O Brasil está entre os dez países que mais desperdiçam alimentos, com cerca de 35% da produção agrícola indo para o lixo. O processamento agroindustrial de alimentos é uma das atividades que mais geram resíduos, com aproximadamente 50% de matéria-prima sendo descartada. A falta de informações sobre a qualidade nutricional desses subprodutos agroindustriais não possibilita seu potencial aproveitamento na fabricação de produtos alimentícios. Neste contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi realizar a caracterização química de subprodutos resultantes do processamento industrial de frutas e vegetais e do beneficiamento de cereais. Os elementos químicos Br, Ca, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, K, La, Na, Rb, Sc e Zn foram determinados através da análise por ativação neutrônica instrumental, a composição centesimal, através de métodos preconizados pela AOAC, os fatores antinutricionais, através das determinações de ácido fítico e taninos e a disponibilidade dos nutrientes in vitro para os elementos Ca, Fe, K e Zn e pelo sistema de células Caco-2 para o Fe. A maioria das amostras contém alto teor de fibras e proteína e baixo teor de lipídeos e valor calórico. O farelo de arroz, a casca da semente de cupuaçu, a semente de cupuaçu e o bagaço de framboesa apresentaram as maiores concentrações de ácido fítico, entre 19,9 e 10,7 mg g-1. Já a casca de uva apresentou a maior quantidade de taninos (23,8 mg/g de catequina). As amostras apresentaram boa disponibilidade in vitro de Ca e Zn. Porém, para Fe e K, os valores ficaram abaixo de 10% disponível para a maioria das amostras. Na análise de biodisponibilidade através do sistema de células Caco-2, a amostra que apresentou maior quantidade de ferritina foi a casca de pepino (56,8 ng ferritina/\'mü\'g proteína). Observou-se que os subprodutos, geralmente, apresentam quantidade maior ou igual de nutriente que a parte usualmente consumida do alimento, além de apresentar disponibilidade de nutrientes compatível com outros alimentos de origem vegetal. Os dados sugerem que os subprodutos agroindustriais são potenciais ingredientes para a indústria alimentícia, podendo agregar valor nutricional em novos produtos. Estudos futuros e mais específicos para cada subproduto devem ser considerados, como análise sensorial e maneiras de aumentar a qualidade nutricional dos subprodutos / Brazil is amongst the ten countries that mostly waste food, with about 35% of agricultural production going to the trash. The agro-food processing is one of the activities which generate high amount of residues, with approximately 50% of raw material being discarded. The lack of information on the nutritional quality of agroindustrial byproducts does not enable its potential use in the manufacture of food products. In this context, the aim of this study was the chemical characterization of the by-products of industrial processing of fruits and vegetables and grain processing. The chemical elements Br, Ca, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, K, La, Na, Rb, Sc e Zn were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The proximate composition was evaluated by methods recommended by AOAC. The antinutritional factors, through the determination of phytic acid and tannins. The availability of nutrients in vitro for Ca, Fe, K and Zn and through the Caco-2 cells for Fe. Most samples contain high fiber and protein and low lipid content and calorific value. Rice bran, the peel of cupuaçu seed, the cupuaçu seed and the raspberry bagasse had the highest concentrations of phytic acid, between 19.9 and 10.7 mg g-1. The grape peel showed the highest amount of tannins (23.8 mg / g of catechin). The samples showed good in vitro availability for Ca and Zn, but the values for K and Fe were below 10% available for most samples. In the analysis of bioavailability through the Caco-2 cells system, the sample that showed the highest amount of ferritin was the peel of cucumber (ferritin 56.8 ng/\'mü\'g protein). It could be observed that the by-products generally exhibit similar or larger amounts of the nutrient than the food usually consumed, and nutrients availability compatible with other plant origin food. The data suggest that the agroindustrial byproducts are potential ingredients for the food industry and can add nutritional value to new products. Future studies more specific to each by-product should be considered like sensory analysis and ways to increase the nutritional quality of by-products

Thesis (M. S.)--Pennsylvania State University, 1975. / Includes bibliographical references.

<p>Flertalet studier har påvisat ett samband mellan koncentrationen av partiklar ≤ 10µm i luftföroreningar och cardiovaskulär- och pulmonell morbiditet och mortalitet. Vid resektion, koagulering/bränning med diatermipenna under operationer alstras rök. Denna rök innehåller bland annat mutagena och carcinogena partiklar i inhalerbar storlek (partiklar ≤ 10µm).</p><p>Ett första syfte med denna studie var att kvantifiera den mängd ultra-fina partiklar (UFP) och partiklar ≤ 10µm som operationspersonal exponeras för i operationsrummet, vid användande av diatermi med mobilt rökutsug. Ett andra syfte var också att ta reda på om operations-personal exponeras olika mycket beroende på var i rummet de befinner sig, samt undersöka om partikelnivåerna skiljer sig på olika operationssalar. Partikelmätningar utfördes under 14 ortopediska operationer där diatermi med rökutsug använts.</p><p>Medelvärdena av UFP visar på relativt låga partikelkoncentrationer på höftprotes- och ryggoperationer, med mycket korta stunder av höga värden upp till ett maxvärde på 88 396pt/ml vid operationsområdet. Även partiklar i storleken 1-10µm låg inom låga nivåer och under gränsvärdena vid jämförelse med organisk damm. Resultaten i studien indikerar att personal som står vid operationssåret exponeras av högre partikelkoncentrationer av ultra-fina partiklar och partiklar 1-10µm än övrig personal, även vid användande av mobilt rökutsug. Vid jämförelse av partikelnivåer av ultra-fina partiklar på två olika operationssalar framkom det att på den sal med lägst antal luftväxlingar i operationsrummet, var partikelkoncentrationen signifikant högre.</p>

The study aimed at investigating the chemical composition and microstructure of raw iron ore from the deposits in Muko area (south-western Uganda). The quality of this iron ore was evaluated to establish its suitability to serve as a raw material for iron production. Samples were taken from the six hills of Muko ore deposits and tests carried out to establish their composition and properties. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were employed in the investigation and chemical analysis performed to determine the compounds constituting the ore. The quality of this ore was compared to generalized world market standards and ores from other nations. It was found that Muko ore is a rich hematite grade with Fe content above 65%. It has little gangue (&lt;6% SiO2 and 3-4% Al2O3) and low contents of the deleterious elements (P ~ 0.02% and S &lt; 0.006%), which correspond to acceptable levels for commercial iron ores. / <p>QC 20130531</p> / Sustainable Technology Development in the Lake Victoria Region

Flertalet studier har påvisat ett samband mellan koncentrationen av partiklar ≤ 10µm i luftföroreningar och cardiovaskulär- och pulmonell morbiditet och mortalitet. Vid resektion, koagulering/bränning med diatermipenna under operationer alstras rök. Denna rök innehåller bland annat mutagena och carcinogena partiklar i inhalerbar storlek (partiklar ≤ 10µm). Ett första syfte med denna studie var att kvantifiera den mängd ultra-fina partiklar (UFP) och partiklar ≤ 10µm som operationspersonal exponeras för i operationsrummet, vid användande av diatermi med mobilt rökutsug. Ett andra syfte var också att ta reda på om operations-personal exponeras olika mycket beroende på var i rummet de befinner sig, samt undersöka om partikelnivåerna skiljer sig på olika operationssalar. Partikelmätningar utfördes under 14 ortopediska operationer där diatermi med rökutsug använts. Medelvärdena av UFP visar på relativt låga partikelkoncentrationer på höftprotes- och ryggoperationer, med mycket korta stunder av höga värden upp till ett maxvärde på 88 396pt/ml vid operationsområdet. Även partiklar i storleken 1-10µm låg inom låga nivåer och under gränsvärdena vid jämförelse med organisk damm. Resultaten i studien indikerar att personal som står vid operationssåret exponeras av högre partikelkoncentrationer av ultra-fina partiklar och partiklar 1-10µm än övrig personal, även vid användande av mobilt rökutsug. Vid jämförelse av partikelnivåer av ultra-fina partiklar på två olika operationssalar framkom det att på den sal med lägst antal luftväxlingar i operationsrummet, var partikelkoncentrationen signifikant högre.

Ozone is integral to tropospheric chemistry, and understanding the processes controlling its distribution is important in climate and air pollution contexts. The GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model and its adjoint are used to interpret the impacts of midlatitude precursor emissions and atmospheric transport on the tropospheric ozone distribution at middle and high northern latitudes. In the Arctic, the model reproduces seasonal cycles of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and ozone measured at the surface, and observed ozone abundances in the summer free troposphere. Source attribution analysis suggests that local photochemical production, ≤ 0.25 ppbv/day, driven by PAN decomposition accounts for more than 50% of ozone in the summertime Arctic boundary layer. In the mid-troposphere, photochemical production accounts for 30-40% of ozone, while ozone transported from midlatitudes contributes 25-35%. Adjoint sensitivity studies link summertime ozone production to anthropogenic, biomass burning, soil, and lightning emissions between 50N-70N. Over Alert, Nunavut, the sensitivity of mid-tropospheric ozone to lightning emissions sometimes exceeds that to anthropogenic emissions. Over the eastern U.S., numerous models overestimate ozone in the summertime boundary layer. An inversion analysis, using the GEOS-Chem four-dimensional variational data assimilation system, optimizes emissions of NOx and isoprene. Inversion results suggest the model bias cannot be explained by discrepancies in these precursor emissions. A separate inversion optimizes rates of key chemical reactions including ozone deposition rates, which are parameterized and particularly uncertain. The inversion suggests a factor of 2-3 increase in deposition rates in the northeastern U.S., decreasing the ozone bias from 17.5 ppbv to 6.0 ppbv. This analysis, however, is sensitive to the model boundary layer mixing scheme. Several inversion analyses are conducted to estimate lightning NOx emissions over North America in August 2006, using ozonesonde data. The high-resolution nested version of GEOS-Chem is used to better capture variability in the ozonesonde data. The analyses suggest North American lightning NOx totals between 0.076-0.204 Tg N. A major challenge is that the vertical distribution of the lightning source is not optimized, but the results suggest a bias in the vertical distribution. Reliably optimizing the three-dimensional distribution of lightning NOx emissions requires more information than the ozonesonde dataset contains.

No description available.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:01:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pistori_ret_dr_jabo.pdf: 655530 bytes, checksum: 5dd6e06e56c9dd86e320aca408dfa634 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Esta tese esta organizada em dois capítulos. O capítulo I testou a hipótese de que o crescimento de Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes e Salvinia molesta esta relacionado com a absorção de fosfato e de nitrogênio. Foi avaliado o efeito de diferentes concentrações de nutrientes sobre a taxa de crescimento e de absorção de ortofosfato (PPO4) e nitrogênio inorgânico total (NIT) em E. crassipes, P. stratiotes e S. molesta. As três espécies, quando cultivadas em baixa concentração de nutrientes apresentaram as maiores taxas de absorção tanto de P-PO4 quanto de NIT no período entre 0-5 dias, diferente do que ocorreu quando cultivadas em alta concentração, na qual as maiores taxas de absorção do P-PO4 ocorreram no período entre 0-5 dias e as maiores taxas de absorção de NIT para P. stratiotes ocorreram no período entre 5-10 dias e para E. crassipes e S. molesta no período entre 10-15 dias. Em baixa concentração, S. molesta obteve um ganho de massa 12,8 vezes menor que E. crassipes e 1,3 vezes menor que P. stratiotes e sua taxa de absorção de PPO4 no mesmo período foi semelhante a de E. crassipes e P. stratiotes. Padrão semelhante também foi observado em alta concentração, entretanto, apesar de apresentar maior taxa de absorção, S. molesta foi a espécie menos eficiente na remoção de nutrientes e a que menos estocou N e P, devido ao menor ganho de biomassa. E. crassipes e P. stratiotes apresentam crescimento vertical, o que favorece o maior ganho de biomassa e conseqüentemente maior taxa de remoção de nutrientes e estoque de N e P em sua biomassa. Os resultados permitem concluir que na aplicação para tratamento em wetlands, S. molesta, apesar de apresentar maior taxa de absorção pode ser menos eficiente. O capítulo II teve como objetivo testar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de fosfato na água sobre o crescimento e a composição química... / The thesis is organized in two chapters. The first chapter tested the hypothesis that the growth of Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia molesta is related with the absorption of phosphate and nitrogen. It was studied the effect of different nutrient concentrations on the growth rate and orthophosphate (P-PO4) and total inorganic nitrogen (NIT) absorption rate in E. crassipes, P. stratiotes and S. molesta. The three species cultivated in low nutrient concentrations showed the highest absorption rate of P-PO4 and NIT between 0- 5 days. In high nutrient concentrations the highest absorption rate of P-PO4 for all species occurred between 0-5 days and the highest rate of absorption of NIT for P. stratiotes occurred between 5-10 days and for E. crassipes and S. molesta occurred between 10-15 days. The gain of mass of S. molesta in low concentration was 12.8 times minor than E. crassipes and 1.3 times minor then P. stratiotes and absorption rate in the same period were similar for the tree species. A similar pattern was observed in high concentration of nutrients. However, S. molesta have lower efficiency to absorb nutrients and have lower stock of N and P, due to the minor gain of biomass. E. crassipes and P. stratiotes showed vertical growth that provided high gain of biomass and consequently high uptake of nutrients and stock of N and P in the biomass. We concluded that S. molesta have lower efficiency in wetlands to treat effluents. In the chapter II we investigate the effect of different concentrations of phosphate in the water on the growth and the chemical composition of E. crassipes, P. stratiotes and S. molesta. The fully randomized experiment (4 treatment and 3 replicates) was conducted in the laboratory. The PPO4 concentration was different on the 4 treatment (< 0.005; 0.031; 0.31; 3.1 mg.L-1). The constant derivates from Michaelis Menten model that defined... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)