O equilíbrio sólido-líquido de sistemas binários de alcoóis graxos e de ésteres graxos foi descrito por meio de modelagem termodinâmica baseada na análise de estabilidade da fase líquida. A metodologia foi aplicada a três tipos de diagramas de fases: (a) sistemas cujos constituintes apresentam miscibilidade completa, em que as substâncias são miscíveis tanto na fase sólida quanto na líquida, (b) sistemas que apresentam ponto eutético simples, (c) sistemas que apresentam ponto eutético e reação peritética. A caracterização da não-idealidade foi feita com o modelo de coeficientes de atividade de Flory-Huggins para descrição dos diferentes comportamentos, que resultou em bom ajuste dos dados. A uniformidade do valor dos parâmetros ajustados mostra que há diferentes interações moleculares comparando-se as funções químicas álcool, éster etílico e éster metílico e a presença de insaturação na cadeia carbônica. Observa-se que os resultados são fortemente afetados pelos valores de entalpia e temperatura de fusão dos compostos puros. A metodologia desenvolvida foi implementada em linguagem Fortran. Do ponto de vista formal, a análise apresentada mostra que a ocorrência de peritéticos pode ser descrita sem que seja necessário postular um modelo de coeficiente de atividade para a fase sólida quando houver imiscibilidade total. / In this work, the modeling of solid-liquid equilibrium of binary systems containing fatty alcohols or fatty esters is presented. Phase equilibrium calculations were carried out using a phase stability analysis which describes the onset of the solid phase formation. The developed methodology was applied to the modeling of three distinct types of phase diagrams: (a) systems wherein the components are miscible in both phases, (b) systems with a single eutectic point, (c) systems with eutectic point and peritectic reaction. The liquid phase non-ideality was accounted for through the Flory- Huggins model for the excess Gibbs energy. It was possible to describe the different types of phase diagrams with excellent agreement with the experimental data. The values of the adjustable parameters are rather low and depend on both the chemical function of the species considered (alcohol, methyl ester or ethyl ester) and the presence of unsaturation in their molecules. The calculated phase diagrams are strongly affected by the experimental values of enthalpy of fusion and temperature of fusion of the pure compounds. Concerning the thermodynamic description of the solid-liquid equilibrium, the presented analysis showed that it is possible to account for the peritectic reaction without assigning a model for the solid phase activity coefficient when the compounds are not miscible in this phase.

A pressão osmótica é uma das principais propriedades de interesse no estudo da não-idealidade de soluções proteicas, por fornecer diretamente informações sobre a atividade do solvente e, indiretamente, sobre o comportamento da proteína em solução. O presente trabalho objetiva a investigação do uso de equações osmóticas de estado para o cálculo da pressão osmótica em soluções proteicas contendo co-solventes como sais e polímeros. O modelo desenvolvido compreende um termo de esferas rígidas de Carnahan-Starling e um termo atrativo de van der Waals. Para avaliar a adequação do modelo proposto, correlacionaram-se dados de pressão osmótica de soluções proteicas obtidos da literatura para as proteínas lisozima, a-quimotripsina, albumina de soro bovino e imunoglobulina G humana, em soluções aquosas em diversos valores de pH e com diversos co-solventes. O modelo desenvolvido foi capaz de representar adequadamente os dados experimentais na maioria dos casos estudados, com uma correspondência maior do que a equação virial, usualmente empregada no estudo dessas soluções. Para a modelagem de soluções de a-quimotripsina, foi necessário considerar a dimerização da molécula proteica. Em poucos casos, especialmente na modelagem de soluções de albumina de soro bovino contendo polietileno glicol, o modelo mostrou-se insuficiente para correlacionar adequadamente os dados experimentais. Na maioria das vezes, o parâmetro do termo atrativo mostrou uma fraca dependência do pH próximo ao ponto isoelétrico, uma dependência maior com respeito a esse parâmetro em valores de pH mais distantes deste ponto, e uma dependência nítida com respeito à força iônica. De maneira geral, embora a representação dos dados experimentais seja adequada, não foi possível observar tendências inequívocas do parâmetro atrativo com respeito ao pH e a força iônica de modo a permitir o desenvolvimento de um modelo preditivo. / The osmotic pressure is one of the key properties for the assessment of the non-ideality of protein solutions. Its importance is related to the fact that it allows the evaluation of solvent activity and indirectly of the protein behavior in solution. This work presents an investigation on the use of osmotic equations of state for calculating the osmotic pressure of aqueous solutions of proteins containing cosolvents such as salts or polymers. The developed model comprises a repulsive term, corresponding to the hard-sphere equation by Carnahan-Starling, and an attractive term, corresponding to a van der Waals type equation. To assess the suitability of the proposed model, experimental osmotic pressure data obtained from literature for aqueous solutions containing lysozyme, a-chymotrypsin, bovine serum albumin and human immunoglobulin G, at several values of pH and with different cosolvents, were correlated. The model was able to adequately represent the experimental data in most of the cases, with a better agreement than the virial equation, which is the most widely used equation in the study of the osmotic pressure of protein solutions. For the modeling of a-chymotrypsin solutions, it was necessary to consider the dimerization of the protein molecule. Only in a few cases, mainly in the modeling of solutions containing bovine serum albumin and polyethylene glycol, it was not possible to correlate adequately the experimental data. In most cases, the attractive parameter presented a weak dependency on the pH close to the isoelectric point, and a stronger dependency on pH otherwise. The dependency on the ionic strength was almost always strong. To conclude, in spite of the good performance of the model in the correlation of experimental data, definite tendencies of the attractive parameter in relation to pH and ionic strength were not observed, and hence a predictive model could not be developed.

A modelagem termodinâmica do equilíbrio sólido-líquido de sistemas que contêm aminoácidos e proteínas tem sido cada vez mais necessária para o desenvolvimento de equações que permitam um projeto mais racional e eficiente das operações unitárias encontradas nos processos de purificação destas moléculas, tais como a precipitação e a cristalização. Neste trabalho, é apresentada uma relação unívoca entre a solubilidade de proteínas e o pH; sendo necessários como parâmetros apenas informações sobre a estrutura primária e os valores das constantes de ionização de cada resíduo na cadeia protéica, considerando os diferentes estados de ionização que a proteína assume em solução. Esta relação foi aplicada a sistemas de insulina suína a três diferentes temperaturas, a sistemas de insulinas mutantes e a sistemas de b-lactoglobulina a diferentes concentrações de cloreto de sódio, resultando em uma bem sucedida correlação dos dados experimentais de solubilidade destes sistemas. Estudou-se também a não-idealidade de sistemas contendo aminoácidos, partindo de considerações sobre diferentes estados de ionização da molécula assim como feito para proteínas, mas adicionando um termo de não-idealidade, neste caso, um termo advindo do modelo de Pitzer para soluções eletrolíticas. Os sistemas, cujas curvas de solubilidade em função do pH foram estudadas, são: DL-Alanina, DL-Metionina, L-Isoleucina, L-Leucina, DL-Fenilalanina, também glicina e seus oligopeptídeos e moléculas com grupos b-lactâmicos tais como a ampicilina, que é um antibiótico, e o ácido 6-aminopenicilânico, que é um precursor na rota de produção da ampicilina. Uma interpretação através de termodinâmica estatística para o parâmetro de interação de Pitzer permitiu uma análise mais profunda dos resultados. Relações entre o segundo coeficiente virial osmótico, a solubilidade de proteínas e a concentração de agente precipitante foram desenvolvidas e aplicadas a sistemas de lisozima, ovalbumina e imunoglobulina humana. Os resultados desta aplicação mostraram quão profícua é a abordagem empregada. / The thermodynamic modeling of solid-liquid equilibrium of systems containing amino acids and proteins has become increasingly necessary for a more rational and efficient design of unit operations found in the downstream processing of these molecules, such as precipitation and crystallization. In this work, an unequivocal relationship between the protein solubility and the pH is presented. The resulting equation accounts for the different ionization states that protein molecules may assume in solution, and is written as a function of the primary structure and values of the ionization constant of each residue in the protein chain. The model was applied to the solid-liquid equilibrium of porcine insulin solutions at three different temperatures, solutions of mutant insulin molecules and solutions of b-lactoglobulin at different sodium chloride concentrations. A very successful correlation of the experimental solubility data was obtained in all cases. The solubility of amino acids and b-lactam compounds was also studied through a similar approach, but in this case the non-ideality of the solutions was accounted for by introducing Pitzers model for electrolyte solutions. The compounds whose solubility curves as a function of the pH were modeled include the amino acids DL-Alanine, DL-Methionine, L-Isoleucine, L-Leucine, DL-Phenylalanine, Glycine and its oligopeptides, and b-lactam compounds such as ampicillin, which is an antibiotic, and 6-aminopenicillanic acid, which is a precursor in the ampicillin production route. The interpretation of the binary interaction parameter values through a statistical thermodynamic approach allowed a deeper analysis of the results. Finally, equations relating the osmotic second virial coefficient, the protein solubility and the concentration of precipitant agents such as salts were developed. The resulting equations were successfully applied to solutions containing lysozyme, ovalbumin and immunoglobulin, which shows that the considered approach is promising.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21104号 / 工博第4468号 / 新制||工||1694(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 杉村 博之, 教授 田中 功, 准教授 野瀬 嘉太郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

<p dir="ltr">Smart energetics are energetic materials (propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics) with on/off capabilities or in real time modification of combustion behavior. Solid propellants are known for many positive qualities such as their simplicity and low cost but also their glaring lack of active burning rate control. Previous proposed methods of active control of solid propellants include pintle valve actuation and electronically controlled solid propellants, however there is a need for improved methods. Surface area modification is one proposed method and can be employed in real time to affect the burning behavior of solid propellants. To this end, derivations were conducted regarding a slot adjacent to a solid propellant strand and the pressure and slot width threshold conditions that allow for burning to occur inside of the adjacent slot. The derivations considered different modes of combustion (convective and conductive) and combustion threshold conditions. The derivations resulted in five equations that were curve fit to existing literature for validation resulting in high R squared values. A demonstration of the creation of an adjacent slot with a piezoelectric actuator, a mini case study of the adjacent slot proposal, and a discussion of methods to create an adjacent slot as well as the effect of propellant selection on convective burning in slots were all done to follow up on the promising results of the theoretical work. </p><p dir="ltr">Furthermore, flexoelectricity is the coupling between strain gradient and charge generation and has been considered to modify the combustion characteristics of energetic materials. This work measured the flexoelectric properties of polymers and their associated energetic composites including polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), micron aluminum (μAl)/PVDF, nano aluminum (nAl)/PVDF, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)), nAl/P(VDF-TrFE), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF-HFP)), μAl/P(VDF-HFP), hydroxylterminated polybutadiene (HTPB), ammonium perchlorate (AP)/HTPB, μAl/AP/HTPB, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The measurements made on PVDF, μAl/PVDF, P(VDF-TrFE), P(VDF-HFP), PTFE, and PDMS were all within or near to the range of measurements from the literature. Novel measurements were made on nAl/PVDF, nAl/P(VDF-TrFE), μAl/P(VDF-HFP), HTPB, AP/HTPB, and μAl/AP/HTPB. Additionally, the effect of porosity, particle additions (μAl, nAl, or AP), and manufacturing method (3D printing, casting, different 3D printers, etc.) on the flexoelectric performance of these samples was investigated. It was found that large pores (millimeter scale) added via the infill pattern of 3D printed PVDF and Al/PVDF samples decreased the effective flexoelectric effect relative to the near full density control samples. This contrasts with previous work showing that adding small (micron scale) pores increases the flexoelectric performance of various polymers and energetic materials. Mixed results were found with respect to the effect of particle additions (μAl, nAl, or AP) on the flexoelectricity of a variety of materials. This may be explained by the competing effect of particle additions adding extra local strain gradients which amplify flexoelectricity but also replace some polymer binder material (PVDF, P(VDF-TrFE), P(VDF-HFP), and HTPB) with the particle additions (μAl, nAl, and AP) which are typically less flexoelectric. Our work demonstrates that manufacturing method does affect the flexoelectric properties of polymers and energetic composites. Lastly, our flexoelectric measurements of P(VDF-HFP) and PTFE may help explain accidents related to Magnesium-Teflon®-Viton® (MTV) flare systems that have, in many cases, been attributed to electrostatic discharge.</p>

<p dir="ltr">Chemical reaction networks govern polymer degradation and contain critical design information regarding specific susceptibilities, degradation pathways, and degradants. However, predicting reaction pathways and characterizing complete reaction networks has been hindered by high computational costs because of the vast number of possible reactions at deeper levels of network exploration. In the first section, an exploration policy based on Dijkstra's algorithm on YARP using the reaction rate as a cost function was shown to provide a tractable means of exploring the pyrolytic degradation network of a representative commodity polymer, PEG. The resulting network is the largest reported to date for this system and includes pathways out to all degradants observed in earlier mass spectrometry studies. The initial degradation pathway predictions were validated by complementary experimental analysis of pyrolyzed PEG samples by ESI-MS. These findings demonstrate that reaction network characterization is reaching sufficient maturity to be used as an exploratory tool for investigating materials degradation and interpreting experimental degradation studies.</p>

<p dir="ltr">The effects of geometric features on detonation behavior have been well documented and demonstrated through examples spanning large-scale shaped charges to microscale “hot spots”. While extensive research has characterized interactions at either of these extremes – the macroscale (> 1 mm) and the microscale (< 0.1 μm) – the mesoscale (0.1 μm to 1 mm) remains less understood due to historical difficulties associated with producing and studying mesoscale features. Recent advancements in additive manufacturing have begun to change this by enabling the ability to precisely generate structures with such features, generating significant research interest. Experimental studies are hindered, however, by a dependence on diagnostic techniques that have high equipment costs, significant infrastructure requirements, and rely on sophisticated timing techniques, all of which inhibit progress. This work demonstrates the use of witness plates to characterize mesoscale features in a more cost and time-efficient way, speeding up experimentation while maintaining repeatability. The results reveal that mesoscale features cause unique damage that can be easily interpreted with tests conducted at optimal standoff distances. Non-optimal standoff distances can cause this damage to be obscured by the formation of a large underlying crater or significant surface texturing caused by the bulk explosive.</p>

<p>This thesis presents work on two major areas of research. The first area of research involves the use of a dual-nozzle piezoelectric inkjet printing system to print bilayer aluminum bismuth (III) oxide nanothermite samples. The combinatorial printing method allows for separate fuel and oxidizer inks to be printed adjacent to each other at prescribed offset distances. The effect of the bilayer thickness on the burning rate of the samples is investigated using high-speed imaging. Analysis of the burning rate data revealed that there is no statistically significant relationship between these two parameters. This result was used to determine the dominant processes that control the propagation rate in nanothermite systems. It was concluded that convective processes dominate the burning rate rather than diffusive processes. The second area of research involved synthesizing inks suitable for inkjet printing using two promising high nitrogen energetic materials called BTATz and DAATO_3.5. The performance of the developed inks was characterized using four experiments. The thermal stability and exothermic behavior of the inks were determined using DSC and TGA analysis. The results revealed that the inks are more thermally stable than the base materials. The inks were used to print lines that were subsequently used to determine burning rates. DAATO_3.5 samples were determined to have faster burning rates than BTATz. Closed pressure bomb experiments were conducted to determine the gas producing capability of the high nitrogen inks. BTATz samples showed better performance in terms of peak static pressures and pressurization rates. 3D printed microthrusters were developed to test the thrust performance of the inks. Peak thrust, total impulse, and specific impulse values are reported and were determined to be suitable for use with Class 1 micro-spacecraft. Finally, a microthruster array prototype was developed to demonstrate the capability to use additive manufacturing to create high packing density arrays.</p>

The interaction between two proteins into salt aqueous solutions is investigated throughout this thesis. Experiments, modeling and molecular simulations were carried out to get a better understanding of the phenomenon. Bovine serum albumin was used as a model protein. An analytical expression for the structure factor for globular proteins in aqueous solution is presented in this work. This expression was obtained considering an intermolecular potential given by the sum of a hard core, a van der Waals attractive and a screened Coulomb contribution. Experimental data of Small Angle X-Ray Scattering for bovine serum albumin in aqueous solutions containing sodium salts at different protein concentrations and pH values are also presented. The expression developed for the structure factor describes accurately these experimental data provided a dependence of the attractive parameter on protein concentration is established. An expression for the osmotic pressure was derived from the structure factor. With attractive parameters adjusted from X-ray scattering data, the osmotic pressure of bovine serum albumin aqueous solutions could be predicted with very good agreement with experimental data. A derivation of the thermodynamic potentials, such as the chemical potential, using the new osmotic equation of state is presented. Applying the phase equilibrium criterion, the fluid-fluid phase equilibrium for bovine serum albumin in salt aqueous solution was calculated. Although such separation was not experimentally observed at the isoelectric point, it was indeed experimentally observed for a pH value below the isoelectric point. The predictions seem to be valuable to discuss how ion specificity affects the phase diagram of proteins. To apply molecular dynamic techniques to simulate how proteins interact to each other in salt aqueous solutions, two new coarse-grained force fields are proposed. The first one, meant for sodium sulfate aqueous solution, avoids the unphysical association observed for non-polarizable atomistic force fields; and allows the prediction of thermodynamic and dynamic properties. The second one, meant for bovine serum albumin in aqueous solution, is used as a new strategy to evaluate the scattering form factor of proteins as a low resolution technique for protein structure prediction. / Nesta tese apresenta-se uma investigação sobre a interação entre duas proteínas em soluções aquosas salinas. Experimentos, modelagem e simulações moleculares foram realizadas para conseguir um melhor entendimento do fenômeno. Albumina de soro bovina foi usada como proteína modelo. Uma expressão para o fator de estrutura de proteínas globulares em solução aquosa é apresentada neste trabalho. Esta expressão foi obtida considerando-se um potencial intermolecular dado pela soma de um núcleo duro, uma contribuição atrativa tipo vander Waals e uma contribuição de potencial coulômbico blindado. Dados experimentais de espalhamento de raios-X a baixos ângulos para a albumina de soro bovino em soluções aquosas contendo sais de sódio com diferentes concentrações de proteína e valores de pH também são apresentados. A expressão desenvolvida para o fator de estrutura descreve com precisão estes dados experimentais, desde que uma dependência entre o parâmetro atrativo com a concentração de proteína seja estabelecida. Uma expressão para a pressão osmótica foi derivada do fator de estrutura. Com parâmetros atrativos ajustados aos dados de espalhamento de raios-X, a pressão osmótica da albumina de soro bovino em solução aquosa pôde ser predita com grande correlação com os dados experimentais. Uma derivação dos potenciais termodinâmicos usando a nova equação osmótica de estado é apresentada. Aplicando o critério de equilíbrio de fases, foi possível calcular o equilíbrio fluido-fluido para a albumina de soro bovino em solução aquosa. Embora tal separação não tenha sido observada experimentalmente em um pH igual ao ponto isoelétrico, ela foi de fato observada experimentalmente para um valor de pH menor do que o ponto isoelétrico. As predições parecem ser valiosas para discutir como a especificidade iônica afeta o diagrama de fases de proteínas. De modo a avaliar como proteínas interagem umas com as outras usando técnicas de dinâmica molecular, dois novos campos de força coarse-grained são propostos. O primeiro, para o sulfato de sódio em solução aquosa, evita a associação não-física que é observada para campos de força atomísticos não-polarizáveis. Este modelo é capaz de prever propriedades dinâmicas e termodinâmicas. O segundo, para a albumina de soro bovino em solução aquosa, é usado como uma nova estratégia para avaliar o fator de forma de espalhamento de proteínas como uma ferramenta de baixa resolução na predição de estruturas proteicas.

The interaction between two proteins into salt aqueous solutions is investigated throughout this thesis. Experiments, modeling and molecular simulations were carried out to get a better understanding of the phenomenon. Bovine serum albumin was used as a model protein. An analytical expression for the structure factor for globular proteins in aqueous solution is presented in this work. This expression was obtained considering an intermolecular potential given by the sum of a hard core, a van der Waals attractive and a screened Coulomb contribution. Experimental data of Small Angle X-Ray Scattering for bovine serum albumin in aqueous solutions containing sodium salts at different protein concentrations and pH values are also presented. The expression developed for the structure factor describes accurately these experimental data provided a dependence of the attractive parameter on protein concentration is established. An expression for the osmotic pressure was derived from the structure factor. With attractive parameters adjusted from X-ray scattering data, the osmotic pressure of bovine serum albumin aqueous solutions could be predicted with very good agreement with experimental data. A derivation of the thermodynamic potentials, such as the chemical potential, using the new osmotic equation of state is presented. Applying the phase equilibrium criterion, the fluid-fluid phase equilibrium for bovine serum albumin in salt aqueous solution was calculated. Although such separation was not experimentally observed at the isoelectric point, it was indeed experimentally observed for a pH value below the isoelectric point. The predictions seem to be valuable to discuss how ion specificity affects the phase diagram of proteins. To apply molecular dynamic techniques to simulate how proteins interact to each other in salt aqueous solutions, two new coarse-grained force fields are proposed. The first one, meant for sodium sulfate aqueous solution, avoids the unphysical association observed for non-polarizable atomistic force fields; and allows the prediction of thermodynamic and dynamic properties. The second one, meant for bovine serum albumin in aqueous solution, is used as a new strategy to evaluate the scattering form factor of proteins as a low resolution technique for protein structure prediction. / Nesta tese apresenta-se uma investigação sobre a interação entre duas proteínas em soluções aquosas salinas. Experimentos, modelagem e simulações moleculares foram realizadas para conseguir um melhor entendimento do fenômeno. Albumina de soro bovina foi usada como proteína modelo. Uma expressão para o fator de estrutura de proteínas globulares em solução aquosa é apresentada neste trabalho. Esta expressão foi obtida considerando-se um potencial intermolecular dado pela soma de um núcleo duro, uma contribuição atrativa tipo vander Waals e uma contribuição de potencial coulômbico blindado. Dados experimentais de espalhamento de raios-X a baixos ângulos para a albumina de soro bovino em soluções aquosas contendo sais de sódio com diferentes concentrações de proteína e valores de pH também são apresentados. A expressão desenvolvida para o fator de estrutura descreve com precisão estes dados experimentais, desde que uma dependência entre o parâmetro atrativo com a concentração de proteína seja estabelecida. Uma expressão para a pressão osmótica foi derivada do fator de estrutura. Com parâmetros atrativos ajustados aos dados de espalhamento de raios-X, a pressão osmótica da albumina de soro bovino em solução aquosa pôde ser predita com grande correlação com os dados experimentais. Uma derivação dos potenciais termodinâmicos usando a nova equação osmótica de estado é apresentada. Aplicando o critério de equilíbrio de fases, foi possível calcular o equilíbrio fluido-fluido para a albumina de soro bovino em solução aquosa. Embora tal separação não tenha sido observada experimentalmente em um pH igual ao ponto isoelétrico, ela foi de fato observada experimentalmente para um valor de pH menor do que o ponto isoelétrico. As predições parecem ser valiosas para discutir como a especificidade iônica afeta o diagrama de fases de proteínas. De modo a avaliar como proteínas interagem umas com as outras usando técnicas de dinâmica molecular, dois novos campos de força coarse-grained são propostos. O primeiro, para o sulfato de sódio em solução aquosa, evita a associação não-física que é observada para campos de força atomísticos não-polarizáveis. Este modelo é capaz de prever propriedades dinâmicas e termodinâmicas. O segundo, para a albumina de soro bovino em solução aquosa, é usado como uma nova estratégia para avaliar o fator de forma de espalhamento de proteínas como uma ferramenta de baixa resolução na predição de estruturas proteicas.