<div>Electric vehicles (EVs) face a major issue before becoming the norm of society, that is, their lack of range when it comes to long trips. Fast charging stations are a good step forward to help make it simpler for EVs, but it is still not as convenient when compared to vehicles with an internal combustion engine (ICE). Plenty of infrastructure changes have been proposed in the literature attempting to tackle this issue, but they typically tend to be either an expensive solution or a difficult practical implementation.</div><div> </div><div> This dissertation presents two solutions to help increase the range of EVs: a novel wireless charging method and a multi-motor architecture for EVs. The first proposed solution involves the ability for EVs to charge while en route from another vehicle, which will be referred to from here on as vehicle-to-vehicle recharging (VVR). The aim of this system is to bring an innovative way for EVs to charge their battery without getting off route on a highway. The electric vehicle can request such a service from a designated charger vehicle on demand and receive electric power wirelessly while en route. The vehicles that provide energy (charger vehicles) through wireless power transfer (WPT) only need to be semi-autonomous in order to ``engage'' or ``disengage'' during a trip. Also, a novel method for wireless power transfer will be presented, where the emitter (TX) or receiver (RX) pads can change angles to improve the efficiency of power transmission. This type of WPT system would be suitable for the VVR system presented in this dissertation, along with other applications.</div><div> </div><div> The second solution presented here will be an architecture for EVs with three or more different electric motors to help prolong the state of charge (SOC) of the battery. The key here is to use motors with different high efficiency regions. The proposed control algorithm optimizes the use of the motors on-board to keep them running in their most efficient regions. With this architecture, the powertrain would see a combined efficiency map that incorporates the best operating points of the motors. Therefore, the proposed architecture will allow the EV to operate with a higher range for a given battery capacity.</div><div> </div><div> The state-of-the-art is divided into four subsections relevant to the proposed solutions and where most of the innovations to reduce the burden of charging EVs can be found: (1) infrastructure changes, (2) device level innovations, (3) autonomous vehicles, and (4) electric vehicle architectures. The infrastructure changes highlight some of the proposed systems that aim to help EVs become a convenient solution to the public. Device level innovations covers some of the literature on technology that addresses EVs in terms of WPT. The autonomous vehicle subsection covers the importance of such technology in terms of safety and reliability, that could be implemented on the VVR system. Finally, the EV architectures covers the current typologies used in EVs. Furthermore, modeling, analysis, and simulation is presented to validate the feasibility of the proposed VVR system, the WPT system, and the multi-motor architecture for EVs.</div>

This project investigates the viability of using reconditioned batteries, which have lost part of their original capacity while powering electric vehicles (EVs), to minimize the expenses of fast-charging infrastructures under the three charging scenarios where fast-charging mode is likely to be needed the most. The analysis is conducted for the Spanish scenario and considers the retail electricity tariff that best suits the requirements of a FCS. The economic analysis is performed on an annual basis and is tackled with an optimization algorithm, formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming problem and run on MATLAB. The expected lifetime of the ESS, being made of reused automotive cells, is estimated with a semi-empirical approach, using an iterative process and implemented in MATLAB. A sensitivity analysis is conducted on three input parameters that were identified to have a considerable impact on the system design and performance.   Overall, results show that with current figures energy storage integration in FCSs is viable as it effectively reduces the infrastructure expenses in all scenarios. Peak-shaving is identified as the main source of cost savings while demand shifting is not effective at all. The latter is further discussed in the sensitivity analysis and some considerations are elaborated. The most profitable scenario for storage integration is the case of a fast-charger located in a urban environment while, surprisingly, the lowest cost savings are obtained in the highway case. The sensitivity analysis illustrates the impact and effects that electricity prices and specific cost of both the power converter and the second-life batteries produce on the optimal system design. Moreover, charging demand profiles are deeply analyzed and their main implications highlighted.

Temporal and spatial distribution of incoming vehicular charging demand is a significant challenge for the future planning of power systems. In this thesis the vehicular loading is-sue is categorized into two classes of stationary and mobile; they are then addressed in two phases. The mobile vehicular load is investigated first; a location-based forecasting algorithm for the charging demand of plug-in electric vehicles at potential off-home charging stations is proposed and implemented for real-world case-studies. The result of this part of the re-search is essential to realize the scale of fortification required for a power grid to handle vehicular charging demand at public charging stations. In the second phase of the thesis, a novel decentralized control strategy for scheduling vehicular charging demand at residential distribution networks is developed. The per-formance of the proposed algorithm is then evaluated on a sample test feeder employing real-world driving data. The proposed charging scheduling algorithm will significantly postpone the necessity for upgrading the assets of the network while effectively fulfilling customers’ transportation requirements and preferences. / October 2014

This thesis deals with the design and construction of a four-wheeled mobile robot designed for an interactive exhibit and educational purposes. This robot is capable of wireless image transmission and manipulation with objects. In addition, this thesis deals with the construction of a charging station and user interface for controlling the robot which contains elements of augmented reality and minigames.

The Swedish transport sector will need to undergo a major restructuring to achieve the established climate and environmental goals. The biggest change is that fossil fuels will be phased out and a larger part of the vehicle fleet will be electrified. This study deals with the electrification of heavy-duty trucks and how high-power charging stations affect the local electricity grid. Charging of heavy-duty trucks depends largely on the logistics of the transport system, which reduces the demand flexibility of power. High-power charging entails a risk of increased power peaks, which can affect the bus-voltage profiles, losses and loads on grid components. This thesis has been conducted as general study based on the case with the high-power charging station at Vädermotet in the area Hisingen of Gothenburg. The purpose was to build a generic model of the electricity grid at Hisingen and then investigate the consequences of high-power charging for the grid for two charging scenarios: the first scenario with four ABB Terra 360 chargers, and the second scenario with six ABB Terra 360 chargers and one MCS. The electricity network model and simulations were performed in PSS®SINCAL. The two charging scenarios, as well as the scenario before chargers were installed, were then simulated for three different system-load cases: maximum, average, and low load. The results showed that high-power charging of trucks had the biggest impacts for the voltage profiles during the case of low load. For the medium load and maximum load cases, the effect of the high-power charge decreased. Furthermore, electricity network losses increased for the low load case, but decreased slightly for the average and maximum load case. The reason was a more even load balance between the bus that connected the charging station to the grid and the rest of the network for the average and maximum load cases. In summary, the study indicated that grid implementation of a high-power charging station will have consequences for the local power system. However, the magnitude of the effects is not validated and can therefore only be regarded as indications. The outcome can be partly explained by the assumptions and simplifications of the model compared to the real system.

Due à l’augmentation de la force des changements climatiques, il devient critique d’éliminer les combustibles fossiles. Les véhicules électriques sont un bon moyen de réduire notre dépendance à ces matières polluantes, mais leur adoption est généralement limitée par le manque d’accessibilité à des stations de recharge. Dans cet article, notre but est d’agrandir l’infrastrucure liée aux stations de recharge pour fournir une meilleure qualité de service aux usagers (et une meilleure accessibilité aux stations). Nous nous attaquons spéficiquement au context urbain. Nous proposons de représenter un modèle d’assignation de demande de recharge à des stations sous la forme d’un problème de flux maximum. Ce modèle nous sert de base pour évaluer la satisfaction des usagers étant donné l’infrastruture disponible. Par la suite, nous incorporons le model de flux maximum à un programme en nombre entier mixte qui a pour but d’évaluer l’installation de nouvelles stations et d’étendre leur disponibilité en ajoutant plus de bornes de recharge. Nous présentons notre méthodologie dans le cas de la ville de Montréal et montrons que notre approche est en mesure résoudre des instances réalistes. Nous concluons en montrant l’importance de la variation dans le temps et l’espace de la demande de recharge lorsque l’on résout des instances de taille réelle. / With the increasing effects of climate change, the urgency to step away from fossil fuels is greater than ever before. Electric vehicles (EVs) are one way to diminish these effects, but their widespread adoption is often limited by the insufficient availability of charging stations. In this work, our goal is to expand the infrastructure of EV charging stations, in order to provide a better quality of service in terms of user satisfaction (and availability of charging stations). Specifically, our focus is directed towards urban areas. We first propose a model for the assignment of EV charging demand to stations, framing it as a maximum flow problem. This model is the basis for the evaluation of the user satisfaction by a given charging infrastructure. Secondly, we incorporate the maximum flow model into a mixedinteger linear program, where decisions on the opening of new stations and on the expansion of their capacity through additional outlets is accounted for. We showcase our methodology for the city of Montreal, demonstrating the scalability of our approach to handle real-world scenarios. We conclude that considering both spacial and temporal variations in charging demand is meaningful when solving realistic instances.

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Main purpose of the thesis is the creation of a concept a fast-charging station associated with accumulation that uses renewable source. The introduction of the thesis describes a standard that specifies the charge of electric vehicles using direct and alternating current as well. It depicts an overview of using charging connectors. The first part also deals with overview of the technology of renewable sources and exploitation energy storage system for charging station. The second part introduces the theoretical basement for mathematical model of the charging station in Matlab/Simulink. The function of model station is verified by a physical laboratory model. For options verification of the connection station to the distribution net is created simulation of voltage losses in Matlab/Simulink. The thesis shows four 24 hours’ scenarios that have been simulated. According to the assumptions of simulation, the technology of station and connecting component is suggested. Next is the designed energy and financial analysis of the project charging station until 2030.

Transportsektorn står inför en omställning från förbränningsfordon till eldrivna fordon. Detta är en åtgärd för att minska koldioxidutsläppet inom transportsektorn och därmed reducera klimatpåverkan. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur en ökad effektanvändning i form av elbilsladdning påverkar Gävles lokala elnät samt hur olika laddtekniker påverkar elnätet. Bakgrunden till studien grundar sig att elnätsföretaget vill öka medvetenheten om hur elnätets beredskap ser ut för en ökad elbilsladdning. Att undersöka elbilsladdningens påverkan på elnätet är av stor nytta för elnätsföretaget, men även andra som undersöker elbilsladdnings påverkan i elnätet kan ha användning för studien. Ämnet elbilsladdning är mycket aktuellt och många studier undersöker olika delar som berör elbilsladdning. Tidigare studier undersöker även olika typer av laddtekniker och hur smart laddning minska påverkan i elnätet. Smart laddning kan anpassa elbilsladdningen genom att styra den efter olika styrsignaler och sammankoppla hela elnätet. Denna studie undersöker delar av Gävles lokala elnät genom att simulera befintliga mätvärden lågspänningsnätet samt olika typer av elbilsladdning. Studien analyserar effektanvändningen av befintliga mätdata samt belastningsström och spänningsfall i elnätet med varierande lastprofiler i fyra olika områden. Resultatet för denna studie visar att elbilsladdning påverkar elnätet, vilket beror på vilken typ av laddteknik som används samt dimensioneringen av elnätet. Studien visar att elanvändningen i området idag har effekttoppar på eftermiddag och kväll när kunderna består av villakunder men att effekttoppen kan vara mitt på dagen där det finns industrier. Med elbilsladdning ökar belastningen samt spänningsfallet i nätet och en del av säkringarna i nätet löser ut. Laddning med 11 kW mellan kl. 16:00-19:00 samt laddning med effektvakt på 13,8 kW ger störst belastning och spänningsfall. Laddning utan styrning är den laddteknik som påverkar elnätet mest men laddning med effektvakt orsakar också problem. Laddning med 5,5 kW mellan kl. 23:00-06:00 samt när endast 50% av alla kunder laddar med 11 kW mellan kl. 16:00-19:00 är de scenarion som påverkar elnätet minst. Laddning med en låg effekt under natten när grundlasten är som lägst är den laddteknik som är mest gynnsam för elnätet. Studien visar även att nätet klarar en högre belastning av elbilsladdning inom en snar framtid om endast en del av kunderna i nätet använder elfordon. / The transport sector is facing a transition from combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles. Through this action the carbon dioxide emissions in the transport sector can be reduced. The purpose of this study is to observe how an increased power use from electric vehicle charging (EVC) affects the local electricity grid in Gävle. The study also addresses how different charging techniques affect the electricity grid. The background of this study is to the increase awareness of the capacity of the electricity grid. There is a need from the electricity grid company to look over the impact on the grid from EVC. This could also be useful for others looking over the impact on the electricity grid from EVC. This is a hot topic and lots of other studies look over the different aspects of EVC. Previous studies also examine different types of charging techniques and how smart charging reduces the negative impact on the electricity grid. Smart charging is a way to adjust the EVC by regulating it after different parameters and connecting the entire electrical grid. This study simulates existing measured values of the low-voltage grid in Gävle and various types of EVC. This study examines the power use of existing measurement data as well as load current and voltage drops in the electricity grid with different load profiles in four different areas. Results from this study shot that EVC affects the electricity grid, to what extent depends on the type of charging technology used and the dimensions of the electricity grid. The study shows that electricity use in the area has power peaks in the afternoon and evening with residential customers, but power peaks tend to be in the middle of the day if there are industries in the area. EVC increase the load on the electricity grid, causes voltage drops and a few fuses in the grid to be triggered. Charging with 11 kW between 16:00-19:00 and charging with a power monitor of 13.8 kW create the greatest voltage drops and highest load on the grid. Charging without means of control affects the electricity grid the most but charging with a power monitor also creates problems. Charging with 5.5 kW between 23:00-06:00 as well as when only 50 % of all customers charge with 11 kW between 16:00-19:00 impacts the grid the least. Charging with low power during the night when the base load is at its lowest is the charging technology that is most favorable for the electricity grid. Results also show that the grid can handle a higher load of EVC in the near future if only some of the customers in the network start using electric vehicles.

This work examines the local distribution system in two residential areas in two Swedish towns, Oxelösund and Karlskrona, and studies how integration of PV systems and electric vehicle (EV) charging stations (CS) will affect the present distribution system. The research questions focus on the economic feasibility of a LVDC system, how it compares to a traditional LVAC (low voltage alternating current) system from an economic and technical perspective, and the possibilities a LVDC system brings to other DC component applications. The Swedish government aims to have a fossil-free vehicle fleet by 2030 and one of the measures is no fossil-fuel burning vehicle will be produced and sold in Sweden. This means the number of CS, and the charging infrastructure around these, need to be developed, to contribute to this goal and sustain this transformation. A connected issue is that updates on the regulations for non concession-regulated networks (IKN) in January 2022 extended the basic preconditions and allows possibilities for energy sharing between buildings. The new regulations are also in favor of micro-production and contribute to more decentralised systems. Connections of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) to the distribution system are expected to increase in the coming years. Grid-connected solar PV systems in Sweden have increased by 56% between 2019 and 2020, and at the same time EVs are becoming more apparent on the roads. These DC-(direct current) based technologies, and the possible need to strengthen local networks to accommodate new sources and loads, are bringing new opportunities for low voltage direct current (LVDC) based distribution systems. To answer the research questions, two different models with different concepts, parallel pure DC and parallel AC/DC, were built in simulation software. The conclusion of this study is that a traditional LVAC system is preferable over pure DC system from both economic and technical perspective for already connected areas, such as the two areas in this project. A parallel pure DC system might be preferable in newly built areas with substantial PV and EV, where exchange is wanted between buildings with separate AC grid connections. / Detta examnesarbetet undersöker det lokala distributionssystemet i två bostadsområden, i Oxelösund och Karlskrona. Arbetet fokuserar på hur (nya) anslutningar av solceller och laddstationer för elfordon (CS) kommer att påverka det nuvarande distributionsnätet i områdena. Forskningsfrågorna fokuserar på den ekonomiska genomförbarheten av ett LVDC-system, och hur det är jämfört med ett traditionellt LVAC-system (lågspänningsväxelström) ur ett ekonomiskt och tekniskt perspektiv, samt vilka möjligheter ett LVDC-system kan bidra med till andra DC-komponenttillämpningar. Den svenska regeringen ämnar ha en fossilfri fordonsflotta år 2030 och en av åtgärderna till målet är att sluta producera och sälja fossildrivna fordon i Sverige. Det innebär att antalet CS samt en laddingsinfrastruktur behöver utvecklas för att kunna bidra till målet och upprätthålla omställningen. De senaste uppdateringarna i regelverket för icke koncessionspliktiga nät (IKN) i januari 2022 vidgade de grundläggande förutsättningarna och bidrog till större möjligheter till energidelning mellan flera huskroppar. Det nya regelverket gynnar mikroproduktion och bidrar också till mer decentraliserade system. Anslutningar av RES till distributionsnätet förväntas öka under de kommande åren. Nätanslutna solcellsanläggningar i Sverige ökade med 56% mellan 2019 och 2020, samtidigt som det blir fler och fler elbilar på vägarna. Dessa DC-(likströms) baserade teknik kan öppna upp nya möjligheter för ett lågspänningslikström- (LVDC) baserad distributionssystem. För att besvara forskningsfrågorna byggdes två olika modeller med olika koncept, parallell ren DC och parallell AC/DC i simuleringsprogram. Slutsatsen av denna studien är att ett traditionellt LVAC-system är att föredra framför rent DC-system ur både ekonomiskt och tekniskt perspektiv för redan anslutna områden, som de två områdena i detta projekt. Ett parallellt rent DC-system kan vara att föredra i oanslutna områden, dvs nya bostadsområden under utveckling.