recarga rápida é aproximadamente igual ao número de rotas de ônibus a serem eletrificadas. A redução de custos alcançada, partilhando um carregador entre rotas electrificadas com paragens inicial/final comuns, é crucial para garantir a atratividade da mobilidade eléctrica. Isto sublinha a importância dos benefícios de uma análise holística da infrastrutura de recarga nas redes de transporte público coletivo. / Luftföroreningar är en stor utmaning i städer runt om i  världen. Den gemensamma orsaken är användningen av förbränningsmotorer med fossila bränslen i både privata och kollektiva transportsätt. Dock alternativt teknik, såsom biobränslen, hybrid- och batterielektriska fordon, har uppmärksammats och deras användning ökar. Syftet med denna avhandling är att bedöma det optimala systemets konfiguration - en kombination av elektrisk drivkraft  och användningen av biobränslen - i Curitibas allmänna bussnät genom tillämpning av två optimeringsmodeller – en som minimiserar  energiförbrukning och en som minimizerar kostnader. Baserat på dessa modeller, de totala utsläpp och energiförbrukningen, samt deras respektiva kostnader kan beräknas för olika scenarier. På detta sätt  fördelarna med att byta till ett kolfrisystem identifieras. Dessutom kan dessa modeller användas av planerare och beslutsfattare som utgångspunkt för att definiera strategier mot en renare transportsystem. Resultaten från energioptimering indikerar att elektrifiering är nyckeln till att minska  systemets energiförbrukning, eftersom denna teknik är överlägset mest energieffektiv. En minskning på 12% skulle kunna uppnås, jämfört med det utgångsscenariot (endast med diesel B7) och koldioxidutsläppen skulle kunna minska med 74%. Kostnadsoptimeringen visar att elektrifiering ännu inte är kostnadseffektiv jämfört med andra biobränslen (biodiesel, bioetanol och biogas). I detta scenario är biodiesel den enda tekniken som valts av modellen på grund av dess lägre kostnad. Men om elkostnaderna minskas blir elektrifiering ett attraktivt alternativ till biobränslen. Detta skulle kunna uppnås, till exempel, genom skattebefrielse.  Under dessa förutsättningar (40% lägre elpris) minskas energiförbrukningen med 5% och utsläppen minskar med30%. Politisk vilja och strategier för att minska fordonskostnaden visar sig vara avgörande för att stödja elektrifiering av kollektivtrafiken i Curitiba. Dessutom anpassningar av tidstabellerna och organisationen av de viktigaste bytespunkter är nödvändiga. Antalet snabba laddstationer är vanligtvis i linje med antalet busslinjer som ska elektrifieras. Kostnadssynergier uppnås genom att dela kostnaden för en laddare bland elektrifierade linjer med ett gemensamt start / slutstopp. Det är avgörande för att säkerställa e-mobilitetens attraktivitet. Det visar också vikten av att analysera infrastrukturbehoven i kollektivtrafiknätet holistiskt.

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