O objetivo deste trabalho visa analisar criticamente o processo de fabricação do arame galvanizado, discutindo a influência de variáveis, tais como: composição química do aço, velocidade dos fios na linha de galvanização e temperaturas associadas ao tratamento térmico, garantindo com isto um produto aderente as novas necessidades apresentadas pelo setor da avicultura que emprega o arame galvanizado BWG 18 na confecção de telas. A metodologia adotada envolveu as etapas de revisão da literatura e procedimento experimental D.O.E. (Design of Experiments), com coleta de amostras sob diferentes empregos (matéria prima) e condições operacionais (alteração de velocidades na linha de galvanização) e posterior realização de ensaios e análises de laboratório nas amostras coletas. Na etapa final foi realizado a avaliação e discussão dos resultados obtidos, identificando o produto galvanizado que melhor atende as propriedades mecânicas exigidas na fabricação de telas para o setor de avicultura. / The objective of this work aims at critically analyze the process of manufacture of the galvanized wire, arguing the influence of variables, such as: chemical composition of the steel, wire speed in the galvanizing line and temperatures associates to the heat treatment, ensuring with this an adherent product the new necessities presented for the poultry keeping that uses galvanized wire BWG 18 in the manufacturing of wire mesh. The adopted methodology involved the stages of revision of literature and experimental procedure D.O.E. (Design of Experiments), with acquisition of samples under different jobs (raw material) and operational conditions (alteration of speeds in the galvanizing line) and later accomplishment of assays and analyses of laboratory in the samples collections. In the final stage it was carried through the evaluation and quarrel of the acquired results, identifying the galvanized product that better takes care of the demanded mechanical properties in the manufacture of wire mesh for the poultry keeping sector.

O objetivo deste trabalho visa analisar criticamente o processo de fabricação do arame galvanizado, discutindo a influência de variáveis, tais como: composição química do aço, velocidade dos fios na linha de galvanização e temperaturas associadas ao tratamento térmico, garantindo com isto um produto aderente as novas necessidades apresentadas pelo setor da avicultura que emprega o arame galvanizado BWG 18 na confecção de telas. A metodologia adotada envolveu as etapas de revisão da literatura e procedimento experimental D.O.E. (Design of Experiments), com coleta de amostras sob diferentes empregos (matéria prima) e condições operacionais (alteração de velocidades na linha de galvanização) e posterior realização de ensaios e análises de laboratório nas amostras coletas. Na etapa final foi realizado a avaliação e discussão dos resultados obtidos, identificando o produto galvanizado que melhor atende as propriedades mecânicas exigidas na fabricação de telas para o setor de avicultura. / The objective of this work aims at critically analyze the process of manufacture of the galvanized wire, arguing the influence of variables, such as: chemical composition of the steel, wire speed in the galvanizing line and temperatures associates to the heat treatment, ensuring with this an adherent product the new necessities presented for the poultry keeping that uses galvanized wire BWG 18 in the manufacturing of wire mesh. The adopted methodology involved the stages of revision of literature and experimental procedure D.O.E. (Design of Experiments), with acquisition of samples under different jobs (raw material) and operational conditions (alteration of speeds in the galvanizing line) and later accomplishment of assays and analyses of laboratory in the samples collections. In the final stage it was carried through the evaluation and quarrel of the acquired results, identifying the galvanized product that better takes care of the demanded mechanical properties in the manufacture of wire mesh for the poultry keeping sector.

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Resumo: Macrobrachium amazonicum e Macrobrachium rosenbergii são espécies de camarão de água doce de grande importância econômica e como fontes de alimento de alto valor nutritivo. Existem poucas informações a respeito da composição química do camarão de água doce produzido no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química das duas espécies e determinar o perfil de aminoácidos de M. amazonicum. Exemplares provenientes de cultivo foram lavados e limpos (retirada cefalotórax e exoesqueleto) para a determinação dos teores de umidade, proteína, cinzas, lipídeos e aminoácidos totais. Os teores de umidade foram 76,55 e 78,39g/100g, cinzas de 1,34 e 1,31g/100g, proteína de 21,49 e 18,48g/100g e lipídeo de 1,48 e 1,17g/100g, para M. amazonicum e M. rosenbergii, respectivamente. O conteúdo total de M. amazonicum foi 20,60g/100g. Os aminoácidos mais representativos foram ácidos glutâmico e aspártico, arginina, alanina e glicina. Estes dados podem ser utilizados futuramente como informação nutricional aos consumidores e para análises em estudos de nutrição e no processamento. / Abstract: Species of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum and Macrobrachium rosenbergii are species of freshwater prawn of great importance and that may be utilized as source of high nutritional value food. There are few data about the chemical composition of freshwater prawns produced in Brazil. The aim of this study was evaluate the chemical composition of both species and determinate the amino acids profile of M. amazonicum and M. rosenbergii. Samples from culture were washed and have peeled tails. They were determined moisture, protein, ash, lipid and total amino acids contents. The values of moisture were 76.55 and 78.39g/100g, ash 1.34 and 1.31g/100g, protein 21.49 and 18.48g/100g and lipid 1.48 and 1.17g/100g to M. amazonicum and M. rosenbergii, respectively. The total amino acid content of M. amazonicum were 20.60g/100g. The most abundant amino acids were glutamic and aspartic acids, arginine, alanine, and glycine. These data may use as nutritional information for consumers and for future analysis on nutrition and processing. / Orientadora: Léa Sílvia Sant'Ana / Coorientador: Wagner Cotroni Valenti / Banca: Débora Helena Markowicz Bastos / Banca: Maria Regina Barbieri de Carvalho / Banca: José Paes de Almeida Nogueira Pinto / Banca: Patrícia Maria Contente Moraes Valenti / Doutor

Resumo: Esta tese esta organizada em dois capítulos. O capítulo I testou a hipótese de que o crescimento de Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes e Salvinia molesta esta relacionado com a absorção de fosfato e de nitrogênio. Foi avaliado o efeito de diferentes concentrações de nutrientes sobre a taxa de crescimento e de absorção de ortofosfato (PPO4) e nitrogênio inorgânico total (NIT) em E. crassipes, P. stratiotes e S. molesta. As três espécies, quando cultivadas em baixa concentração de nutrientes apresentaram as maiores taxas de absorção tanto de P-PO4 quanto de NIT no período entre 0-5 dias, diferente do que ocorreu quando cultivadas em alta concentração, na qual as maiores taxas de absorção do P-PO4 ocorreram no período entre 0-5 dias e as maiores taxas de absorção de NIT para P. stratiotes ocorreram no período entre 5-10 dias e para E. crassipes e S. molesta no período entre 10-15 dias. Em baixa concentração, S. molesta obteve um ganho de massa 12,8 vezes menor que E. crassipes e 1,3 vezes menor que P. stratiotes e sua taxa de absorção de PPO4 no mesmo período foi semelhante a de E. crassipes e P. stratiotes. Padrão semelhante também foi observado em alta concentração, entretanto, apesar de apresentar maior taxa de absorção, S. molesta foi a espécie menos eficiente na remoção de nutrientes e a que menos estocou N e P, devido ao menor ganho de biomassa. E. crassipes e P. stratiotes apresentam crescimento vertical, o que favorece o maior ganho de biomassa e conseqüentemente maior taxa de remoção de nutrientes e estoque de N e P em sua biomassa. Os resultados permitem concluir que na aplicação para tratamento em wetlands, S. molesta, apesar de apresentar maior taxa de absorção pode ser menos eficiente. O capítulo II teve como objetivo testar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de fosfato na água sobre o crescimento e a composição química... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The thesis is organized in two chapters. The first chapter tested the hypothesis that the growth of Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia molesta is related with the absorption of phosphate and nitrogen. It was studied the effect of different nutrient concentrations on the growth rate and orthophosphate (P-PO4) and total inorganic nitrogen (NIT) absorption rate in E. crassipes, P. stratiotes and S. molesta. The three species cultivated in low nutrient concentrations showed the highest absorption rate of P-PO4 and NIT between 0- 5 days. In high nutrient concentrations the highest absorption rate of P-PO4 for all species occurred between 0-5 days and the highest rate of absorption of NIT for P. stratiotes occurred between 5-10 days and for E. crassipes and S. molesta occurred between 10-15 days. The gain of mass of S. molesta in low concentration was 12.8 times minor than E. crassipes and 1.3 times minor then P. stratiotes and absorption rate in the same period were similar for the tree species. A similar pattern was observed in high concentration of nutrients. However, S. molesta have lower efficiency to absorb nutrients and have lower stock of N and P, due to the minor gain of biomass. E. crassipes and P. stratiotes showed vertical growth that provided high gain of biomass and consequently high uptake of nutrients and stock of N and P in the biomass. We concluded that S. molesta have lower efficiency in wetlands to treat effluents. In the chapter II we investigate the effect of different concentrations of phosphate in the water on the growth and the chemical composition of E. crassipes, P. stratiotes and S. molesta. The fully randomized experiment (4 treatment and 3 replicates) was conducted in the laboratory. The PPO4 concentration was different on the 4 treatment (< 0.005; 0.031; 0.31; 3.1 mg.L-1). The constant derivates from Michaelis Menten model that defined... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Antonio Fernando Monteiro Camargo / Coorientador: Gustavo Henrique Gonzaga da Silva / Banca: Wagner Cotroni Valenti / Banca: Luiz Carlos Gazarini / Banca: Sidinei Magela Thomaz / Banca: Ciro Cesar Zanini Branco / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:49:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho é descrito um procedimento para a determinação quantitativa da espessura e composição química de filmes finos, por fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de comprimento de onda (WDXRFS), utilizando-se o método de Parâmetros Fundamentais (FP). Este método foi validado dentro dos padrões de garantia de qualidade e aplicado as amostras de Al, Cr, TiO2, Ni, ZrO2 (monocamada) e Ni/Cr (duplacamada) sobre vidro; Ni sobre aço inoxidável e zinco metálico e TiO2 sobre ferro metálico (monocamada), as quais foram preparadas por deposição física de vapor (PVD). Os resultados das espessuras foram comparados com os métodos de Absorção (FRX-A) e Retroespalhamento de Rutherford (RBS), demonstrando a eficiência do método de parâmetros fundamentais. As características estruturais das amostras foram analisadas por difração de raios X (DRX) e mostraram que os mesmos não influenciam nas determinações das espessuras. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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This study was undertaken to determine the effects and nutritive value of Leucaena leucocephala when it was incorporated in a total mixed ration (TMR) fed to milk goats. This was to test the use of Leucaena to substitute for oilseed cake meals (OSCM) which are believed to be expensive and generally unavailable in many parts of the rural areas of South Africa. Four trials were conducted at the University of Pretoria Research Farm and analyses were carried out at the Nutrition laboratory of the University of Pretoria. Leucaena forage contained enough nutrients to allow it to be used as a substitute for OSCM and to a large extent was also the source of protein and roughage in the TMR. The leaves of Leucaena had a higher crude protein, mineral and mimosine concentration but lower fibre content than the pods and twigs; while the air dried Leucaena forage had a higher crude protein and lower fibre content than sun dried forage. This study showed that there was a higher crude protein and mimosine concentration but a lower fibre concentration from the Leucaena harvested in summer than that harvested in autumn. Milk yield and quality was not adversely affected by the inclusion of Leucaena in the milk goat diet at the rate of 25% of the DM, with the exception of milk urea nitrogen. The inclusion of Leucaena decreased the milk urea nitrogen as compared to that shown from TMR without Leucaena. The body weight and body condition of lactating goats were also not affected by inclusion of Leucaena during the three phases of the lactation period. Therefore, the inclusion of Leucaena in the milk goat diet has been shown to support production of milk in terms of yield and quality which was similar to that of goats fed a commercial diet. There was no significant difference in milk composition in terms of milk lactose and milk protein for milk produced in the morning and afternoon between goats fed the two diets, even though the morning milk yield was higher than the afternoon yield because of the unequal milking intervals. However, the milk composition in terms of milk urea nitrogen, milk fat and somatic cell counts varied greatly between morning and afternoon milking. The apparent digestibility, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio of Saanen male goats were not affected by the inclusion of Leucaena in the TMR, as compared to the TMR without Leucaena. However the voluntary dry matter and nutrients intake were improved by the inclusion of Leucaena in the TMR. No toxicity of mimosine was observed during this study. The results of this study also showed that the inclusion of Leucaena in the total mixed ration had no effect on the carcass characteristics and meat quality of goats as compared to those fed a TMR containing OSCM. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

The formation and development of mesophase from different pitches under carbonisation conditions was investigated. Members of the pyrolysis series were prepared from four pitches. A temperature range between 380 and 500°C was used to follow mesophase development for each pitch. As-received pitches and their green cokes were characterised by thermomechanical analysis (glass transition temperature and softening point temperature), elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry or differential thermogravimetry, and optical microscopy (mesophase content). Additional data about the evolution of different volatile products and about possible chemical reactions occurring during thermal decomposition were obtained from thermogravimetric mass spectrometric analysis. The effect of heating rate on the behaviour and carbon yield was also studied. The results showed that the two anthracene oil pitches do not develop mesophase, whereas the medium-temperature and high-temperature pitches do. However, their textures are completely different. The medium-temperature pitch shows an improvement in texture from the mosaic to the coarse domain at 500°C, whereas the high-temperature pitch shows flow domains. It was further shown that the process of preparing mesophase, i.e. the heat-treatment process, increases the aromaticity and carbon yield. Thermogravimetric mass spectrometric analysis showed that the dominant reaction for all the pitches is the condensation reaction, which is accompanied by the evolution of H2 and CO. The heating rate affects the behaviour of the pyrolysing pitches in that a lower heating rate lowers the carbon yield. This study gave insight into the influence of the nature and composition of the precursor on the formation of mesophase. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Chemistry / unrestricted