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A study of the nature and everyday basis of undergraduates' thermodynamic ideas about some chemical reactionsRibeiro, M. Gabriela T. C. January 1990 (has links)
The nature of undergraduates' ideas about thennodynamics and the everyday basis of those ideas was investigated. A sample of fourteen Portuguese undergraduate students in their last year of university studies in physics and chemistry (teacher training) were interviewed individually about five chemical phenomena. The results showed that these students found it very difficult to use thermodynamic concepts to discuss real situations. The physical reality of the situation seemed to dominate thinking. The majority of the students used criteria based mainly on observable features or everyday notions. There was very little spontaneous use of thermodynamic concepts. It was found that non-science conceptions were persistent despite formal instruction in advanced chemistry the students had received. The second experiment investigated the everyday origin of the ideas the students used and how everyday experiences and meanings and formal instruction may have influenced these ideas. It was carried out by interviewing individually ten secondary school pupils (9th and 12th grades) and five adults. The results showed that the intuitive way of thinking about the physical world influences strongly what students learn about 'new', 'abstract' and 'scientific' ways of explaining what happens in nature. The comparison of the results of both experiments showed that there was close similarity between pupils' and university students' ideas. Several reasons were put forward as explanation: (i) students are more confident using criteria based on perceivable features (ii) the context of real phenomena makes the use of theoretical knowledge difficult (iii) students spend more time dealing with 'everyday meanings' than with 'scientific meanings' (iv) the concepts are abstract and (v) science uses words also used in ordinary speech. Implications for teaching are pointed out.
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Thermodynamic properties of binary mixtures of molecules of different sizesGidley, M. A. January 1983 (has links)
No description available.
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Disorder in materialsWilliams, Howard Mark January 1989 (has links)
No description available.
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A study of the helium refrigerant in a high speed rotating frameWu, Yu-Yuan January 1984 (has links)
No description available.
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Some aspects of the nature of eutecticsHogan, Leonard McNamara. Unknown Date (has links)
No description available.
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Μελέτη της οξείδωσης του αιθυλενίου σε καταλύτες Ag και Ag - AuΚονταρίδης, Δημήτριος 21 October 2009 (has links)
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Estudo do equilíbrio sólido-líquido de sistemas contendo aminoácidos e proteínas. / Study of the solid-liquid equilibrium of systems containing amino acids and proteins.Franco, Luís Fernando Mercier 27 February 2012 (has links)
A modelagem termodinâmica do equilíbrio sólido-líquido de sistemas que contêm aminoácidos e proteínas tem sido cada vez mais necessária para o desenvolvimento de equações que permitam um projeto mais racional e eficiente das operações unitárias encontradas nos processos de purificação destas moléculas, tais como a precipitação e a cristalização. Neste trabalho, é apresentada uma relação unívoca entre a solubilidade de proteínas e o pH; sendo necessários como parâmetros apenas informações sobre a estrutura primária e os valores das constantes de ionização de cada resíduo na cadeia protéica, considerando os diferentes estados de ionização que a proteína assume em solução. Esta relação foi aplicada a sistemas de insulina suína a três diferentes temperaturas, a sistemas de insulinas mutantes e a sistemas de b-lactoglobulina a diferentes concentrações de cloreto de sódio, resultando em uma bem sucedida correlação dos dados experimentais de solubilidade destes sistemas. Estudou-se também a não-idealidade de sistemas contendo aminoácidos, partindo de considerações sobre diferentes estados de ionização da molécula assim como feito para proteínas, mas adicionando um termo de não-idealidade, neste caso, um termo advindo do modelo de Pitzer para soluções eletrolíticas. Os sistemas, cujas curvas de solubilidade em função do pH foram estudadas, são: DL-Alanina, DL-Metionina, L-Isoleucina, L-Leucina, DL-Fenilalanina, também glicina e seus oligopeptídeos e moléculas com grupos b-lactâmicos tais como a ampicilina, que é um antibiótico, e o ácido 6-aminopenicilânico, que é um precursor na rota de produção da ampicilina. Uma interpretação através de termodinâmica estatística para o parâmetro de interação de Pitzer permitiu uma análise mais profunda dos resultados. Relações entre o segundo coeficiente virial osmótico, a solubilidade de proteínas e a concentração de agente precipitante foram desenvolvidas e aplicadas a sistemas de lisozima, ovalbumina e imunoglobulina humana. Os resultados desta aplicação mostraram quão profícua é a abordagem empregada. / The thermodynamic modeling of solid-liquid equilibrium of systems containing amino acids and proteins has become increasingly necessary for a more rational and efficient design of unit operations found in the downstream processing of these molecules, such as precipitation and crystallization. In this work, an unequivocal relationship between the protein solubility and the pH is presented. The resulting equation accounts for the different ionization states that protein molecules may assume in solution, and is written as a function of the primary structure and values of the ionization constant of each residue in the protein chain. The model was applied to the solid-liquid equilibrium of porcine insulin solutions at three different temperatures, solutions of mutant insulin molecules and solutions of b-lactoglobulin at different sodium chloride concentrations. A very successful correlation of the experimental solubility data was obtained in all cases. The solubility of amino acids and b-lactam compounds was also studied through a similar approach, but in this case the non-ideality of the solutions was accounted for by introducing Pitzers model for electrolyte solutions. The compounds whose solubility curves as a function of the pH were modeled include the amino acids DL-Alanine, DL-Methionine, L-Isoleucine, L-Leucine, DL-Phenylalanine, Glycine and its oligopeptides, and b-lactam compounds such as ampicillin, which is an antibiotic, and 6-aminopenicillanic acid, which is a precursor in the ampicillin production route. The interpretation of the binary interaction parameter values through a statistical thermodynamic approach allowed a deeper analysis of the results. Finally, equations relating the osmotic second virial coefficient, the protein solubility and the concentration of precipitant agents such as salts were developed. The resulting equations were successfully applied to solutions containing lysozyme, ovalbumin and immunoglobulin, which shows that the considered approach is promising.
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Modelagem termodinâmica do equilíbrio sólido-líquido de misturas binárias de compostos graxos. / Thermodynamic modeling of solid-liquid equilibrium of binary mixtures of fatty compounds.Barbosa, Deise Fernanda 26 April 2012 (has links)
O equilíbrio sólido-líquido de sistemas binários de alcoóis graxos e de ésteres graxos foi descrito por meio de modelagem termodinâmica baseada na análise de estabilidade da fase líquida. A metodologia foi aplicada a três tipos de diagramas de fases: (a) sistemas cujos constituintes apresentam miscibilidade completa, em que as substâncias são miscíveis tanto na fase sólida quanto na líquida, (b) sistemas que apresentam ponto eutético simples, (c) sistemas que apresentam ponto eutético e reação peritética. A caracterização da não-idealidade foi feita com o modelo de coeficientes de atividade de Flory-Huggins para descrição dos diferentes comportamentos, que resultou em bom ajuste dos dados. A uniformidade do valor dos parâmetros ajustados mostra que há diferentes interações moleculares comparando-se as funções químicas álcool, éster etílico e éster metílico e a presença de insaturação na cadeia carbônica. Observa-se que os resultados são fortemente afetados pelos valores de entalpia e temperatura de fusão dos compostos puros. A metodologia desenvolvida foi implementada em linguagem Fortran. Do ponto de vista formal, a análise apresentada mostra que a ocorrência de peritéticos pode ser descrita sem que seja necessário postular um modelo de coeficiente de atividade para a fase sólida quando houver imiscibilidade total. / In this work, the modeling of solid-liquid equilibrium of binary systems containing fatty alcohols or fatty esters is presented. Phase equilibrium calculations were carried out using a phase stability analysis which describes the onset of the solid phase formation. The developed methodology was applied to the modeling of three distinct types of phase diagrams: (a) systems wherein the components are miscible in both phases, (b) systems with a single eutectic point, (c) systems with eutectic point and peritectic reaction. The liquid phase non-ideality was accounted for through the Flory- Huggins model for the excess Gibbs energy. It was possible to describe the different types of phase diagrams with excellent agreement with the experimental data. The values of the adjustable parameters are rather low and depend on both the chemical function of the species considered (alcohol, methyl ester or ethyl ester) and the presence of unsaturation in their molecules. The calculated phase diagrams are strongly affected by the experimental values of enthalpy of fusion and temperature of fusion of the pure compounds. Concerning the thermodynamic description of the solid-liquid equilibrium, the presented analysis showed that it is possible to account for the peritectic reaction without assigning a model for the solid phase activity coefficient when the compounds are not miscible in this phase.
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Modelagem termodinâmica da pressão osmótica de soluções protéicas por meio de equações volumétricas de estado. / Thermodynamic modeling of the osmotic pressure of protein solutions through volumetric equations of state.Nosse, Ariana Trevizan 17 May 2012 (has links)
A pressão osmótica é uma das principais propriedades de interesse no estudo da não-idealidade de soluções proteicas, por fornecer diretamente informações sobre a atividade do solvente e, indiretamente, sobre o comportamento da proteína em solução. O presente trabalho objetiva a investigação do uso de equações osmóticas de estado para o cálculo da pressão osmótica em soluções proteicas contendo co-solventes como sais e polímeros. O modelo desenvolvido compreende um termo de esferas rígidas de Carnahan-Starling e um termo atrativo de van der Waals. Para avaliar a adequação do modelo proposto, correlacionaram-se dados de pressão osmótica de soluções proteicas obtidos da literatura para as proteínas lisozima, a-quimotripsina, albumina de soro bovino e imunoglobulina G humana, em soluções aquosas em diversos valores de pH e com diversos co-solventes. O modelo desenvolvido foi capaz de representar adequadamente os dados experimentais na maioria dos casos estudados, com uma correspondência maior do que a equação virial, usualmente empregada no estudo dessas soluções. Para a modelagem de soluções de a-quimotripsina, foi necessário considerar a dimerização da molécula proteica. Em poucos casos, especialmente na modelagem de soluções de albumina de soro bovino contendo polietileno glicol, o modelo mostrou-se insuficiente para correlacionar adequadamente os dados experimentais. Na maioria das vezes, o parâmetro do termo atrativo mostrou uma fraca dependência do pH próximo ao ponto isoelétrico, uma dependência maior com respeito a esse parâmetro em valores de pH mais distantes deste ponto, e uma dependência nítida com respeito à força iônica. De maneira geral, embora a representação dos dados experimentais seja adequada, não foi possível observar tendências inequívocas do parâmetro atrativo com respeito ao pH e a força iônica de modo a permitir o desenvolvimento de um modelo preditivo. / The osmotic pressure is one of the key properties for the assessment of the non-ideality of protein solutions. Its importance is related to the fact that it allows the evaluation of solvent activity and indirectly of the protein behavior in solution. This work presents an investigation on the use of osmotic equations of state for calculating the osmotic pressure of aqueous solutions of proteins containing cosolvents such as salts or polymers. The developed model comprises a repulsive term, corresponding to the hard-sphere equation by Carnahan-Starling, and an attractive term, corresponding to a van der Waals type equation. To assess the suitability of the proposed model, experimental osmotic pressure data obtained from literature for aqueous solutions containing lysozyme, a-chymotrypsin, bovine serum albumin and human immunoglobulin G, at several values of pH and with different cosolvents, were correlated. The model was able to adequately represent the experimental data in most of the cases, with a better agreement than the virial equation, which is the most widely used equation in the study of the osmotic pressure of protein solutions. For the modeling of a-chymotrypsin solutions, it was necessary to consider the dimerization of the protein molecule. Only in a few cases, mainly in the modeling of solutions containing bovine serum albumin and polyethylene glycol, it was not possible to correlate adequately the experimental data. In most cases, the attractive parameter presented a weak dependency on the pH close to the isoelectric point, and a stronger dependency on pH otherwise. The dependency on the ionic strength was almost always strong. To conclude, in spite of the good performance of the model in the correlation of experimental data, definite tendencies of the attractive parameter in relation to pH and ionic strength were not observed, and hence a predictive model could not be developed.
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Theoretical Studies Of The Thermodynamics And Kinetics Of Selected Single-Molecule SystemsChatterjee, Debarati 07 1900 (has links) (PDF)
This thesis is a report of the work I have done over the last five years to study thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of single-molecule behavior in the condensed phase. It is concerned specifically with the development of analytically tractable models of various phenomena that have been observed in experiments on such single-molecule systems as colloids, double-stranded DNA, multi-unit proteins, and enzymes. In fluid environments, the energetics, spatial conformations, and chemical reactivity of these systems undergo fluctuations that can be characterized experimentally in terms of time correlation functions, survival probabilities, mean first passage times, and related statistical parameters. The thesis shows how many of these quantities can be calculated in closed form from a model based on simple Brownian motion, or generalizations of it involving fractional calculus. The theoretical results obtained here have been shown to agree qualitatively or quantitatively with a range of experimental data. The thesis therefore demonstrates the effectiveness of Brownian motion concepts as a paradigm of stochasticity in biological processes.
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