In 2012, mandatory effluent quality standards were established in Canada as part of the Wastewater Systems Effluent Regulations (WSER) with compliance deadlines starting in 2020. Maintaining the treatment process efficacy to meet these new stringent discharge regulations is extremely challenging at treatment facilities that treat wastewater from multiple industries due to the high variation in the composition of the incoming feed to the process. In this work, application of two new analytical tools, PeCOD® and Liquid Chromatography-Organic Carbon Detection (LC-OCD), for measurement and characterization of industrial wastewater organic pollution respectively, has been investigated. Organic pollution is commonly measured as Chemical Oxygen Demand via the dichromate method (CODCr) which requires 2-3 hours to complete. Thus this method is not suitable for applications that require rapid and frequent pollution monitoring. The Photoelectrochemical Oxygen Demand (peCOD) is an alternative parameter of organic pollution that can be measured in approximately 15 minutes via a method that utilizes the high oxidation potential of UV-irradiated TiO2 nano-particulates. Herein peCOD suitability to replace CODCr for analysis of industrial wastewater was investigated. The results indicated that for both untreated (i.e. incoming) and treated (i.e. effluent) industrial wastewater samples, peCOD results are lower than CODCr results. However, for the effluent samples, the two methods’ results are strongly correlated. Containing hard to oxidize materials (i.e. macromolecules) and high concentrations of chloride and nitrogenous compounds were identified as potential causes of difference between the results of the two methods. When there is variation in the composition of the incoming wastewater to a treatment process, information about the wastewater composition is required for process optimization. Thus optimization cannot be based solely on bulk measurements of organic pollution (e.g. COD). In this study, a novel combination of LC-OCD analysis with Design-Of-Experiments (DOE) methods was used to optimize the Fenton Advanced Oxidation (AO) treatment conditions in terms of chemical reagent concentrations, to develop statistical models of the process, and to identify potential mechanisms of COD removal. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / Many industrial facilities do not treat their wastewater on-site and instead ship it to specialized treatment facilities. Ensuring that the treated effluent meets the stringent discharge regulations is a challenging task for such facilities as the composition of the incoming feed to the treatment process changes with each shipment. In this work, application of two new analytical tools, PeCOD® and Liquid Chromatography-Organic Carbon Detection (LC-OCD), for measurement and characterization of industrial wastewater organic pollution respectively, has been investigated. The conventional method of measuring organic pollution, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), requires 2-3 hours to complete. Herein the suitability of an alternative parameter, Photoelectrochemical Oxygen Demand (peCOD), that can be measured in approximately 15 minutes for replacing COD analysis in industrial wastewater plants was investigated. Implementation of effective treatment processes that are operated at their optimum conditions is required to meet the stringent discharge regulations. Advanced Oxidation (AO) is an effective method of industrial wastewater treatment. Herein, optimum AO treatment conditions were studied via application of the LC-OCD analysis for organic pollution characterization.

The objective of this work is to optimize high-power low-frequency sonication (US) pretreatment of sludge, and especially to investigate for the first time possible improvements by higher pressure and audible frequency. After a preliminary examination of regular process conditions (sludge conditioning, sludge type, prior alkalization, temperature control, etc), effects of US parameters (power -PUS, intensity -IUS, specific energy input -ES, frequency -FS, etc.) and of hydrostatic pressure (Ph) were specifically looked into, separately and in combination, first under cooling at constant temperature (28°C), then under the progressive temperature rise provoked by sonication. First, it was confirmed that specific energy input (ES) plays a key role in sludge US disintegration (i.e. solubilisation of organic matter) and that temperature rise during adiabatic-like sonication is beneficial through additional effects of thermal hydrolysis and cavitation. At a given ES value, low FS (12 kHz vs. 20 kHz) and high PUS enhance soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) due to more violent cavitation, while hydrostatic pressure gives rise to an optimum value due to its opposite effects on cavitation threshold and intensity. One major result is that optimal pressure depends on IUS (P¬US) as well as temperature profile, but not on ES, FS, nor sludge type. Setting the other parameters at the most favorable conditions expected, i.e. 12 kHz, 360 W , 28 gTS/L, and adiabatic conditions, final optimization was achieved by searching for this pressure optimum and examining sequential procedure to avoid too high temperature dampening cavitation intensity and damaging the transducer. Such conditions with sequential mode and Ph of 3.25 bar being selected succeeded in achieving very high SCOD, but only marginally improved subsequent methanization yield.

The aim of this investigation was to use hybrid constructed wetlands to treat the secondary effluents from NSYSU campus sewage treatment plant, which had high phosphate and ammonium nitogen and from a textile industrial wastewater treatment plant, which had high chemical oxygen demand(COD) . The purpose of this study is to design optimum operation, conditions and to select suitable types of filter media through optimum combinations of vertical flow (VF) and horizontal flow (HF) constructed wetland systems. The flow regimes for vertical flow operation in this study include continuous flow with filled water, trickling filter type and batch type, while the flow types for horizontal flow operation include high water level and low water level effluents. The experimental of results showed that the best ammonium nitrogen removal efficiency was found in trickling filter type, which was because high oxygen was provided under this flow pattern creating a suitable condition for nitrification , especially in V3 column(39.09%), while the best denitrification effect was fonnd in low water level horizontal operation, especially in H2 bed(42.56%). The experimental results of treating the Everest effluent from the wastewater treatment plant showed that the flow regime in V3 system had best removal of COD in batch type. In trickling filter and low water level type, the optimum hybrid of V3+H3 had the COD removal efficiency eqail to(33.3%)+(49.8%) respectirely .For the experimental results of tolerance of macrophyte, Hedycbium coronarium Koenig live well, but no significant removal efficiencies of nutrient was fund.

Dissertation submitted in fulfilment with the requirements for the Masters Degree: Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, 2011. / Untreated vegetable oil effluents (VOEs) are known for creating shock-loading problems for the receiving wastewater treatment installations, resulting in poor quality final effluents being produced which do not satisfy municipal discharge standards. Onsite activated sludge treatment as an alternative has not been fully investigated. Hence, in this investigation biological treatment using the activated sludge process was chosen as the method for the treatment of VOE. The effect of VOE on measured process parameters was also determined. Novel molecular techniques such as fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and dot-blot hybridization have become powerful tools for the analysis of complex microbial communities that exist within activated sludge. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate biological treatment, optimize and apply FISH and dot-blot hybridization in order to analyze the microbial community implicated the biological treatment of VOE using probes EUBmix, ALF1b, BET42a, GAM42a and HGC69a. A laboratory-scale modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE) process setup and fed VOE with a COD (chemical oxygen demand) of ± 1000 mg/L. Daily monitoring of the process involved COD and TKN (total kjeldahl nitrogen) analysis of the influent and effluent as well as direct OUR (oxygen utilization rate) measurement and monitoring of the MLVSS (mixed liquor volatile suspended solids) concentration of the aerobic mixed liquor. The process exhibited overall COD and TKN removal capacities of 84% and 90% respectively. The aerobic mixed liquor had an OUR of 19 mgO/L.h and an average MLVSS concentration of 3000 mg/L. FISH results revealed that 72% of cells stained with 4‟, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) within the aerobic mixed liquor bound to probe EUBmix, indicating a substantial Bacterial population within the laboratory-scale biological process. The alpha-Proteobacteria was identified as the dominant bacterial community comprising 31% of Bacterial cells, followed by the beta-Proteobacteria (17% of EUBmix), gamma-Proteobacteria (8% of EUBmix) and Actinobacteria (4% of EUBmix). Results of dot-blot hybridization were in agreement with FISH Adrian Phillip Degenaar| CHAPTER 1: General Introduction - v - results reiterating dominance of the alpha-Proteobacteria. This indicated that the class alpha-Proteobacteria could play a primary role in the biological degradation of VOE. This research will therefore aid in process design and retrofitting of biological processes treating VOE.

Orientador: Elisa Helena Giglio Ponsano / Banca: Maria Josefa Santos Yabe / Banca: Manoel Garcia Neto / Resumo: Rubrivivax gelatinosus é uma Bactéria Púrpura Não Sulfurosa (BPNS) que apresenta a capacidade de realizar a biorremediação de águas residuárias e, ao mesmo tempo, produzir pigmentos carotenóides. Os objetivos desse estudo foram a caracterização da curva de crescimento da bactéria no efluente de abatedouro avícola em nível de 1% (v/v) de inóculo, a determinação da produtividade do processo de obtenção de biomassa e a avaliação da capacidade de remoção da Demanda Química Oxigênio do processo. R. gelatinosus apresentou maior crescimento no oitavo dia de cultivo (Absorvância = 1.177; peso-seco = 0.18 g l-1), produtividade de 0.085 g biomassa (massa seca) l-1 d-1 e uma redução de 91% na DQO do efluente de abatedouro avícola. / Abstract: Purple nonsulfur phototrophic bacterium Rubrivivax gelatinosus was used to promote the bioremediation of poultry slaugtherhouse wastewater. The aims of this study were to characterize the bacterium growth curve in that effluent at 1% (v/v) inoculum level, to determine the productivity of the biomass production process and to evaluate the Chemical Oxygen Demand removal activity of the process. R. gelatinosus showed the highest growth on the 8th day of cultivation (Absorbance = 1.177; Dry weight = 0.18 g l-1), productivity was around 0.085 g biomass (dry weight) l-1 d-1 and the COD of the poultry slaugtherhouse wastewater decreased in 91%. / Mestre

Orientador: Elisa Helena Giglio Ponsano / Banca: Sandra Maria de Melo / Banca: Manoel Garcia Neto / Resumo: A indústria de pescado vem se desenvolvendo para atender à crescente demanda do mercado e, concomitantemente, vem aumentando a quantidade de resíduos descartados em função do processamento. O efluente gerado pelas indústrias de pescado contém matéria orgânica com potencial poluente e, por isso, deve ser tratado previamente ao descarte. Os sistemas de filtração vêm ganhando notoriedade nesse sentido. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o potencial da operação de ultrafiltração para reduzir a carga poluente do efluente de indústria de tilápia. O efluente foi coletado em uma indústria de processamento de tilápias e caracterizado quanto a suas propriedades físico-químicas. As filtrações foram realizadas em sistema fechado com recirculação do retentado, utilizando-se membranas de três porosidades: M1 - 150 kDa, M2 - 30 kDa e M3 - 10kDa. As análises físico-químicas foram repetidas no permeado e no retentado gerados nas filtrações. Exceto para a cor, que reduziu em 91,7% com a membrana de 10 kDa, as três membranas promoveram a mesma rejeição para os demais parâmetros avaliados, embora não tenham sido capazes de atender aos padrões para lançamento direto de efluentes em relação à cor e ao teor de óleos e graxas. Todas as membranas também foram igualmente capazes de concentrar matéria orgânica e inorgânica do efluente. A membrana de 150 kDa mostrou ser a mais adequada para remover e concentrar a carga poluente do efluente de indústria de processamento de tilápias. / Abstract: Fish processing industry is in constant development in order to comply with the growing market demand and, concurrently, the amount of residues to be discarded is also increasing. The effluent raised from these industries contains organic matter with pollutant potential and so must be treated before being discarded. Along those lines, the filtration systems are gaining notoriety. So, the purpose of this study was to test the potential of ultrafiltration in reducing the pollutant load of the effluent from a tilapia processing industry. The effluent was collected in a tilapia processing industry and characterized regarding to its physicochemical properties. Filtrations were carried out in closed system with recirculation of the retentate using membranes of three porosities: M1 - 150 kDa, M2 - 30 kDa and M3 - 10kDa. The physicochemical analyses were repeated for the permeate and the retentate generated from the treatments. Except for color, that decreased 91.7% with the 10 kDa membrane, all the three membranes provided the same rejection for the other parameters studied, although they were not able to reach the standards for the direct launching of effluents regarding to color and to oils and grease. All treatments were also equally able to concentrate the organic and inorganic matter of the effluent. The 150 KDa membrane showed to be the most appropriate for removing and concentrating the pollutant load of the effluent from tilapia processing. / Mestre

Submitted by HELENICE APARECIDA PIRES null (helenice8@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-30T13:01:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Helenice Aparecida Pires..pdf: 848436 bytes, checksum: adb4ad6a61d55554daf69c8f2cbcecd6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-08-30T17:10:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pires_ha_me_araca.pdf: 848436 bytes, checksum: adb4ad6a61d55554daf69c8f2cbcecd6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-30T17:10:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pires_ha_me_araca.pdf: 848436 bytes, checksum: adb4ad6a61d55554daf69c8f2cbcecd6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A indústria de pescado vem se desenvolvendo para atender à crescente demanda do mercado e, concomitantemente, vem aumentando a quantidade de resíduos descartados em função do processamento. O efluente gerado pelas indústrias de pescado contém matéria orgânica com potencial poluente e, por isso, deve ser tratado previamente ao descarte. Os sistemas de filtração vêm ganhando notoriedade nesse sentido. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o potencial da operação de ultrafiltração para reduzir a carga poluente do efluente de indústria de tilápia. O efluente foi coletado em uma indústria de processamento de tilápias e caracterizado quanto a suas propriedades físico-químicas. As filtrações foram realizadas em sistema fechado com recirculação do retentado, utilizando-se membranas de três porosidades: M1 - 150 kDa, M2 - 30 kDa e M3 - 10kDa. As análises físico-químicas foram repetidas no permeado e no retentado gerados nas filtrações. Exceto para a cor, que reduziu em 91,7% com a membrana de 10 kDa, as três membranas promoveram a mesma rejeição para os demais parâmetros avaliados, embora não tenham sido capazes de atender aos padrões para lançamento direto de efluentes em relação à cor e ao teor de óleos e graxas. Todas as membranas também foram igualmente capazes de concentrar matéria orgânica e inorgânica do efluente. A membrana de 150 kDa mostrou ser a mais adequada para remover e concentrar a carga poluente do efluente de indústria de processamento de tilápias. / Fish processing industry is in constant development in order to comply with the growing market demand and, concurrently, the amount of residues to be discarded is also increasing. The effluent raised from these industries contains organic matter with pollutant potential and so must be treated before being discarded. Along those lines, the filtration systems are gaining notoriety. So, the purpose of this study was to test the potential of ultrafiltration in reducing the pollutant load of the effluent from a tilapia processing industry. The effluent was collected in a tilapia processing industry and characterized regarding to its physicochemical properties. Filtrations were carried out in closed system with recirculation of the retentate using membranes of three porosities: M1 - 150 kDa, M2 - 30 kDa and M3 - 10kDa. The physicochemical analyses were repeated for the permeate and the retentate generated from the treatments. Except for color, that decreased 91.7% with the 10 kDa membrane, all the three membranes provided the same rejection for the other parameters studied, although they were not able to reach the standards for the direct launching of effluents regarding to color and to oils and grease. All treatments were also equally able to concentrate the organic and inorganic matter of the effluent. The 150 KDa membrane showed to be the most appropriate for removing and concentrating the pollutant load of the effluent from tilapia processing. / FAPESP: 2015/25853-1

Industrial operations produce a notable amount of wastewaters with high concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD), mostly consisting of organic carbon compounds. The treatment performance of electrochemical methods for organic removal and the effects of process parameters are the subject of this research. Three research tasks were performed. The first task was the removal of organic pollutants from three different industrial wastewaters using two different electrochemical methods; combined electrocoagulation + electrooxidation (EC+EO) and b) electrochemical peroxidation (ECP). Using only EC process was found to be significantly successful in removing suspended and colloidal pollutants and could remove more than 90% COD and 80% of TOC. The study showed that combined EC+EO process had better removal capability compared to ECP when operated under similar process conditions. The second task was to study the effect of the process parameters; pH, H2O2 dosage, current density, and operation time; and to optimize and estimate the best treatment conditions for the methods using Box-Behnken Design (BBD). For sugar beet wastewater, the results showed that EO could remove 75% of organics at optimum conditions of pH 5.3; current density of 48.5 mA/cm2; and operation time of 393 min. The canola oil refinery wastewater achieved more than 90% pollutant removal when the conditions were optimized at pH 5.8 – 6 with applied current density of 9.2 mA cm-2¬ run for nearly 300 min. The rate of degradation of the wastewater derived organic pollutants followed a first order kinetics for all the wastewaters investigated and the models were validated for goodness of fit with high R2. The final task was to compare treatment efficiency between the electrochemical processes. Based on the energy consumed and the performance efficiency to remove COD, sCOD, TOC and DOC in the three different wastewaters studied, EC+EO process was found suitable for the treatment of canola and sunflower oil wastewater. On the other hand, from the model prediction and the experiments conducted, EO resulted in better removal capability compared to ECP. Also, the consumption of energy by ECP was comparatively higher than EO process while taking longer time of operation for significant removal. / North Dakota Water Resources Research Institute; North Dakota Agricultural Experimental Station; Frank Bain Agricultural Scholarship

Coal gasification stripped gas liquor (CGSGL) wastewater contains large quantities of complex organic and inorganic pollutants which include phenols, ammonia, hydantoins, furans, indoles, pyridines, phthalates and other monocyclic and polycyclic nitrogen-containing aromatics, as well as oxygen- and sulphur-containing heterocyclic compounds. The performance of most conventional aerobic systems for CGSGL wastewater is inadequate in reducing pollutants contributing to chemical oxygen demand (COD), phenols and ammonia due to the presence of toxic and inhibitory organic compounds. There is an ever-increasing scarcity of freshwater in South Africa, thus reclamation of wastewater for recycling is growing rapidly and the demand for higher effluent quality before being discharged or reused is also increasing. The selection of hybrid fixed-film bioreactor (HFFBR) systems in the detoxification of a complex mixture of compounds such as those found in CGSGL has not been investigated. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the detoxification of the CGSGL in a H-FFBR bioaugmented with a mixed-culture inoculum containing Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, Rhodococcus erythropolis, Rhodococcus qingshengii, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter asburiae strains of bacteria, as well as the seaweed (Silvetia siliquosa) and diatoms. The results indicated a 45% and 79% reduction in COD and phenols, respectively, without bioaugmentation. The reduction in COD increased by 8% with inoculum PA1, 13% with inoculum PA2 and 7% with inoculum PA3. Inoculum PA1 was a blend of Pseudomonas, Enterobacter and Rhodococcus strains, inoculum PA2 was a blend of Pseudomonas putida iistrains and inoculum PA3 was a blend of Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida strains. The results also indicated that a 70% carrier fill formed a dense biofilm, a 50% carrier fill formed a rippling biofilm and a 30% carrier fill formed a porous biofilm. The autotrophic nitrifying bacteria were out-competed by the heterotrophic bacteria of the genera Thauera, Pseudaminobacter, Pseudomonas and Diaphorobacter. Metagenomic sequencing data also indicated significant dissimilarities between the biofilm, suspended biomass, effluent and feed microbial populations. A large population (20% to 30%) of unclassified bacteria were also present, indicating the presence of novel bacteria that may play an important role in the treatment of the CGSGL wastewater. The artificial neural network (ANN) model developed in this study is a novel virtual tool for the prediction of COD and phenol removal from CGSGL wastewater treated in a bioaugmented H-FFBR. Knowledge extraction from the trained ANN model showed that significant nonlinearities exist between the H-FFBR operational parameters and the removal of COD and phenol. The predictive model thus increases knowledge of the process inputs and outputs and thus facilitates process control and optimisation to meet more stringent effluent discharge requirements. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Chemical Engineering / PhD / Unrestricted

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