Family communication has the potential to affect a variety of youth behavioral outcomes including adolescent sexual risk behavior. Within chapter 1, I present past literature on adolescent sexual risk behaviors, family communication patterns, and the gaps associated with those areas. In chapter 2, I review previous literature on adolescent sexual risk behavior, parent-child communication and family communication patterns. In chapter 3, I present the method which includes a description of the participants, procedures, measures, and data analysis used. In Chapter 4, I present the results of the study. According to the results of the study, father-child communication is not a better predictor of adolescent sexual risk behavior. A higher quantity of parent-child communication does not lead to less adolescent sexual risk behavior. Participants with a pluralistic family type do significantly differ from laissez-faire and protective family types in regards to levels of parent-child communication. Participants with a consensual family type do have significantly higher levels of parent-child communication in comparison to laissez-faire family types, but not protective family types. Finally, in chapter 5, I present the discussion with a review of previous research (consistent or inconsistent with the current findings), limitations and conclusions for the current study.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted parents and children leading to increased stress and decreased psychological well-being (Black et al., 2021; Duan et al., 2020; Spinelli et al., 2020). Building on current research, this study aimed to investigate how COVID-19 impacted parenting stress, parent and child well-being, and parent-child communication. Using a two-part mixed-methods design, this study adds to the growing literature examining the deleterious effects the pandemic has had on families. Study 1 aimed to explore the impact of COVID-19 on child worry and parent-child communication, while also investigating the mediating effects of parenting stress and parent worry. In addition, two moderators, namely child age and social support were tested. Participants included 163 parents of children between the ages of 6- to 12-years old across Canada. Although a mediating effect was not found, path analysis results indicated that greater reports of impacts and perceived threat around COVID-19 related to increased parent worry, and increased parental worry related to increased child worry. Additionally, greater parenting stress related to less-open communication. Thematic analysis of parent reports indicated that parents prioritized providing children with information about the pandemic, as well as instructing children on safety behaviours. Study 2 aimed to determine how changes in the pandemic related to changes in child worry and parent-child communication. Participants of Study 2 were 44 parents who also participated in Study 1. Compared to reports in Study 1, parents experienced less perceived threat around COVID-19, but reported no change in parenting stress, parent worry, or COVID-19 impacts. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that the only significant predictors of child worry and parent-child open communication at Time 2 were child worry and parent-child open communication at Time 1, respectively. Taken together, findings from both Study 1 and Study 2 highlight the negative impact the pandemic is having on parent and child well-being, as well as the negative impact of parenting stress on parent-child communication. Additionally, findings indicate that level of distress and openness of communication are relatively stable across the pandemic. Implications of these findings are discussed. / Graduate / 2023-08-10

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Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur yrkesverksamma upplever att barnperspektivet beaktas i ärenden där barn har minst en frihetsberövad förälder. Intervjuer med fem yrkesverksamma inom Kriminalvården, Socialtjänsten och Bufff (Barn och ungdom med förälder/familjemedlem i fängelse) har genomförts, samt analyserats med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Det framkom tre kategorier och sex subkategorier av analysen. Av resultatet framkom att det är av vikt att beakta ett barnperspektiv i ärenden där barn har minst en frihetsberövad förälder. I studien framkom också att de yrkesverksamma arbetar utefter barnet på olika sätt beroende på vilken aktör de arbetar inom. Samt att samverkan har en betydelse för hur arbetet kring dessa barn sker idag och i framtiden. Avsikten med studien är att bidra med en medvetenhet kring vikten av att se till vad som är bäst för barnet i ärenden där barn har minst en frihetsberövad förälder. Resultatet visar också på vilken betydelse yrkesverksammas arbete och utförande har för dessa barn. / The main purpose of this study was to examine how professionals experience that the child’s perspective is considered in cases where children have at least one parent in custody. Interviews with five professionals working within probation service, social service and ”Bufff” (Child and youth with parent/family member in custody) have been completed, and analysed using a qualitative content analysis. The analysis generated three categories and six sub-categories. Results show that it is of great importance to consider a child’s perspective in cases where children have at least one parent in custody. The study also shows that professionals work differently according to the child’s needs depending on the area in which they work, and that cooperation and communication is of great importance for how the work is handled today and hereafter. The intention of the study was to contribute with an awareness about the importance of looking at the child’s needs in cases where the child has at least one parent in custody. The results also show that the work and how it is performed is of great importance for these children.

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Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the entire gastrointestinal tract in all its layers.The theoretical part deals with the characteristics of the disease, its causes, symptoms, complications, treatment and psychological aspects. It also touches on the needs of children and communication with a chronically ill child.At first, this work set out to achieve two goals: mapping the provision of nursing care to children with Crohn's disease in hospitals and determining the impact of Crohn's disease on the everyday life of a child. A third goal, gathering respondents' views on the possibilities of community nurses in collective institutions, was encountered during the research and was added.The empirical part was carried out using qualitative research method using semi-structured interviews both with health professionals working at pediatric wards, as well as children with Crohn's disease and their parents.Survey results show that children with Crohn's disease come in contact with health workers at various departments of health facilities. The most common early symptoms of Crohn's disease in children included abdominal pain, diarrhea with blood or mucus and failure to thrive. The most common areas affected were the gastrointestinal tract, the small intestine, the colon in one case and the rectum in another.Some workers did not know which tests or treatments their hospital prescribes to the children.They report pain as the main nursing challenge, but this did not reflect in nursing practice.In all departments, except one, there was no material on Crohn's disease, which would have been helpful to the workers.Interviews with children and parents, as well as with health workers confirmed that the disease has a socio-cultural impact on the child and those around it. The results of this diploma thesis were presented at three conferences and will be published.