Thesis advisor: James R. Mahalik / Most stage models of gay identity development posit that gay men follow a distinct hierarchical blueprint wherein internal identity processes (e.g. dismantling internalized homonegativity) co-occur with increasing disclosure of their sexual orientation to others (i.e. greater outness). However, some scholars contend that linear stage models lack flexibility and do not account for the diversity of gay men's experience (Fassinger & Miller, 1996). Specifically, gay men's internal and public identity processes may advance by way of distinct, unparallel pathways and for that reason should be evaluated in conjunction and independently of one another. Extending Meyer's (1995; 2003) minority stress model, this study examined the role of childhood gender behavior, adult masculinity, social support and socioeconomic status in explaining gay men's identity status and degree of outness. Five hundred eighteen gay men recruited from online sources (e.g. listservs, Usenet groups) completed measures assessing stigma, anti-gay attack, recalled childhood gender behavior, masculinity, social support, and socioeconomic status. Hierarchical and logistic regression analyses supported several hypotheses reflected in the findings that stigma, anti-gay attack, masculinity, and social support were significantly associated with gay men's identity status and outness. In addition, socioeconomic status moderated the relationship between masculinity and outness, as well as between minority stress (anti-gay attack) and identity status. Altogether, each of the factors examined in this study appear to play a unique role in explaining gay men's identity development and outness, underscoring the complexity of the social context that may intensify or alleviate the stress of these processes. The theoretical implications, future research, limitations, and recommendations for counselors are discussed. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2011. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:32:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maite Custodio Rios Aird.pdf: 2727375 bytes, checksum: e14deb6d6e6882749c1f901c07c50f2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research aims to analyze how demarcated gender differences, more precisely what type of education was given to boys and girls, mediated by the requirements of the teaching method in froebeliano First Kindergarten Public annex to the Normal School Square which represented the starting point in ranking of public services for children. The intention is to understand the different mechanisms that were the way boys and girls were educated, unraveling the plot that organized the masculinity and femininity that this school spread.Thinking of an administration of sex differences within the school curriculum is necessary to observe the curriculum of early childhood education in the interrelation between prescriptions, family and school. There is the analysis of the pedagogical proposal of the Kindergarten and gender relations assigned to an activity called "Toys", considered scenic representations for everyday simulations and knowledge of things. The investigation found that the records of the scenarios previously demarcated the boy and girl role. The time frame covers the opening period of the kindergarten in 1896 until 1926, when it stands the use of the ideas of Friedrich Froebel, founder of the Kindergarten, primary guide of the practices in question. The hypothesis is that in this first collective insertion space of boys and girls, gender meanings are translated in the material sphere, in relations, in pedagogical resources used by gardeners and relationships with children and their families, sometimes so veiled, naturalized. Thus, it was studied the relevant literature and documents found in the history Caetano de Campos School Collection, emphasizing the Education Magazine (1912), Journal of kindergarten (1896 and 1897), the Toys record book (1903), photo albums, registration book (1896-1908) and inventories (1896-1947) and then newspapers, among others / Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar como se demarcavam as diferenças de gênero, mais precisamente, qual educação era dispensada aos meninos e meninas, mediados pelas prescrições do método froebeliano de ensino no Primeiro Jardim da Infância Público, anexo à Escola Normal da Praça, espaço que representava o marco inicial na seriação do serviço público para a infância. A intenção é compreender os diferentes mecanismos que constituíram o modo como os meninos e as meninas eram educados, desvendando a trama que organizava as masculinidades e feminilidades que tal escola propagou. Pensando em uma administração das diferenças sexuais dentro do currículo escolar, foi necessária a observação do currículo da educação infantil na inter-relação entre prescrições, família e escola. Destaca-se a análise da proposta pedagógica do Jardim e as relações de gênero conferidas a uma atividade chamada Brinquedos , tida como representações cênicas para simulações do cotidiano e o conhecimento de coisas. Pela investigação verificou-se que nos registros das encenações previamente se demarcavam o papel do menino e da menina. O recorte temporal abrange o período de inauguração do Jardim da Infância 1896 até 1926, quando se sobressai a utilização das ideias de Friedrich Froebel, idealizador do Kindergarten, principal orientador das práticas em questão. A hipótese é de que neste primeiro espaço de inserção coletiva de meninos e meninas, significados de gênero se traduziam na esfera material, no âmbito das relações, nos recursos pedagógicos utilizados pelas jardineiras e no relacionamento com as crianças e suas famílias, de forma velada, naturalizadas. Para tanto, foram estudados a bibliografia especializada e os documentos encontrados no Acervo Histórico da Escola Caetano de Campos, dando ênfase à Revista de Ensino (1912), Revista do Jardim da Infância (1896 e 1897), livro de registro dos Brinquedos (1903), álbuns de fotografias, livros de matrícula (1897-1908) e de inventários (1896-1947), bem como jornais de época, entre outros

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Children begin to develop their understanding of gender in preschool, yet there is a dearth of research focused on understanding how preschool teachers affect the gender identity development of young children. Guided by Rokeach's belief systems theory, this qualitative case study explored the pedagogical strategies and perceptions of 4 Sacramento County, California preschool educators related to the gender identity development of young children. Interview data were collected and coded to derive 12 participant-specific themes and 3 common intersecting themes, which showed that teachers' perspectives on gender identity development were influenced by social rules, biases, and a lack of pedagogical knowledge related to more expansive definitions of gender. As a result of the lack of pedagogical knowledge, there was only 1 gender-related instructional strategy concerning gender roles, and this strategy was used by only 1 of the 4 respondents. Although they may have shown confusion relating to aspects of gender, these preschool teachers demonstrated a genuine interest in learning how to create safe spaces for gender exploration in the preschool classroom. These findings have led to the creation of a professional development series designed to educate preschool teachers about gender identity development, provide them with opportunities to develop curricula, and allow them to reflect upon their cisgender-related biases. Educators, administrators, and policymakers may find it useful to apply the results of this study and resultant project when creating educational programs and college-level curricula and policies. The results could also help educators create affirmative educational environments for all children, regardless of their biological sex, gender identity, or gender expression.